Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 295

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Social competence: An untapped dimension in evaluating head start's success

Open access
Raver, C.Cybele, Zigler, Edward F.·1997·Early Childhood Research Quarterly
DOI 10.1016/s0885-2006(97)90017-x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

From its inception, Head Start has maintained children's social and emotional adjustment as a primary goal of intervention, but researchers have yet to settle on a consensus definition of social competence that can be used in developmental research and program evaluation. To address this gap in our knowledge base, we offer a comprehensive review of the extant research on children's social skills, including their ability to modulate their feelings, their social cognitions, and their behaviors within the context of peer interaction, as measures of social competence. We then examine definitions of social competence in light of assessments of children's performance, as assessed by parents, teachers and peers. Based upon this review, we offer a comprehensive set of concrete policy recommendations for the assessment of social competence as a key indicator of programmatic success, when evaluating early childhood intervention.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0885-2006(97)90017-x

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 7 references

Research works printed but not linked: 100

  1. Aber, 1987, Effects of maltreatment on young children's socioemotional development: An attachment theory perspective, Developmental Psychology, 23, 406, 10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.406 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.406 · Paper page
  2. Achenbach, 1981, Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 188, Vol. 46
  3. Baumrind, 1971, Current patterns of parental authority, Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, 1, 10.1037/h0030372 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Berndt, 1995, Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment in school, Child Development, 66, 1312, 10.2307/1131649 · DOI
  5. Black, 1995, Links between communication patterns in mother-child, father-child and child-peer interactions and children's social status, Child Development, 66, 255, 10.2307/1131204 · DOI
  6. Block, 1980, The role of ego-control and ego-resilience in the organization of behavior, Vol. 11
  7. Booth, 1994, Predicting social adjustment in middle childhood: The role of preschool attachment security and maternal style, Social Development, 3, 189, 10.1111/j.1467-9507.1994.tb00040.x · DOI · Paper page
  8. Brenner, 1982, Shared meaning in boy toddlers' peer relations, Child Development, 53, 380, 10.2307/1128980 · doi:10.2307/1128980
  9. Cairns, 1983, Sociometry, psychometry, and social structure: A commentary on six recent studies of popular, rejected and neglected children, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 429
  10. Camras, 1993, Conflict behaviors of maltreated and nonmaltreated children, Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 455, 10.1016/0145-2134(93)90020-6 · DOI
  11. Cassidy, 1992, Family-peer connections: The roles of emotional expressiveness within the family and children's understanding of emotions, Child Development, 63, 603, 10.2307/1131349 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Cavell, 1990, Social adjustment, social performance and social skills: A tri-component model of social competence, Journal Of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 111, 10.1207/s15374424jccp1902_2 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Cicchetti, 1992, The role of developmental theory in prevention and intervention, Development and Psychopathology, 4, 489, 10.1017/S0954579400004831 · DOI
  14. Coie, 1982, Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective, Developmental Psychology, 18, 557, 10.1037/0012-1649.18.4.557 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Connell, 1994, Educational risk and resilience in African-American youth: Context, self, action and outcomes in school, Child Development, 65, 493, 10.2307/1131398 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Connoly, 1981, Assessment of social competence in preschoolers: Teachers versus peers, Developmental Psychology, 17, 454, 10.1037/0012-1649.17.4.454 · DOI
  17. Crockenberg, 1990, Autonomy as competence in 2-year-olds: Maternal correlates of child defiance, compliance and self-assertion, Developmental Psychology, 26, 961, 10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.961 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.961 · Paper page
  18. Darlington, 1980, Preschool programs and later school competence of children of low-income families, Science, 208, 202, 10.1126/science.208.4440.202 · DOI
  19. Denham, 1986, Social cognition, prosocial behavior, and emotion in preschoolers: Contextual validation, Child Development, 57, 194, 10.2307/1130651 · doi:10.2307/1130651 · Paper page
  20. Denham, 1991, Observational validation of ratings of preschoolers' social competence and behavior problems, Child Study Journal, 21, 185
  21. Denham, 1993, Sociometric nominations of preschoolers: A psychometric analysis, Early Education and Development, 4, 109, 10.1207/s15566935eed0402_3 · DOI
