Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model

“The phonological loop provides temporary storage and rehearsal of verbal material, while the visuospatial sketch pad is specialised in the maintenance and manipulation of visual and spatial information (see Baddeley & Logie, 1999, for a review).”

“If abstract information instead is stored in long-term memory for later retrieval (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995), it still could require considerable attention during retrieval (Naveh-Benjamin & Guez, 2000).”

“…that processing visual information selectively impairs visual but not (or to a lesser extent) spatial maintenance, whereas processing spatial information impairs spatial but not (or to a lesser extent) visual maintenance (Baddeley, 2007; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Klauer & Zhao, 2004; Logie, 1995).”

“…and independent systems, one auditory system that processes information such as music or spoken material – the phonological loop – and a second system that processes written material or pictures – the visuospatial sketchpad (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Repov š & Baddeley, 2006).”

“The visuospatial sketchpad is the interface between visual and spatial information that is obtained through the senses or retrieved from long-term memory (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, Engelkamp, Dehn, & Rudkin, 2001).”

“Baddeley and colleagues (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999) have argued that the two are sufficiently independent that one can observe double dissociations of LTM and WM. Specifically there are individuals with severe verbal WM deficits in the context of intact (Vallar & Baddeley, 1984) or close to…”

“…to the model of working memory developed and experimentally investigated over the years by Baddeley and colleagues (e.g., Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), the working memory system consists of a central executive that directs and utilizes two ‘‘slave’’ systems, the phonological…”

“Getting access to information stored in long-term memory is indeed one of the main executive (or attentional) functions (e.g., Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1995; Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995).”

“Although there is controversy concerning the nature of STM and WM tasks, there is some agreement that a transformation or active monitoring (i.e., focusing on relevant information when competing information is present) is required on WM tasks (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Indeed, Baddeley and Logie (1999) have called phonological storage the "bottleneck" for all language comprehension (and we, by extension, A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON THE CHATELPERRONIAN 61 would see it as a bottleneck for speech production as well).”

“Moreover, the working memory stores for objects and for spatial locations may be separate from each other or rely upon different aspects of the visuospatial subsystem (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Goldman-Rakic, 1996; Logie, 1995).”

“…− a short-term system that enables individuals to actively select, regulate, and process a limited amount of task-relevant information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999) − plays a role, both in mathematics performance (e.g., Peng, Namkung, Barnes, & Sun, 2016; Raghubar, Barnes, & Hecht, 2010) and in…”

“…of interdependent processes related to the executive control of attention (the central executive) and the active maintenance of short-term memory (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, Fristoe, Elliott, Brunner, & Saults, 2006; Engle, Tuholski, Corresponding Author: Peter R. Finn, Department of…”

“In the influential model developed by Baddeley & colleagues (Baddeley, 1992; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley and Logie, 1999), performance in many complex tasks is seen as requiring a multi-component working memory system.”

“Working memory is a short-term mental system that enables individuals to actively maintain and regulate a limited amount of task-relevant information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory is defined as a processing resource of limited capacity, involved in the preservation of information while processing the same or other information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…confirmatory factor analyses to the data of 12 working memory tasks, Soliman (2014) found that the componential structures of a working memory model (Baddeley and Logie, 1999) were similar in monolinguals and bilinguals, and that bilinguals yielded higher latent factor means than (i.e.,…”

“…the retention of verbal information via a rehearsal process; and a visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM), the visuo-spatial scratchpad responsible for retaining visual and spatial information, and possibly also responsible for the formation and manipulation of mental images (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“In more recent versions of the multiple components model, Baddeley (2000; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) includes an episodic buffer.”

“attention [32, 33].”

“…that information of different codes or modalities is represented separately in independently-functioning storage buffers, which are also distinct from domain-general attention (Baddeley, 1986, 2007, 2012; Baddeley, Allen, & Hitch, 2011; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011; Repovš & Baddeley, 2006).”

“…regulation, including short-term memory capacity, resistance to distraction, mental manipulation, attentional control in divided at- tention/dual task contexts, and maintenance of memory traces over time (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1999; Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999; Finn, 2002).”

“Converging evidence in behavioral (Baddeley, 1999), neuroimaging research (Smith & Jonides, 1998; Smith, Jonides, & Koeppe, 1996), and neuropsychological studies of brain-damaged patients (Carlesimo, Perri, Turriziani, Tomaiuolo, & Caltagirone, 2001; Mendez, 2001; Pickering, 2001) concur with the…”

“…on dual- and multiple-task performance in humans suggests that concurrent execution of two or more tasks is best accomplished when there is minimal overlap of processing stages, response codes, and modalities for each task (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Wickens & Hollands, 2000).”

“As currently conceived (Baddeley & Logie 1999; Baddeley 2001; 2007), WM is a multi-component cognitive system consisting of a central executive and two subsystems, (a) phonological storage with vocal and subvocal articulation, and (b) a visuospatial sketchpad.”

“WM is considered an online cognitive process through which the learner acquires and processes new information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1999).”

“…the multiple-component model of working memory, first conceptualized by Baddeley and Hitch (1974; for modifications, see Baddeley, 1986, 2000; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011), proposes separate modules dedicated to the storage of verbal and visual material, as well as a central…”

“The best known and most widely cited model of working memory envisions three components: an entity for visual information; an entity for aural information; and a controlling or central executive entity (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“Once again, we situated our research within the framework of the visuospatial working memory model (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995).”

