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Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model
Abstract
FIVE CENTRAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL (1) According to our view, working memory comprises multiple specialized components of cognition that allow humans to comprehend and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate, and act on current goals. (2) These specialized components include both a supervisory system (the central executive) and specialized temporary memory systems, including a phonologically based store (the phonological loop) and a visuospatial store (the visuospatial sketchpad). (3) The two specialized, temporary memory systems are used to actively maintain memory traces that overlap with those involved in perception via rehearsal mechanisms involved in speech production for the phonological loop and, possibly, preparations for action or image generation for the visuospatial sketchpad. (4) The central executive is involved in the control and regulation of the working memory system. It is considered to play various executive functions, such as coordinating the two slave systems, focusing and switching attention, and activating representations within longterm memory, but it is not involved in temporary storage. The central executive in principle may not be a unitary construct, and this issue is a main focus of current research within this framework. (5) This model is derived empirically from studies of healthy adults and children and of brain-damaged individuals, using a range of experimental methodologies. The model offers a useful framework to account for a wide range of empirical findings on working memory.
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“Nevertheless, the suggested separation of “spoken” and “heard” representations in their results would be consistent with separable articulatory rehearsal and phonological store components in the phonological loop (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Baddeley & Logie, 1999
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“Further, working memory is conceptualized to include two separable components: maintenance of information and manipulation of information. 35”
From Domains of cognition and their assessment (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
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Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: Alan D. Baddeley.
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“These difficulties relate to attention, short-term memory (Baddeley, 2000; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) and the limitations of language processing (Christoffels, 2006).”
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“This approach has been successfully used to specify whether a given cognitive task implicates a given subcomponent of working memory (Baddeley, 2012; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Shah & Miyake, 1999).”
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“…dissociation of verbal and figural DIS parameters with lesion laterality is suggested by Baddeley’s multicomponent WM theory, which postulates separate limited-capacity subsystems associated with the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”
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“However, visuospatial working memory is another important type of working memory (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”
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Attention and Working Memory: Tools for Understanding Consciousness
Shelton, J. T., Elliott, E. M., & Cowan, N. (2008) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 5
Truth table task: Working memory load, latencies, and perceived relevance
Sevenants, A., Dieussaert, K., & Schaeken, W. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.775131 · Cited by 5
“Some theorists have argued that working memory consists of multiple domain specific subsystems (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”
BackgroundSelective Working Memory Disables Inhibition of Visual Features
Lucas, C., & Lauwereyns, J. (2007) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.54.4.256 · Cited by 5
Working memory capacity in the production and acquisition of a syntactic rule in L2 speech
Finardi, K. R., & Silveira, R. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Lingüística Aplicada · doi:10.1590/s1984-63982011000100011 · Cited by 6
EXPLORING PREDICTORS OF PERFORMANCE ON A CURRICULUM-BASED MEASURE OF WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Aitken, M., & Martinussen, R. (2013) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2013.04.03.3 · Cited by 6
“While multiple conceptions exist (Shah & Miyake), it is generally agreed that working memory designates “the monitoring, processing, and maintenance of information” during on-line cognition (Baddeley & Logie, 1999, p. 28).”
BackgroundMemoria operativa e inteligencia. Un estudio evolutivo
Ibáñez, R., & García-Madruga, J.-A. (2005) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/0210370053125498 · Cited by 5
Radioactive iodine in malignant melanoma.
Kory, R. C., Tucker, R. G., & Meneely, G. R. (1954) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Mononen, R., Niemivirta, M., & Korhonen, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vswaz · Cited by 5
Multitasking: Multiple, Domain-Specific Cognitive Functions in A Virtual Environment
Logie, R. H., Trawley, S. L., & Law, A. S. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e520602012-055 · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe effects of planning on second language oral performance in Japanese
Nakakubo, T. (2011) · doi:10.17077/etd.vvewb5mw · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Venue
- Models of Working Memory
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1999-04-13
- Pages
- 28-61
- OpenAlex
- W1827015254
- Cited by
- 1,374
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 82.55
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- working memory, central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, rehearsal, attentional control, children
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