Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model

“…n’implique pas nécessairement le processus de répétition articulatoire que Baddeley décrit dans son modèle de la boucle phonologique (Baddeley, 1986 ; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), mais plutôt, comme l’a montré Cowan (1992), un processus de récupération rapide grâce à une refocalisation attentionnelle.”

“…adults spontaneously develop specific skills in online plan adjustment and reordering of everyday activities and that these skills offer specific resources that can be recruited flexibly within a multiple-resource working memory system (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011; Logie & Niven, 2012).”

“Further, whether the central executive is a single unit or a fractionated unit remains debatable (cf [20]).”

“…several theorists have proposed that attention is used for processing tand, perhaps, for some memory-maintenance activities, bu r not for memory storage itself, which is considered passive o d automatic once the information has been suitably encode (Baddeley, 1986, 2007; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“With regard to contemporary models of working memory (Baddeley, 2003; Baddeley, Gathercole, & Papagno, 1998; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), dyslexic readers are thought to have inefficient central executive systems as well as poor phonological processing abilities (Palmer, 2000).”

“…that allows “humans to understand and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate, and act on current goals” (Baddeley & Logie, 1999, p. 28).”

“According to Baddeley' s (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) multi- component model, the three primary components of working memory are (a) the central executive, which is considered to be primarily responsible for the coordinating activity within the cognitive system and managing…”

“Interference varied with number of items, but the pattern differed from that observed with temporal enumeration (Logie & Baddeley, 1987). and the spatial systems (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Proposed mechanisms of this sort have included a large-capacity, short-lived sensory memory (e.g., Broadbent, 1958; Cowan, 1995), code-specific phonological and visuo-spatial buffers (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999), and activated features drawn from longterm memory (e.g., Cowan, 1995; Norman, 1968).”

“…described WM as a limited capacity system in which the central executive component interacts with two subsidiary subcomponents used for the temporary storage of different classes of information, the speech-based phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad (see also Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“WM involves an active manipulation of information, while also mentally storing other information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Gathercole, Pickering, Ambirdge, &Wearing, 2004).”

“(Baddeley and Logie, 1999; Mammarella et al., 2008).”

“This distinction between VWM and SWM is supported by various studies (for reviews, see Baddeley & Logie 1999; Smith & Jonides, 1997).”

“The central executive, while controlling and regulating WM and subsuming the episodic buffer, is also capable of focusing and switching attention (Baddeley & Logie, 1999) and can divide attention between two or more stimulus sources or actions (Baddeley, 1996a; Marsh & Hicks, 1998).”

“This is in accordance with Paivio’s (1971, 1975, 1978) dual coding theory and the multicomponent system of working memory developed by Baddeley and colleagues (Baddeley and Hitch 1974; Baddeley and Logie 1999), as well as with Penney’s (1989) separate-stream hypothesis.”

“…of higher level thinking skills which include, but are not limited to, complex attention, abstract thought, planning/organizing, inhibition and self-monitoring (Luria, 1966; Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Norman and Shallice, 1986; Stuss and Alexander, 2000; Delis et al., 2001; Lezak et al., 2004).”

“작업 기억은 주의를 통제하고, 음성 정보와 시공간 정보를 처리하고, 장기기억으 로 처리 전 임시 저장소 역할을 한다(Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Miyake, Friedman, Emerson, Witzki, Howerter, & Wager, 2000).”

“These differences include the domain-specific stores in the multicomponent model of WM (Baddeley & Logie, 1999) and the differences in required executive processing and storage capacity (Miyake et al., 2001).”

“…2006; Swanson & Alloway, 2012), que puede definirse como un sistema complejo de capacidad limitada encargado de almacenar y procesar información de manera simultánea, lo que posibilita la ejecución de un amplio rango de actividades cognitivas (Baddeley, 2012; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Diamond, 2013).”

“…a processing resource of limited capacity that is involved in preserving information while simultaneously processing the same or other information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), whereas short-term memory is typically involved in situations where a person passively retains small amounts of material and…”

“It should be noted that Baddeley’s multicomponent model predicts the same pattern of results (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory (WM) is a memory system of limited capacity, which is responsible for retention and simultaneous processing of information over short periods of time (Baddeley and Logie, 1999 Just & Carpenter, 1992).”

“According to Allan Baddeley, working memory consists of a central executive and two content/modality-specific components: a phonological loop that handles verbal content and a visuospatial sketchpad that handles spatial content (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Baddeley and Logie (1999) also argue that the effect of WM on various cognitive activities is domain specific and even that the central executive may not be a completely unitary construct.”

“WM includes the central executive and three subsidiaries, or subsystems, one of which is the phonological store for maintaining verbal information, and the other is the visuospatial “sketchpad,” for visual and spatial information (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…as the human ability ‘to comprehend and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate, and act on current goals’ (Baddeley and Logie, 1999: 28).”

