Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model

“…degree to which working memory is considered a general resource (e.g., Engle, 1994; Engle et al., in press) or a set of separate modality-based or representation-based resources (as in a separate resource for maintaining spatial versus verbal materials, Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Shah & Miyake, 1996).”

“…strategy knowledge Working memory (WM), the limited capacity system that allows simultaneous storage and processing of temporary information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), has been the focus of several studies related to reading disabilities (RD) in children (e.g., Passolunghi, Cornoldi, & De…”

“Hearing participants are poorer in recalling lists of phonologically similar words than lists of phonologically unrelated words, even when the words are presented visually (see Baddeley & Logie, 1999, for a review; Conrad & Hull, 1964).”

“Monkeys were used because they have visual working memory abilities comparable to humans, but lack the ability to verbalize visual information like humans (Baddeley, 1986).”

“The emphasis on attention rather than storage was further emphasized in an attempt to constrain the model, which could otherwise be regarded as hardly more testable than an all-powerful homunculus (Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Finally, the episodic buffer serves as a temporary memory system for the central executive, and according to Baddeley (2000), integrates and stores information from the other two subsystems.”

“…measure of retrospective memory, suggesting that these two measures reflect a common, domain-specific cognitive function, that is different from visuo-spatial working memory and planning, and consistent with the multicomponent framework for working memory (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, in press).”

“Working memory is a cognitive system involved in the temporary maintenance and manipulation of information (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Indeed, this is one of the most prominent views of working memory (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Friedman & Miyake, 2000) because of its ability to account for many findings in the human working memory and maths problem-solving literature (Beilock et al., 2007).”

“As well as coordinating the slave systems, the central executive is also capable of focussing and switching attention (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“We therefore expect that visually presented words are maintained not only using phonological codes (Baddeley and Logie, 1999), but also based on nonphonological, inferotemporal language representations.”

“It has been shown that work- ing memory, a memory system involved in concurrent maintenance and processing of information (Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), plays a significant role in adults’ arithmetic performance (see DeStefano & LeFevre, 2004, for a review on dual-task studies).”

“For example, Baddeley & Logie (1999) posited a multiple-component model of working memory.”

“Keywords: cognitive processing; reading; instruction Working memory (WM) is defined as a processing resource of limited capacity, involved in the preservation of information while processing the same or other information (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Unsworth & Engle, 2007).”

“In addition, the model precludes a role for attention in the maintenance of information, in that the component identified with attentional function is the so-called central executive, and this component is assumed not to be involved in temporary storage (see, e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999, p. 28).”

“…in time: the type of information maintained in memory (e.g., words vs. faces), the amount of time that has elapsed since the information was encountered, and the amount of intervening information encountered in that period ( Johnson & Rugg, 2007; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Anderson & Neely, 1996).”

“This articulatory suppression technique selectively disrupts performance on a host of verbally mediated tasks, such as immediate serial recall and mental arithmetic, which points to the involvement of the phonological loop in these tasks (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1993).”

“Phonological storage is crucial for verbal comprehension, speech production, and reading and writing ; whereas visuospatial storage is relevant for image and spatial processing, as well as for drawing and mathematical ability ( Baddeley & Logie, 1999 ).”

“Many recent reports have specifically examined storage in visual working memory (VWM), a modality-specific store within the multicomponent working memory system (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995).”

“Although a number of influential models and theories of working memory exist (Miyake & Shah, 1999), perhaps the most influential framework has been Baddeley’s (1986) multicomponent model (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“While these models have valuably contributed to our understanding of WM, the domain-specifi c, multipleresource model (Baddeley, 1986 , 2000 , 2003 , 2007 , 2010 ; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974 ; Baddeley & Logie, 1999 ) remains dominant in the fi eld (Miyake, 2001 ; Wen, Mota, & McNeill, 2015 ).”

“In their more recent formulation, Baddeley and Logie (Baddeley & Logie, 1999) suggested that working memory was a system that retains information (primarily from recent experience), and thus supports the acquisition of new knowledge, aids in problem solving, and provides information with which to…”

“These modules have been termed the phonological store and the visuospatial sketch pad, respectively (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“The VSWM or visuospatial scratchpad is responsible for retaining visual and spatial information, and possibly for the formation and manipulation of mental images (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“The estimation of magnitudes described in Table 1 and represented by the log number line in Figure 2 is constructed from subsystems that are part of Baddeley’s visuospatial sketch pad (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Pinel et al., 2004).”

