Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model

“There is no standard definition of WM (see Miyake and Shah 1999, for a review), but the most commonly used model of WM is the one proposed by Baddeley (1986) and Baddeley and Logie (1999). This model defines WM as a limited capacity system that maintains information ‘‘on-line’’ over brief periods of time.”

“…WM tasks like the one used in the current study (i.e., with verbal, but semantically relatively void stimuli) are mostly attributed to phonological processing— that is, maintaining and rehearsing phonological codes and their serial order (e.g., Baddeley, 1986, 2003, 2012; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“[7] Baddeley, A.”

“Likewise, visual attention functions as a filter in that only one pattern is brought into working memory (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“VSWM is assumed to be responsible for processing and the short-term storage of visual and spatial information and is believed to operate with visual images (Baddeley, 1997; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“For instance, the multicomponent model of WM (Baddeley, 1986, 2012; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011) is based on the postulate that visuospatial and verbal information are stored separately in dedicated storage buffers, which may also rely on separate rehearsal mechanisms (Baddeley, 2012;…”

“We approached the assigned questions from our own conceptual framework that was inspired by Baddeley’s (1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) proposal of a WM system comprising multiple components that work in concert to support task performance.”

“…poorer performance was detected in MDD patients for VRS. VRS is to measure visuospatial WM. Visuospatial WM is assumed to be responsible for processing and short-term storage of visuospatial information and it is the part of the visual-spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…0144-929X print/ISSN 1362-3001 online 2012 Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2011.604103 http://www.tandfonline.com a high VS span are more likely to encode page links at a deeper level in the hierarchy as they navigate a simple website with the purpose of learning the contents.”

“Within this model, the storage demands of complex memory span are suggested to depend on appropriate sub-systems, with processing supported principally by central executive resources (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cocchini, Logie, Della Sala, MacPherson, & Baddeley, 2002).”

“The multiplecomponent model of working memory introduced by Baddeley and colleagues [4, 5] comprises specialized components: two temporary memory systems (the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad) used to actively maintain memory traces, and a supervisory system (the central executive) involved in control…”

“On the one hand, some theoreticians assume that dedicated systems encode modality-specific information (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011), whereas others believe that the information encoded for later recall consists of many features including input…”

“…finishing higher-level cognitive tasks, like language understanding, has been the focus of extensive research in cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics (Just and Carpenter, 1992; MacDonald et al., 1992; Baddeley and Logie, 1999; Kim and Christianson, 2007; Rodríguez, 2008; Swets et al., 2008).”

“Sub-vocal 3 rehearsal is an essential feature of the ‘phonological loop’ (Baddeley, 1986, 1992; Baddeley, 4 Lewis, & Vallar, 1984 ), part of the multi-component model of working memory (Baddeley 5 & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“In the model of Alan Baddeley and colleagues (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), short-term storage was said to take place in dedicated, code-specific buffers (the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad).”

“Recent behavioral and neuroscientific evidence suggests a spatial WM that is separable from a visual-object WM (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Postle & D’Esposito, 1999), and we have identified three different visuospatial WM processes that may be engaged during the trajectory to the test site:…”

“As a task, participants connect numbers drawn on paper in increasing order [59] while verbally stating each number, to clear both the visual as well as the verbal working memory (see Baddeley’s model of working memory [3]).”

“In general terms, working memory is a cognitive function related to an on-line cognition involved in the moment-to-moment monitoring, processing, and maintenance of information, both in laboratory tasks and in everyday cognition in man (Baddeley and Logie 1999).”

“The influential multicomponent model of working memory proposed by Baddeley and colleagues (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) was later expanded to include a module termed the episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2000).”

“…and colleagues is working memory capacity: the system thought to store and manipulate information relevant to immediate sub-tasks (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995; 2003; Logie & van der Meulen, 2009). where the individual sub-tasks in multitasking occupy more of the capacity…”

“Many researchers agree that there are distinct VSTM subsystems for spatial and nonspatial (object) information (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995).”