  22. Denham, 1990, Emotional and behavioral predictors of preschool peer ratings, Child Development, 61, 1145, 10.2307/1130882 · DOI
  23. Dodge, 1981, Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior, Child Development, 51, 162, 10.2307/1129603 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Dodge, 1984, The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children: Implications for developmental psychopathology, Child Development, 55, 163, 10.2307/1129842 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Dodge, 1987, Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under of conditions of threats to the self, Child Development, 58, 213, 10.2307/1130303 · DOI
  26. Eckerman, 1989, Toddlers' emerging ways of achieving social coordinations with a peer, Child Development, 60, 440, 10.2307/1130988 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Eisenberg, 1993, The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschoolers' social skills and sociometric status, Child Development, 64, 1418, 10.2307/1131543 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Fantuzzo, J., Manz, P.H. & McDermott, P. (in press). Preschool version of the Social Skills Rating System: An empirical analysis of its use with low
  29. Fantuzzo, 1996, The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance: Does it work with low-income, urban children?, Child Development, 67, 1071, 10.2307/1131880 · DOI
  30. Fantuzzo, 1996, Community-based resilient peer treatment of withdrawn maltreated preschool children, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1377, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1377 · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.6.1377
  31. Fantuzzo, 1995, Assessment of preschool play interaction behaviors in young low income children: Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10, 105, 10.1016/0885-2006(95)90028-4 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Fishbein, 1993, Preschoolers select playmates on the basis of gender and race, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 303, 10.1016/0193-3973(93)90012-K · DOI
  33. Fisher, 1992, The impact of play on development: A meta-analysis, Play and Culture, 5, 158
  34. Fox, 1994, The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Vol 59
  35. Garcia Coll, 1996, An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children, Child Development, 67, 1891, 10.2307/1131600 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Garmezy, 1984, The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology, Child Development, 55, 97, 10.2307/1129837 · DOI · Paper page
  37. Garner, 1996, The relations of emotional role taking, affective/moral attributions and emotional display rule knowledge to low-income school-age children's social co, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 17, 19, 10.1016/S0193-3973(96)90003-9 · DOI
  38. Gottman, 1989, Effects of marital discord on young children's peer interaction and health, Developmental Psychology, 25, 373, 10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.373 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.373 · Paper page
  39. Greenberg, 1995, Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum, Development and Psychopathology, 7, 117, 10.1017/S0954579400006374 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Gresham, 1981, Validity of social skills measures for assessing social competence in low-status children: A multivariate investigation, Developmental Psychology, 17, 390, 10.1037/0012-1649.17.4.390 · DOI
  41. Grolnick, 1996, Emotion regulation in two-year-olds; Strategies and emotional expression in four contexts, Child Development, 67, 928, 10.2307/1131871 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Hagekull, 1994, Behavioral problems and competencies in 4-year-olds: Dimensions and relationships, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 17, 311, 10.1177/016502549401700205 · DOI
  43. Halpern, 1990, Poverty and early childhood parenting: Toward a framework for intervention, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 6, 10.1037/h0079162 · DOI
  44. Harrison, 1990, Family ecologies of ethnic minority children, Child Development, 61, 347, 10.2307/1131097 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Harter, 1984, The pictorial scale of perceived competence and social acceptance for young children, Child Development, 55, 1969, 10.2307/1129772 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Hartup, 1983, Peer relations, Vol. 4, 103
  47. Harwood, 1992, The influence of culturally derived values on Anglo and Puerto Rican Mothers' perceptions of attachment behavior, Child Development, 63, 822, 10.2307/1131236 · DOI
  48. Howes, 1987, Social competence with peers in young children: Developmental sequences, Developmental Review, 7, 252, 10.1016/0273-2297(87)90014-1 · DOI
  49. Howes, 1987, Toddlers' response to the distress of their peers, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 8, 441, 10.1016/0193-3973(87)90032-3 · DOI
  50. Howes, 1990, Peer interactions and friendships in an ethnically diverse school setting, Child Development, 61, 537, 10.2307/1131113 · DOI