“In terms of the architecture of WM (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), the arithmetic task involved verbal processing, storage, and executive control.”

“It is defined as a processing resource of limited capacity, involved in preserving information while processing the same or other information (Baddeley and Logie, 1999; Rottschy et al., 2012; Unsworth and Engle, 2007), including content manipulation and transfer between inputs and outputs (Engle et…”

“There is not scope here to offer a comprehensive review of 20 years of research on the topic, and detailed reviews are available elsewhere (e.g., Baddeley, 2007, 2012; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2015; Logie & Morris, 2015; Logie & Niven, 2012).”

“Verbal and visuo-spatial working memory measures might thus reflect partly domain general mechanisms and partly the contribution of modality specific storage systems (Baddeley and Logie, 1999; St. Clair-Thompson and Gathercole, 2006).”

“The phonological loop stores auditory and phonological information and uses a subvocal rehearsal system to refresh information whereas the visual-spatial sketchpad is specialized for holding spatial and non-spatial visual information (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“WM is referred to as a processing resource of limited capacity involved in the preservation of information while simultaneously processing the same or other information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“The multiple-component model (see Figure 1B) comes from the work of Baddeley and colleagues (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, Lewis, & Vallar, 1984; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“The central executive has been argued to coordinate attention, task switching, and performance among these other areas (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…appeared to fit neatly into the central executive role in the existing working memory framework and was promptly adopted, initially being assumed to be a purely attentional system, with temporary storage left to the broadly defined verbal and visuo-spatial subsystems (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“Specifically, these frameworks are referred to as the multiple-component model (MCM; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011, 2016), time-based resource sharing (TBRS; Barrouillet & Camos, 2010, 2015), and embedded processes (EP; Cowan, 1999, 2005).”

“Baddeley and Logie (1999) compared this finding to one by Rosen and Engle (1997), where individuals with high span scores showed a larger decrement as a result of a secondary task than did individuals with low span scores.”

“The most prominent theory of WM, the multicomponent model (e.g., Baddeley, 2003; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), postulates that the short-term maintenance of verbal information relies exclusively on phonological information, that is, on the rehearsal of the sound structure of the verbal material.”

“First, a visuospatial working memory task may affect rule-based learning indirectly because it, like the verbal working memory task, relies on the central executive as a common, limited-capacity resource (Baddeley, 1995; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“The multi-component model of working memory distinguishes a central system from a domain-specific system for verbal information (Baddeley, 1986, 2000; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“Baddeley and others have suggested that the central executive is responsible for dividing and/or switching attention (Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley, Baddeley, Bucks, & Wilcock, 2001; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Bourke, Duncan, & Nimmo-Smith, 1996; Perry & Hodges, 1999).”

“Such enhancement has been demonstrated for verbal STM, where chunking on the basis of long-term knowledge can effectively increase the total number of digits retained in verbal STM (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995).”

“…among cognitive psychologists that working memory is a system, or set of processes, that allows for the active maintenance of information in the face of concurrent processing and/ or distraction (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999; Miyake & Shah, 1999).”

“…memory (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974;Logie, 1995) is subdividedinto a visual cache, responsible for retaining visual patterns, and an inner scribe, responsible for retaining spatial information, including sequences of “movement or of paths between objects and locations” (Baddeley & Logie, 1999, p. 36).”

“For example, Hambrick, Kane, and Engle (2004) have shown how domain-general and domain-specific principles can be merged in the study of working memory (see also Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“As we noted before, the activation of primed items usually decays quickly within a few seconds, unless some intervention holds the item active (see also, e.g., Altmann & Trafton, 2002; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Along these lines, Berger (1994, cited in Rafal & Henik, 1994) and Berger and Henik (2000) conducted experiments using a central arrow cue (which indicated the most likely target location) and a peripheral cue (which was uninformative) and found IOR that resulted from the peripheral cues. Notably, this pattern of resu…”

“The original WM model has withstood the test of time with only minor modifications (Baddeley, 2001; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“The episodic buffer maintains integrated multimodal information (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley et al., 2000; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Repovs & Baddeley, 2006).”

“In pointing to the complex interplay between students’ perceptual experience, beliefs, habitual and impromptu ideas, memories, and representational resources, Baddeley and Logie (1999) and Logie (2003) claim that perceptual processes constantly interact with past and emerging understandings to guide student reasoning.…”

“Arithmetic addition involves the phonological loop (Ashcraft and Krause, 2007) whereas spatial tracking taps the visuospatial scratch pad (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”