“Similarly, the code- specific components S and O could reflect either separate memory modules (Baddeley & Logie, 1999) or separate types of information in the activated portion of long- term memory, not separate modules but susceptible to the general principle of interference between items with…”

“…in children with RD, and in children with both ADHD and RD. Control and attention regulation processes are said to take place in the central executive (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), which is required for the retrieval of information in long-term memory and is a modality-free component of working memory.”

“DA neurotransmission has been shown in both human and nonhuman primates to be a critical for cognitive functions subserved by PFC, such as executive cognition and working memory [18].”

“The ability of healthy individuals to perform particular combinations of tasks at the same time has been explained in terms of a multiple-component working memory system (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“WM supports the temporary storage of a limited amount of information for further cognitive operations (Ardila, 2003; Baddeley, 2000, 2003; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“If this were the case, the words stored in the verbal buffer would be susceptible to interference from the processing task, whereas the pictures would be stored in the visual spatial sketchpad without such interference (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Inhibitory ability is postulated to be one of the main components of the brain’s executive function (EF) system (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Conway & Engle, 1994; Miyake et al., 2000), and while the specific nature and number of functions that comprise the EF system is still a matter of debate, the…”

“WM, as a limited-capacity system, allows people to temporarily maintain and manipulate task-related information in complex cognitive activity (Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“Based upon Baddeley’s multi-component model of working memory (Baddeley, 2003), we introduced for the first time a unique training task that required participants to switch attention from verbal to visual images, (i.e., switching from phonological information to visuo-spatial information), with the intention that this…”

“# 2010 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business http://www.psypress.com/ecp DOI: 10.1080/09541440902793731 One account for the impact of concurrent tasks on recall is based on the multimodal working memory model (Baddeley, 2000; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Such modality-based accounts draw obvious parallels to the hugely influential model of working memory (WM) and its distinct domain-specific subsystems (e.g., the visuospatial sketchpad) proposed by Baddeley and colleagues (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“This is obvious with respect to Baddeley’s model, which defines working memory as composed of several, relatively independent subsystems (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“In the literature on working memory, a distinction is usually made between a verbal and a visuospatial component (e.g. Baddeley and Hitch 1974; Baddeley and Logie 1999), which rely on distinct neural structures.”

“One set of resources has been identified as a phonological store coupled with a phonological rehearsal system, which together play an important role in the temporary retention of verbal information [30,31].”

“While parallel distributed processing is certainly plausible at the neural and neural networks levels, serial processing is psychologically justifiable due to the limited capacity of human working memory (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“1 3 Another account worth considering is the multiplecomponent models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…interrelated attention and memory subsystems that govern the controlled processing of goal-relevant information over short periods of time and in light of interference or distraction from goal-irrelevant information (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986, 2000; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“…has proven vexing in the dual-task literature, it has been developed extensively in the working memory (WM) literature to explain limitations and interference within WM that appear to depend on the type of stored information (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cocchini et al., 2002).”

“For example, according to Baddeley and Logie (1999), one type of working memory is specialized for storing and manipulating verbal information (the phonological loop), another for storing and manipulating visuospatial information (the visual-spatial sketchpad), and yet another for switching attention and coordinating…”

“The storage of information is assumed to take place in different slave systems, either in the visual cache for visuo-spatial information or in the phonological store for verbal information (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“This fact raises certain issues that require further discussion, given that the executive is thought to be evoked during novel situations (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“This effect is presumed to re ect characteristics of subvocal rehearsal capacities, based on the ability to set up and run speech output programs, although programs need not be explicitly realised through articulatory output (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“For example, Friedman et al. (2006) reported that working memory was highly related to both fluid and crystalized intelligence, and that inhibition and set shifting share less variance with intelligence (see also Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory is the ability to actively maintain and manipulate information in memory (Baddeley and Logie 1999) and is critically important to successful performance on most of the tasks that humans carry out each day.”

“From moment to moment, WM allows humans to understand and represent the current environment, retain and manipulate recent information, create and maintain current goals, and acquire new knowl- edge (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2003).”

“In contrast, the modular working memory model (Baddeley & Logie, 1999) does not specify a role for attention in the maintenance of information for immediate serial recall.”

“First, on a very general level, working memory capacity (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999) and processing speed (Salthouse, 1996) are considered basic or elementary cognitive abilities that limit higher-order cognitive processes, for example, retrieval from memory.”