No Justice, No Peace: Political Science Perspectives on the American Carceral State
Abstract
This essay explores four key dimensions of political science literature on the U.S. criminal legal system, by way of introducing articles in the special issue on criminal justice featured in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Politics. We situate police as an institution of social control, rather than providing safety for people vulnerable to crime. The vast array of policy tools to surveil, track, and detain citizens, which lack commensurate restraints on their application, amount to a finely tuned carceral machine that can be deployed against groups newly identified as deviant. We therefore turn attention to this dynamic with our second theme: the criminalization of immigrants, the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, and the consequent targeting of Latinx people. We likewise discuss lessons for reform that can be drawn from research on representation and the political socialization that occurs as a consequence of involuntary contact with the system. We conclude with a brief discussion of directions for future research. The criminal legal system is a key force for persistent racial and class inequality. By turning attention to the politics of the criminal legal system, we forward a critical and understudied facet of American political life that intersects with all corners of the discipline.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In recent years, American political scientists have introduced new questions, focusing on how carceral institutions shape individuals' relationship with the state.
“In recent years, American political scientists have introduced new questions, focusing on how carceral institutions shape individuals' relationship with the state (Harris et al., 2020), work that Canadian political science can better contribute to regarding the Canadian case study.”
From Decolonizing Research on the Carceral in Canadian Political Science (2023) · cites this paper as Harris et al., 2020
Cites
Fenichel Pitkin, H. (1967) · doi:10.1525/9780520340503 · Cited by 5,162 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Pitkin (1967) describes representation as taking four primary forms: symbolic, institutional, descriptive, and substantive.”
The Concept of Representation, by Hanna F. Pitkin
Mansfield, H. C. (1969) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2147153 · Cited by 3,099 · see citing works
Punishment and Inequality in America
Joseph, M. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4178 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power
Stumpf, J. P. (2006) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 805 · see citing works
From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime
Hinton, E. (2016) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674969223 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African American Political Ideologies
Washington, R. E., & Dawson, M. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/3089610 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Pulled Over: How Police Stops Define Race and Citizenship
Epp, C. R., Maynard-Moody, S., & Haider-Markel, D. P. (2014) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226114040.001.0001 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence
Knowles, J., Persico, N., & Todd, P. (2001) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/318603 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Soss, J., & Weaver, V. (2017) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093825 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
Pierson, E., Simoiu, C., Overgoor, J., Corbett-Davies, S., Jenson, D., Shoemaker, A., Ramachandran, V., Barghouty, P., Phillips, C., Shroff, R., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Locked OutFelon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy
Manza, J., & Uggen, C. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149326.001.0001 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Surveillance and System Avoidance: Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Attachment
Brayne, S. (2014) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414530398 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators
Butler, D. M., & Broockman, D. (2011) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00515.x · Cited by 531 · see citing works
LOCKING UP OUR OWN: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN BLACK AMERICA
Carbado, D. W., & Richardson, L. S. (2018) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Frontlash: Race and the Development of Punitive Crime Policy
Weaver, V. M. (2007) · Studies in American Political Development · doi:10.1017/s0898588x07000211 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Political Consequences of the Carceral State
WEAVER, V. M., & LERMAN, A. E. (2010) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055410000456 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
The prison and the gallows: the politics of mass incarceration in America
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4752 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
THE CENTRALITY OF RACE IN AMERICAN POLITICS
Hutchings, V. L., & Valentino, N. A. (2004) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104859 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Lerman, A. E., & Weaver, V. M. (2014) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226137971.001.0001 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Carnes, N. (2013) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226087283.001.0001 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America
Walton, H. (2000) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2658047 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Gottschalk, M. (2015) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400852147 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing
KNOX, D., LOWE, W., & MUMMOLO, J. (2020) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055420000039 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing
Knox, D., Lowe, W., & Mummolo, J. (2019) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3336338 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Pulled over: how police stops define race and citizenship
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-1135 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department
Division, C. R. (2016) · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Arresting Citizenship: The Democratic Consequences of American Crime Control
Lerman, A. E., & Weaver, V. M. (2014) · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Baumgartner, F. R., Epp, D. A., & Shoub, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553599 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops From Behind a Veil of Darkness
Grogger, J., & Ridgeway, G. (2006) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214506000000168 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Grose, C. R. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976827 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The first civil right: how liberals built prison America
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.187591 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy
Peyton, K., Sierra-Arévalo, M., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910157116 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Uneasy alliances: race and party competition in America
Frymer, P. (2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-3044 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Protect, Serve, and Deport: The Rise of Policing as Immigration Enforcement
Armenta, A. (2017) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/luminos.33 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation
Mummolo, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805161115 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Staying out of Sight? Concentrated Policing and Local Political Action
Lerman, A. E., & Weaver, V. (2014) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213503085 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Preuhs, R. R. (2006) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00447.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Miller, L. L. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331684.001.0001 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Black Lives Matter: Evidence that Police-Caused Deaths Predict Protest Activity
