The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline
Open accessAbstract
A growing awareness about brain health and Alzheimer's disease in the general population is leading to an increasing number of cognitively unimpaired individuals, who are concerned that they have reduced cognitive function, to approach the medical system for help. The term subjective cognitive decline (SCD) was conceived in 2014 to describe this condition. Epidemiological data provide evidence that the risk for mild cognitive impairment and dementia is increased in individuals with SCD. However, the majority of individuals with SCD will not show progressive cognitive decline. An individually tailored diagnostic process might be reasonable to identify or exclude underlying medical conditions in an individual with SCD who actively seeks medical help. An increasing number of studies are investigating the link between SCD and the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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SCD is regarded as the first clinical manifestation in the AD continuum.
“Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), the first clinical manifestation in the AD continuum, is self-experienced decline in cognitive function without evidence of objective cognitive impairment [3–5].”
From Neuroimaging advances regarding subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In “SCD and the Alzheimer’s disease research framework” (page not supplied), the paper places subjective cognitive changes in stage 2, the late preclinical phase of the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. But “Conclusions and future directions” says SCD could be the first symptom of an incipient neurodegenerative disease and is not an indicator of future cognitive decline for most individuals. Calling SCD *the* first clinical manifestation of the AD continuum omits those qualifications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubjective cognitive decline may also be caused by other underlying health conditions.
“SCD may also be caused by other underlying health conditions (see Prevalence of Subjective Cognitive Decline).254”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [254]
Subjective cognitive decline often prompts medical attention, and a formal diagnosis can help distinguish experiences potentially related to higher dementia risk from experiences less likely to be related, such as other underlying health conditions.
“Subjective cognitive decline often prompts medical attention, and a formal diagnosis can help distinguish experiences potentially related to higher dementia risk from experiences less likely to be related, such as other underlying health conditions.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [280]
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Mielke, M. M., Aggarwal, N. T., Vila‐Castelar, C., Agarwal, P., Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., Brett, B., Brugulat‐Serrat, A., DuBose, L. E., Eikelboom, W. S., Flatt, J., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12662 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease: Applications, evaluation, and perspectives
Chen, Z.-Y., 北京大学生命科学学院膜生物学国家重点实验室, 北. 1., State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, C. O. L. S., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Zoological Research · doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.289 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Altered gut microbiota in adults with subjective cognitive decline: the SILCODE study
Sheng, C., Lin, L., Lin, H., Wang, X., Han, Y., & Liu, S.-L. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210259 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationTian, S., Jiang, J., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Miao, Y., Ji, X., & Bi, Y. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3673 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Anti-amyloid-β protein agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: an update on emerging drugs
Lozupone, M., Solfrizzi, V., D’Urso, F., Di Gioia, I., Sardone, R., Dibello, V., Stallone, R., Liguori, A., Ciritella, C., Daniele, A., et al. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1080/14728214.2020.1808621 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Munawara, U., Catanzaro, M., Xu, W., Tan, C., Hirokawa, K., Bosco, N., Dumoulin, D., Khalil, A., Larbi, A., Lévesque, S., et al. (2021) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-021-00236-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Association of plasma P-tau181 with memory decline in non-demented adults
Therriault, J., Benedet, A. L., Pascoal, T. A., Lussier, F. Z., Tissot, C., Karikari, T. K., Ashton, N. J., Chamoun, M., Bezgin, G., Mathotaarachchi, S., et al. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab136 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Self-citationPrediction of dementia of Alzheimer type by different types of subjective cognitive decline
Jessen, F., Kleineidam, L., Wolfsgruber, S., Bickel, H., Brettschneider, C., Fuchs, A., Kaduszkiewicz, H., König, H., Mallon, T., Mamone, S., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12163 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Impairment in Sexual and Gender Minority Groups: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Romanelli, R. J., Rosenblatt, A. S., Marcum, Z. A., & Flatt, J. D. (2024) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2023.0095 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jessen, F., Amariglio, R. E., Buckley, R. F., van der Flier, W. M., Han, Y., Molinuevo, J. L., Rabin, L., Rentz, D. M., Rodriguez-Gomez, O., Saykin, A. J., Sikkes, S. A. M., Smart, C. M., Wolfsgruber, S., & Wagner, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- University Hospital Bonn (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Jessen, Frank
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 271-278
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7062546
- OpenAlex
- W2998968185
- Cited by
- 1,389
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 209 · 2025: 265 · 2024: 270 · 2023: 233 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 61 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 26.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Materials Research
- ZonMw
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Biogen
- Roche
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01ED1508)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (1R01AG058825–01A1)
- Schweizerische Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften (61633018)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG019771, U01 AG024904, P30 AG010133)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (115985, 115952, AMYPAD EU-EFPIA IMI 2, MOPEAD EU-EFPIA IMI 2)
- Novartis Pharma
- Eli Lilly and Company
- General Electric
- Meso Scale Diagnostics
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, dementia risk, Alzheimer's disease, early Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive decline, diagnostic workup, brain health
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Disease Progression, Diagnostic Self Evaluation, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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