  51. Hubbard, 1994, Emotional correlates of social competence, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 1
  52. Huston, 1994, Children and poverty: Issues in contemporary research, Child Development, 65, 275, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00750.x · DOI · Paper page
  53. Hymel, 1983, Preschool peer relations: Issues in sociometric assessment, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 237
  54. Kistner, 1993, Classroom racial proportions and children's peer relations: Race and gender effects, Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 446, 10.1037/0022-0663.85.3.446 · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.85.3.446
  55. Kochanska, 1993, Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in the early development of conscience, Child Development, 61, 1934, 10.2307/1130848 · DOI
  56. Kopp, 1989, Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view, Developmental Psychology, 25, 343, 10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.343 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Kuczinski, 1990, The development of children's noncompliance strategies from toddlerhood until age 5, Developmental Psychology, 26, 398, 10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.398 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.398 · Paper page
  58. Kuczinski, 1995, Function and content of maternal demands: Developmental significance of early demands for competent action, Child Development, 66, 616, 10.2307/1131938 · DOI
  59. Ladd, 1996, Friendship quality as a predictor of young children's early school adjustment, Child Development, 67, 1103, 10.2307/1131882 · DOI
  60. LaFreniere, 1992, A transactional analysis of early childhood anxiety and with-drawal, Development and Psychopathology, 4, 385, 10.1017/S0954579400000857 · DOI
  61. LaFreniere, 1992, The development and validation of the preschool socio-affective profile, Psychological Assessment, 44, 442, 10.1037/1040-3590.4.4.442 · DOI
  62. LaFreniere, 1985, Profiles of peer competence in preschool: Interrelations between measures, influence of social ecology, and relation to attachment history, Developmental Psychology, 21, 56, 10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.56 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.56 · Paper page
  63. Lamb-Parker, 1987, Head Start as a social support for mothers: The psychological benefits of involvement, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 220, 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03532.x · DOI
  64. Lee, 1990, Are Head Start effects sustained? A longitudinal follow-up comparison of disadvantaged children attending Head Start, no preschool, and other preschool, Child Development, 61, 495, 10.2307/1131110 · DOI
  65. Lemerise, 1997, Patterns of peer acceptance, social status, and social reputation in mixed-age preschool and primary classrooms, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 199
  66. Levine, 1993, Involving fathers in Head Start: A framework for public policy and program development, Families in Society, 74, 4, 10.1177/104438949307400101 · doi:10.1177/104438949307400101
  67. Masten, 1995, The structure and coherence of competence from childhood through adolescence, Child Development, 66, 1635, 10.2307/1131901 · DOI · Paper page
  68. McLoyd, 1990, The impact of economic hardship on Black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development, Child Development, 61, 311, 10.2307/1131096 · DOI · Paper page
  69. MacPhee, 1996, Ethnic variations in personal social networks and parenting, Child Development, 67, 3278, 10.2307/1131779 · DOI
  70. Mischel, 1972, Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 204, 10.1037/h0032198 · DOI · Paper page
  71. Olson, 1991, Assessment of peer rejection and externalizing behavior problems in preschool boys: A short-term longitudinal study, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 493, 10.1007/BF00919091 · DOI
  72. Parten, 1932, Social participation among preschool children, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 27, 243, 10.1037/h0074524 · DOI · Paper page
  73. Patterson, 1990, Income level, gender, ethnicity and household composition as predictors of children's schol-based competence, Child Development, 61, 485, 10.2307/1131109 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Patterson, 1991, Family background, recent life events, and peer rejection during childhood, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 347, 10.1177/0265407591083003 · DOI
  75. Pepler, 1995, A peek behind the fence: Naturalistic observations of aggressive children with remote audiovisual recording, Developmental Psychology, 31, 548, 10.1037/0012-1649.31.4.548 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.4.548 · Paper page
  76. Pettit, 1988, Early family experience, social problem-solving patterns, and children's social competence, Child Development, 59, 107, 10.2307/1130393 · doi:10.2307/1130393 · Paper page
  77. Raver, 1996, Relations between social contingency in mother-infant interaction and 2-year-olds' social competence, Developmental Psychology, 32, 850, 10.1037/0012-1649.32.5.850 · DOI