“Drawing on Baddeley’s model of working memory (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), Yuan and Ellis (2003) suggested that, when learners have time to plan, the central executive of working memory operates, enabling learners to search their long-term memory for grammatical encoding.”

“There is general agreement that working memory (Baddeley & Hitch, 1994; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Becker, 1994; Gathercole, 1994; GoldmanRakic, 1987; Martin & Romani, 1994) is a multicomponent psychological system that supports the temporary storage of internal representations that guide and control…”

“E-mail: alpnobre@ gmail.com”

“For the purposes of this discussion, spatial working memory can be considered a multiplecomponent memory system with a domain-general executive (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Theories of control systems or executive resources continued to develop (Baddeley, 1986, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), but the concept of the visuo-spatial component of the BH framework remained largely underexplored and underdeveloped (although see, e.g., Hitch, Halliday, Schaafstal, & Schraagen,…”

“The update and storage of information about the objects as they are revealed is consistent with working memory (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), while the requirement of explicitly memorizing the relationships among objects in specific locations is consistent with object location memory.”

“Although large-scale integrative theories of working memory have been proposed within cognitive psychology (see, e.g., Baddeley and Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1995), most theories that interface directly with the change detection literature have focused on particular aspects of performance in such tasks.”

“. has been divided into verbal and visual buffers subordinate to a central executive system (Baddeley, 1986, 1992) but more recently (Baddeley and Logie, 1999) the visual buffer has been further divided into two components subserving object and spatiotemporal information (see Postle, 2006 for a…”

“Importantly, working memory is – metaphorically speaking – the locus of conscious processing (Baddeley, 2000; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Thus, working memory allows for the temporary storage and manipulation of information which is being used during online cognitive operations such as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning (Baddeley 2000; Baddeley and Logie 1999).”

“…of cognition that allow humans to comprehend and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate, and act on current goals (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“In contrast to refreshing which is by definition an attention-based process, verbal rehearsal is typically assumed to not, or only minimally, rely on attention (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Camos & Barrouillet, 2014; Chen & Cowan, 2009; Naveh-Benjamin & Jonides, 1984).”

“As discussed earlier, cognitive performance while solving novel, unrehearsed problems can also be described by a working memory model (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), with VSWM being an important component in this model.”

“The findings coincide with a framework by Baddeley and Logie (1999) that describes multiple components of WM.”

“…the eyes were fixed, we propose that spatial attention may do more than filter out potentially distracting information, but instead actively participate in the maintenance of object properties, as was previously proposed in some models of visual working memory (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995).”

“…storage of information is mediated by two domain-specific stores: the phonological loop provides temporary storage of verbal material, and the visuo-spatial sketchpad specializes in the maintenance and manipulation of visual and spatial representations (see Baddeley & Logie, 1999, for a review).”

“…relation to sentence comprehension is working memory, which is typically measured with some version of the reading span task (Baddeley, 1986, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Caplan & Waters, 2002; Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; Kane et al., 2004; MacDonald & Christiansen, 2002; MacDonald, Just, &…”

“Therefore, our aim was to investigate the cognitive demand of multitasking using a well-established theoretical framework - the multiple component model of working memory (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory refers to the limited capacity cognitive system involved in the simultaneous storage and processing of information (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Swanson & Siegel, 2001).”

“The multi-component, modular model emphasizes limited amounts of activation and temporal decay in the buffers as the sources of capacity limitations in working memory (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“…(Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley, Lewis, & Vallar, 1984); the visuospatial sketch pad, which stores visual and spatial information (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995); and the episodic buffer, which binds the contents of the modality-specific systems to episodic long-term memory…”

“…introduction of this article, we recalled that the standard model of working memory proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974; see also Baddeley, 1986, Baddeley & Logie, 1999) issued from a seminal attempt by these authors to consider the short-term store of the modal model of Atkinson and Shiffrin…”

“…(VWM), the temporary storage and manipulation of visual information, has been the subject of numerous behavioral and neurobiological studies (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Funahashi, Bruce, & Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Haxby, Petit, Ungerleider, & Courtney, 2000; Jolicoeur & Dell'Acqua, 1998; Luck…”

“Such a model was, in fact, proposed in the seminal work of Baddeley and Hitch (1974), but the central component was omitted in subsequent work (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Executive control was assessed using dual-task methodology [30,31].”

“…storage components, as proposed by Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986; (3a) a three-factor model, representing Logie's (1995) model (see also Baddeley & Logie, 1999) expanded to include a distinction between the two visuospatial components (see Model 2a), i.e. visual vs. spatial (Logie,…”

“In the classic storage-and-processing model of WM (Baddeley, 2003; Baddeley and Logie, 1999; Baddeley, 1986), which was built upon earlier work that emphasized short-term storage (Miller, 1956) and controlled processes (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968), a “visuospatial sketchpad” and a “phonological…”

“Working Memory (WM) is defined as the ability to monitor, process and maintain task-relevant information on-line to respond to immediate environmental demands (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“The phonological storage is important to analyse verbal information, whereas the visuospatial storage is important to analyse visual information (Baddeley & Logie 1999; Baddeley et al. 1970).”