Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model

“They are divided into single-resource models, which assume a trade-off between processing and storage (Case, 1985; Just and Carpenter, 1992), and multiple-resource models, which – like domain-free models – argue that processing and storage are independent from each other (e.g. Baddeley, 2003, 2007, 2015; Baddeley and…”

“This task requires both storage (phonological loop) and transformation (processing) of material within working memory (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Gathercole, 1998).”

“Baddeley [7] noted that mental arithmetic is a complex skill that activates different components of WM.”

“In Baddeley’s (1986) influential model, for example, which has recently been updated by Baddeley and Logie (1999), attentional limitations are ascribed to a supervisory component, the “central executive.””

“In the former, the participant has to maintain sequences of information while simultaneously processing the same or other information (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999) while in the latter, sequences of items are just temporarily maintained by the participant who is then…”

“Short Term Memory (Grattan and Eslinger, 1989; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory, defined as a short-term mental system that manipulates temporarily stored information related to a task (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), may be especially important for thinking about patterns.”

“Working memory is conceptualized here as the specific capacities of maintaining, manipulating, and monitoring multiple pieces of information in the context of behavior regulation, problem-solving, and decision-making (Baddeley and Logie, 1999; GoldmanRakic, 1987).”

“Finally, the executive component is a supervisory system that controls and regulates the attentional demands required by working memory tasks (Baddeley, 2007; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…unified view (Duncan et al., 2000; Zelazo, Carter, Reznick, & Frye, 1997), others have proposed a more fractionated component-processes view (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Lehto, Juujarvi, Kooistra, & Pulkkinen, 2003), and others suggest that both views are defensible (Miyake, Friedman, Emerson,…”

“…into long-term memory (not via working memory), and the contents of a separate working memory are derived from information that is activated from the store of knowledge in long-term memory (for detailed discussions, see Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995; Logie, Engelkamp, Dehn, & Rudkin, 2001).”

“Behavioral studies (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Della Sala & Logie, 1993) support the view that working memory consists of several specialised subsystems.”

“(e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999), whereas WM tasks draw from the executive system (e.g., Baddeley & Logie; Engle et al., 1999).”

“1 items for visuospatial information (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 2001).”

“According to the tripartite working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999), humans have available two mechanisms for the temporary storage and maintenance of information: the phonological loop (PL) and the visual spatial sketchpad (VSSP).”

“Baddeley and Logie (1999) and Logie, Della Sala, Laiacona, Chalmers, and Wynn (1996) have already suggested that the limiting capacity of the different components of working memory may be circumvented by the use of this type of strategy.”

“Deficits in working memory can be conceptualised in terms of a tripartite model (e.g., Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) comprising a central executive (CE), responsible for controlling and manipulating information stored in two slave subsystems, the phonological loop (PL) dealing…”

“Working memory (WM) has been defined as the mental workspace in which task-relevant information is monitored, processed, and maintained to respond to immediate environmental demands (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Holding and updating these rapid changes around us is thought to be a function of a system in the brain known as working memory (Baddeley, 2007; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 2011) that can hold information for a few seconds and continually update its contents to help us reason, think, solve…”

“…et al. (2017) added measures of the episodic component (tasks that bind verbal and visual information) to a battery of WM measures given to 7- to 9-yearolds, and they found weak support for the four-factor model in comparison to Baddeley’s (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999) earlier three-factor model.”

“One widely held view is that WM consists of multiple domain-specific subsystems, each subsystem being fuelled by its own pool of resources (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“As noted by Baddeley and Logie (1999) and others (e.g., Gathercole, 1998), working memory requires the preservation on information while processing or transforming the same or other information.”

“…the representation of cued goals typically shows a rapid decay of activation over very short periods of time, usually within a second, unless some intervention based on the utility of the goal focuses the attention to the goal (see also e.g., Altmann and Trafton 2002; Baddeley and Logie 1999).”

“…two separate subsystems for the storage and processing of linguistic and spatial information, the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Baddeley, 1986, 2007; Logie, 1995; but see Barrouillet, Vergauwe, Bernardin, Portrat, and Camos (2007), Cowan (2005), and…”

“…it is well-accepted that the working memory capacity is limited in nature and its limitations are due to different factors such as trace decay (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), susceptibility to interference (Engle et al., 1999; Hasher & Zacks, 1988; see also Elliott, Barrilleaux, & Cowan, 2006 this…”

“…from Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multiple component model of working memory, according to which maintenance of information employs domain-specific storage systems but processing draws on domain-general executive resources (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Duff & Logie, 2001; LaPointe & Engle, 1990).”

“The present study adopts the multiple-component model of WM (Baddeley and Logie 1999; Baddeley 2000).”

“…to the benefits of utilizing research and theory on executive functioning to hone our predictions, as this work postulates how different executive functions can be delineated and why they are important for understanding cognitive functioning (e.g., Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Miyake et al., 2000).”