  78. Raver, 1996, Success at catching and keeping toddlers' attention: An examination of joint attention among low-income mothers and their 2-year-olds, Early Development and Parenting, 5, 225, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199612)5:4<225::AID-EDP135>3.0.CO;2-F · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0917(199612)5:4<225::aid-edp135>3.0.co;2-f
  79. Raver, 1991, Three steps forward, two steps back: Head Start and the measurement of social competence, Young Children, 46, 3
  80. Rodriguez, 1989, Cognitive person variables in the delay of gratification of older children at risk, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 358, 10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.358 · DOI · Paper page
  81. Rothbart, 1994, Temperament and social behavior in childhood, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21
  82. Schneider, 1989, Parents rating children's social behavior: How focused the lens?, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 237, 10.1207/s15374424jccp1803_6 · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1803_6
  83. Spencer, 1990, Development of minority children: An introduction, Child Development, 61, 267, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02778.x · DOI
  84. Stipek, 1984, Preschool-age children's performance expectations for themselves and another child as a function of the incentive value of success and the salience of, Child Development, 55, 1983, 10.2307/1129773 · DOI
  85. Strayer, 1976, An ethological analysis of social agonism and dominance relations among preschool children, Child Development, 47, 980, 10.2307/1128434 · doi:10.2307/1128434 · Paper page
  86. Takanishi, 1994, A Head Start for the 21st Century, American Psychologist, 49, 120, 10.1037/0003-066X.49.2.120 · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.2.120
  87. Tramontana, 1988, Research on the preschool predictors of later academic achievement: A review, Developmental Review, 8, 89, 10.1016/0273-2297(88)90001-9 · DOI
  88. U.S Bureau of the Census, 1992, Poverty in the United States: 1992
  89. Vaughn, 1981, Attention structure, sociometric status, and dominance: Interrelations, behavioral correlates, and relationships to social competence, Developmental Psychology, 17, 275, 10.1037/0012-1649.17.3.275 · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.17.3.275 · Paper page
  90. Waters, 1983, Social competence as a developmental construct, Developmental Review, 3, 79, 10.1016/0273-2297(83)90010-2 · DOI · Paper page
  91. Waters, 1979, Attachment, positive affect, and competence in the peer group: Two studies in construct validation, Child Development, 50, 821, 10.2307/1128949 · DOI · Paper page
  92. Weissberg, 1993, Enhancing young people's social competence and health behavior: An important challenge for educators, scientists, policymakers, and funders, Applied and Preventative Psychology, 2, 179, 10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80088-5 · DOI
  93. Wentzel, 1995, The academic lives of neglected, rejected, popular and controversial children, Child Development, 66, 754, 10.2307/1131948 · DOI
  94. Yoshikawa, 1994, Prevention as cumulative protection: Effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks, Psychological Bulletin, 115, 28, 10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.28 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.28 · Paper page
  95. Zahn-Waxler, 1994, Social problem-solving in disruptive preschool children: Reactions to hypothetical situations of conflict and distress, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 98
  96. Zigler, 1983, Discerning the future of early childhood intervention, American Psychologist, 38, 894, 10.1037/0003-066X.38.8.894 · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.8.894 · Paper page
  97. Zigler, 1968, Motivational aspects of changes in IQ test performance of culturally deprived nursery school children, Child Development, 39, 1, 10.2307/1127353 · DOI · Paper page
  98. Zigler, 1961, Social competence and outcome in psychiatric disorder, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 264, 10.1037/h0046232 · DOI · Paper page
  99. Zigler, 1993, Using research and theory to justify and inform Head Start expansion, Social Policy Report: Society for Research in Child Development, 7, 1
  100. Zigler, 1978, IQ, social competence, and evaluation of early childhood intervention programs, American Psychologist, 33, 789, 10.1037/0003-066X.33.9.789 · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.33.9.789

Cited by

See all 295

Metadata

Authors
Raver, C. C., & Zigler, E. F.
Venue
Early Childhood Research Quarterly
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1997
Volume
12
Issue
4
Pages
363-385
ISSN
0885-2006 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0885-2006(97)90017-x
OpenAlex
W1997668501
Cited by
295
References
7
FWCI
29.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Social competence: An untapped dimension in evaluating head start's success. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0885-2006(97)90017-x
The paper
Raver, C. C., & Zigler, E. F. (1997). Social competence: An untapped dimension in evaluating head start's success. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0885-2006(97)90017-x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.