“According to working memory theory (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999) articulatory suppression (AS) prevents rehearsal in the articulatory loop of to be remembered material, which, in turn, has a disruptive effect on recall.”

“One framework to capture the contribution of multiple components of WM to L2 reading is Baddeley’s multicomponent model (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…are ‘supervised’ by an executive system (Norman and Shallice 1986) that controls, evaluates and monitors skilled performance (Norman and Shallice 1986, Stuss 1991), also referred to as the central executive (Baddeley and Logie 1999) or the supervisory attentional system (Norman and Shallice 1986).”

“Baddeley and Logie (1999) acknowledged that WM is closely related to attention and that the central executive is often described as an attentional system.”

“…two subsidiary subcomponents used for the temporary storage of different information: the speech-based phonological loop, responsible for the temporary storage of verbal information; and the visuospatial sketchpad, that temporarily stores visuospatial information (see also Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Studies demonstrating a visual similarity effect in STM for verbal items (Logie et al., 2000), however, suggested that letter features are represented in STM, perhaps in the visual cache component of the visuospatial sketchpad (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995).”

“Now the episodic buffer essentially takes over the storage function of the central executive, which is thus re-conceptualized as an attentionally-based control system with no capacity for storage (cf. Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“However, in defence of the interference-only hypothesis and despite a strong tradition of research concerning selective interference (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Bayliss, Jarrold, Gunn, & Baddeley, 2003; Farmer, Berman, & Fletcher, 1986; Logie, Zucco, & Baddeley, 1990; Meiser & Klauer, 1999; Shah…”

“For instance, in a classic, multicomponent model it is described as consisting of central executive and storage subsystems (see Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory serves the “moment-to-moment monitoring, processing, and maintenance of information” (Baddeley & Logie, 1999, p. 28).”

“WM has traditionally been associated with maintenance of stimulus-specific features, such as phonological, spatial or object-based information (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“WM refers to the ability to keep information actively in mind and manipulate it in ways required by a given task (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“…that allow humans to comprehend and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate, and act on current goals” (Baddeley & Logie, 1999, pp. 28–29).”

“VSWM consists of two elements, visual memory and spatial memory, and is mainly used to temporarily store visual–spatial information (4).”

“For this study, WM is defined as consisting of a limited-capacity system related to the preservation of information while simultaneously processing other information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“This may reflect the loadings on Capon et al.’s (2003) third factor, where all measures loaded and which they suggested showed the influence of shared central executive resource and reflected variations in processing efficiency (see also Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“multiple component theoretical framework for working memory (e.g. Baddeley, 1986; 2012; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, Hitch, & Allen, 2019, in press; Baddeley and Logie, 1999; Della Sala & Logie, 1993; Hanley & Young, 2019, in press; Hanley, Young, & Pearson, 1991; Logie & Della Sala, 2005; Vallar & Shallice, 1990…”

“There are a number of different theoretical frameworks of WM, including the multicomponent model (Baddeley, 2012; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), embedded processes model (Cowan et al., 2005, 2012; Cowan, Saults, & Blume, 2014), dual-storage model (Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999; Kane et al.,…”

“…memory has been conceptualized as comprising a central executive as well as subsidiary components devoted to particular forms of encoding and maintenance, such as a phonological loop for verbal maintenance and a visuospatial sketchpad for visuospatial information (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…Aptitude Does Not Depend on Using a Dual Task to Examine Working Memory The traditional view of working memory (Baddeley & Hitch 1974; Baddeley 1986; Baddeley & Logie 1999) and its development (Gathercole & Hitch 1993; Hitch, Towse, & Hutton 2001) is one that incorporates storage and processing…”

“This coordination function has been considered as one of the executive functions (Baddeley & Della Sala, 1996; Logie et al., 2004), as defined within the multiple component model of working memory (Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011).”

“Whereas it is seen as a general resource that is required for performance of virtually any task by memory researchers (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999), focused attention has been the central issue in the perception literature (e.g., Treisman, 2006).”

“Working memory is a very broad structure that includes storage systems and executive functions (Baddeley and Logie 1999; Logie 2011). Some researchers suggest that only the latter might be crucial for complex sentences comprehension (Just and Carpenter 1992). Similarly, Szymanik and Zajenkowski (2011) argue that an ex…”

“A study carried out by Pearson, Logie, and Gilhooly [8] attempted to interpret performance of the creative synthesis task within the multi-component framework of working memory provided by Baddeley and colleagues [9-11].”

“Unlike long-term memory, which has massive capacity, working memory is inherently limited (Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…whether the benefits of multimodal information in working memory stem from audio-visual integration (Saults & Cowan, 2007) or independent storages for auditory and visual information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Fougnie & Marois, 2011; for a review, see Quack et al., 2015), has not yet been resolved.”

“Besides, given that the maintenance of even a simple visuospatial representation may implicate central executive function (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), we can infer that inhibitory control, the main component of central executive functions (Farabollini, Porrini, & Dessı fulgheri, 1999), might also be…”