Preoccupations and Behaviors Associated with Romantic and Parental Love: Perspectives on the Origin of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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This article first examines the hypothesis that the early phases of romantic love and early parental love share phenomenologically an overlapping set of mental states and behaviors. Second, the authors consider what is known of the neurobiologic substrates of these behaviors. Third, the authors evaluate the hypothesis that these highly conserved behavioral and neural systems and the genetic messages that guide their development are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of OCD.
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During the early postpartum period, increased levels of anxiety and worries in new parents, typically about their infant's safety and health, may include thoughts of reciprocity, unity and even idealised perfection of the infant, which may elevate anxiety levels.
“During the early postpartum period, increased levels of anxiety and worries in new parents, typically about their infant’s safety and health, may include thoughts of reciprocity, unity and even idealised perfection of the infant, which may elevate anxiety levels (14–16).”
From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [15]
Parental anxiety peaks immediately after childbirth and then begins to diminish during the first three to four months postpartum.
“Indeed, parental anxiety peaks immediately after childbirth and then begins to diminish during the first three to four months postpartum (Feldman et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2013; Leckman et al., 1999).”
From The maternal brain and its plasticity in humans (2016) · cites this paper as Leckman et al., 1999
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“Obsessive-compulsive disorder, with its compulsive worrying, checking, and precaution taking, may be caused by amisfiring of this precautionary system (Boyer & Lienard, 2006; Cosmides & Tooby, 1999; Leckman & Mayes, 1998, 1999; Szechtman & Woody, 2004).”
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“What can lead to an act that goes against parenting duties that, in other instances, are carried forth to such extremes as to take on the appearance of obsessive behaviors (Leckman & Mayes, 1999)?”
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“The prevalence of preoccupations, restricted interests and repetitive behavior is sufficiently high in the general population that some have suggested that such behaviors may be wellconserved vestiges of once adaptive behaviors rooted in our phylogenetic history [17–22].”
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“Obsessive thinking about a loved one is characteristic of early-stage romantic love (see Hatfield and Sprecher, 1986; Fisher, 1998; Leckman and Mayes, 1999) but this is not the case in long-term romantic love (Acevedo and Aron, 2009; O’Leary et al.”
BackgroundWoody, E. Z., & Szechtman, H. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06009563 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Early Stage Romantic Love is Associated with Reduced Daily Cortisol Production
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“…love is typically accompanied by intense preoccupations and worries regarding the partner and the relationship, obsessive-like anticipation, focus on minute non-verbal signals, and fears of rejection (Emanuele 2009; Leckman and Mayes 1999; Schneiderman et al. 2014), indicating increased stress.”
Sex matters: The impact of oxytocin on healthy conditions and psychiatric disorders
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Origins of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder: Developmental and Evolutionary Perspectives
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Self-citationBaby smile response circuits of the parental brain
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“Possible total scores for the BAI ranges from 0 (low) to 63 (high); depending on the score, the anxiety level can be interpreted as “minimal” (0-7), “mild” (8-15), “moderate” (16-25), or “severe” (26-63).”
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“Early-stage intense romantic love is marked by clear and substantial modifications at physiological, psychological and behavioral levels (Fisher, 1998; Leckman & Mayes, 1999).”
BackgroundObsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Women
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ROMANTIC LOVE: THE MISTERY OF ITS BIOLOGICAL ROOTS
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“Dr. Leckman was another colleague that I met at different meetings who also underlined the similarities between OCD and paternal or romantic love [31].”
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BackgroundCommentary: Current Evolutionary Perspectives on Adolescent Romantic Relations and Sexuality
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“Some authors offered an evolutionary explanation, as RL would represent a behavior preserved throughout human history, aimed at the formation of pair bonding 10 , while considering that the choice of a stable partner requires characteristics of specificity and reciprocity.”
InfluentialClinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health
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Letter to the editor about “The speed of progression towards obsessive-compulsive disorder”
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“We’re a happy family”: Joey Ramone and family burden in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
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Fujisaki, K., Ueda, R., Nakai, R., & Abe, N. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01470-w
Romantic love as regulatory co-option of maternal-bonding circuitry: a testable genetic account
Felesina, T., & Bode, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1797790
“…signatures—preoccupation (intrusive/idealizing thoughts, doting, caregiving), reciprocity seeking, exclusivity of focus, idealization, heightened responsibility, and proximity seeking—with an early, time-limited period of heightened preoccupation in both states (Leckman and Mayes, 1999).”
Influential
- Authors
- Leckman, J. F., & Mayes, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leckman, James F.
- ORCID
- Leckman, James F.
- Venue
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 635-665
- ISSN
- 1056-4993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W145739586
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh044843-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH49351, P01MH049351, MH 44843)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA00222)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, romantic love, parental love, attachment, neurobiology of love, genetic susceptibility, pathogenesis, behavioral systems, mental states
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Biological Evolution, Humans, Infant, Love, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Parent-Child Relations, Parents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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