“While there are many theories to describe the relationship between working memory (WM) and LTM (e.g., Baddeley, 2012; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1999, 2001), most focus on the verbal domain (though see Logie, 2003; Logie & van der Meulen, 2009 for an exception).”

“The verbal component of WM has been studied in relation to reading comprehension (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), but not in relation to multimedia processing.”

“…working memory assumes that besides a central executive control system, limited capacity verbal and visuo-spatial subsystems contribute separately to the temporary maintenance and manipulation of verbal and visuo-spatial information (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley et al., 1998; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“Psychologists often hedge the autonomy of their models from any explicit mention of where and how they are implemented, while encouraging the search for the neural “sites” or correlates (Baddeley and Logie 1999; Baddeley 2010).”

“Processing information in both the auditory and visuospatial channels of working memory (see Baddeley & Logie, 1999) is less taxing on working memory as one working memory channel is not overloaded (Castro-Alonso & Sweller, 2022) and leads to more complete comprehension of the targeted concept…”

“Although a variety of EFs require this ability, engagement over periods of delay is incorporated into the most commonly accepted definition of working memory (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, Della Sala, Laiacona, Chalmers, & Wynn, 1996).”

“The memory systems view holds that domain-segregated PFC working memory-related activity corresponds to the storage buffers of the multiple-component model of working memory (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley and Logie, 1999).”

“Due to its role in short-term memory capacity, resistance to distraction, mental manipulation, attentional control, and maintenance of memory traces (Baddeley and Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1999; Unsworth and Engle, 2007), working memory capacity is posited to act as an important lower-order substrate of…”

“This effect can be explained by reference to the Baddeley's Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory, viewed as a multiple component cognitive system, consists of a central executive and two slave sub-systems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; for review see Logie, 1996, 2003).”

“…decrement for the either condition compared to the single-feature condition suggests older adults had difficulty attending to multiple features of the probe stimulus and experienced some attentional cost associated with retrieval of multiple features (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Wheeler & Figure 6.”

“According to the authors of a widely accepted memory model (Baddeley, 1986, 1996, 2000; Baddeley, Gathercole, & Papagno, 1998; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) ‘‘working memory refers to the capacitylimited ability to maintain and manipulate information relevant to an ongoing task’’.”

“…short-term memory for minutes – in comparison to the activation of semantic knowledge, which shows a rapid decay of activation in memory over very short periods of time, usually within a couple of seconds (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Higgins, Bargh, & Lombardi, 1985; Mckone, 1995; Wyer & Srull, 1986).”

“Despite substantial elaboration over the years (Baddeley, 1986, 1996a, 1998, 2000; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie & Pearson, 1997), the basic tenets and components of the framework have remained the same.”

“This is in line with research on working memory, reporting that the memory span in itself is hard to expand by training but may be supported by acquired strategies and prior learning (Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“An interesting corollary of the supervisory function of the central executive is its capacity to inhibit automatic processes and to discard irrelevant information (see Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Engle, Kane, & Tuholsky, 1999; see also Handley, Capon, Beveridge, Dennis, & Evans, 2004).”

“Consistent with the nature of these deficits, the aged animals exhibited impaired performance on a specific test of selective attention, a skill that is critical to the proper control of working memory (Baddeley and Logie 1999; Conway et al. 2003; Matzel and Kolata 2010).”

“This subcomponent can be further subdivided into a passive visual cache and an active spatial-based rehearsal mechanism called the inner scribe (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995).”

“The present research extended prior efforts by examining both format and modality effects in working memory (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“…2010), or might comprise multiple specialized resources in working memory that can act in concert with one another and with activated long-term memory to support task performance (e.g., Baddeley, 1986, 2012; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Logie, 1995, 2011; Logie & Niven, 2012).”

“The central executive was assumed to be a purely attentional system (Baddeley & Logie, 1999) while neither of the temporary storage systems had the capacity to process and hold three unrelated sentences.”

“Until recently, the influential model of working memory proposed by Baddeley and colleagues (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999) included no store capable of holding objects comprising verbal and spatial features.”

“According to the leading models in this domain [108-109], working memory consists of a central executive system, which manages attentional resources by directing attention toward relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information and keeping the information present in memory active.”

“This is consistent with the models of working memory that incorporate attention control functions as an essential part of the working memory system (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1999; Engle et al., 1999), and in particular, with the controlled attention theory of WMC (Engle et al., 1999) which…”

“Mayer’s theory builds on Paivio’s dual coding theory (1971, 1975, 1978) and the multicomponent system of working memory developed by Baddeley (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley & Logie, 1999).”

“Working memory (WM) is considered an online cognitive process through which the learner acquires and processes new information to solve the encountered problem (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1999).”

“According to Baddeley and Logie (1999), the digit span-forward test primarily represents the capacity of the phonological loop in working memory whereas the backward condition begins to tap central executive functions related to manipulating information within temporary storage.”