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Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model
Abstract
FIVE CENTRAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL (1) According to our view, working memory comprises multiple specialized components of cognition that allow humans to comprehend and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate, and act on current goals. (2) These specialized components include both a supervisory system (the central executive) and specialized temporary memory systems, including a phonologically based store (the phonological loop) and a visuospatial store (the visuospatial sketchpad). (3) The two specialized, temporary memory systems are used to actively maintain memory traces that overlap with those involved in perception via rehearsal mechanisms involved in speech production for the phonological loop and, possibly, preparations for action or image generation for the visuospatial sketchpad. (4) The central executive is involved in the control and regulation of the working memory system. It is considered to play various executive functions, such as coordinating the two slave systems, focusing and switching attention, and activating representations within longterm memory, but it is not involved in temporary storage. The central executive in principle may not be a unitary construct, and this issue is a main focus of current research within this framework. (5) This model is derived empirically from studies of healthy adults and children and of brain-damaged individuals, using a range of experimental methodologies. The model offers a useful framework to account for a wide range of empirical findings on working memory.
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“Nevertheless, the suggested separation of “spoken” and “heard” representations in their results would be consistent with separable articulatory rehearsal and phonological store components in the phonological loop (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Baddeley & Logie, 1999
In the citing paper
“Further, working memory is conceptualized to include two separable components: maintenance of information and manipulation of information. 35”
From Domains of cognition and their assessment (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Venue
- Models of Working Memory
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1999-04-13
- Pages
- 28-61
- OpenAlex
- W1827015254
- Cited by
- 1,374
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 82.55
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- working memory, central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, rehearsal, attentional control, children
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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