Williamson, V., Trump, K.-S., & Einstein, K. L. (2018) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592717004273 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in Amer i ca (2016)
Hinton, E. (2020) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674251656-013 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making
Carnes, N. (2013) · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Modern Police Tactics, Police-Citizen Interactions, and the Prospects for Reform
Mummolo, J. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/694393 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Descriptive Representation and the Composition of African American Turnout
Griffin, J. D., & Keane, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00229.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The perils of federalism: race, poverty, and the politics of crime control
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5313 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Harris, A. P., & Sen, M. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051617-090650 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationBurch, T. R. (2013) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226065090.001.0001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Congress in Black and White: Race and Representation in Washington and at Home
Grose, C. R. (2011) · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Hiding in Plain Sight: American Politics and the Carceral State
Gottschalk, M. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135218 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Black Mayors and Police Policies
Saltzstein, G. H. (1989) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2131494 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Weaver, V. M., Prowse, G., & Piston, S. (2019) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/703538 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Who Pays for Government? Descriptive Representation and Exploitative Revenue Sources
Sances, M. W., & You, H. (2017) · Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/691354 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Lee, H., Porter, L. C., & Comfort, M. L. (2014) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213502920 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America
Christianson, S. (2007) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/25094931 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy
Potter, H. (2007) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0053 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Crimmigration at the Local Level: Criminal Justice Processes in the Shadow of Deportation
Beckett, K., & Evans, H. (2015) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12120 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Pedraza, F. I., Nichols, V. C., & LeBrón, A. M. W. (2017) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-3940486 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Gair, M., & Mullins, G. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203901854-4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Misdemeanor Disenfranchisement? The Demobilizing Effects of Brief Jail Spells on Potential Voters
White, A. R. (2019) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305541800093x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The State from Below: Distorted Responsiveness in Policed Communities
Prowse, G., Weaver, V. M., & Meares, T. L. (2019) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087419844831 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America
Forman, J. (2017) · Cited by 99 · see citing works
From Sheriff's Deputies to Immigration Officers: Screening Immigrant Status in a Tennessee Jail
Armenta, A. (2012) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2011.00359.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Influence Of Driver’S Race on Traffic Stops in Missouri
Rojek, J. J., Rosenfeld, R., & Decker, S. H. (2004) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611103260695 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Immigration Enforcement and the Redistribution of Political Trust
Rocha, R. R., Knoll, B. R., & Wrinkle, R. D. (2015) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/681810 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Brown, H. E., Jones, J. A. M., & Becker, A. J. (2018) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.5.06 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Red Ink in the Rearview Mirror: Local Fiscal Conditions and the Issuance of Traffic Tickets
Garrett, T. A., & Wagner, G. A. (2009) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/589702 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Walker, H. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190940645.001.0001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationExtending the Effects of the Carceral State
Walker, H. L. (2014) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912914542522 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationExploitative Revenues, Law Enforcement, and the Quality of Government Service
Goldstein, R., Sances, M., & You, H. Y. (2018) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087418791775 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Preuhs, R. R. (2005) · State Politics & Policy Quarterly · doi:10.1177/153244000500500301 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Fagan, J. A., Geller, A., Davies, G. J., & West, V. (2009) · bepress Legal Repository · doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814776155.003.0013 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
When Threat Mobilizes: Immigration Enforcement and Latino Voter Turnout
White, A. R. (2015) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-015-9317-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Interior immigration enforcement: The impacts of expanding local law enforcement authority
Nguyen, M. T., & Gill, H. (2015) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098014563029 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Burch, T. R. (2013) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT, THE RACIALIZATION OF LEGAL STATUS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE
Menjívar, C., Simmons, W. P., Alvord, D. R., & Valdez, E. S. (2018) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x18000115 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Armenta, A., & Alvarez, I. (2017) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12453 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Vargas, E. D., Sánchez, G. R., & Valdez, J. A. (2017) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2016.24 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Withdrawing and Drawing In: Political Discourse in Policed Communities
Weaver, V. M., Prowse, G., & Piston, S. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2019.50 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Family Matters? Voting Behavior in Households with Criminal Justice Contact
White, A. R. (2018) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055418000862 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
When and Why Minority Legislators Matter
Griffin, J. D. (2014) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-033011-205028 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Making inferences about racial disparities in police violence
Knox, D., & Mummolo, J. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1919418117 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Meredith, M. N., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/692670 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Owens, M. L., & Walker, H. L. (2018) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592718002074 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationDo Officer-Involved Shootings Reduce Citizen Contact with Government?
Cohen, E., Gunderson, A., Schiff, K. J., McLachlan, P., Clark, T. S., Glynn, A., & Owens, M. L. (2019) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/703539 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Demographic Context, Mass Deportation, and Latino Linked Fate
Maltby, E., Rocha, R. R., Jones, B., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2020.24 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Can Racial Diversity among Judges Affect Sentencing Outcomes?
Harris, A. P. (2023) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423000552 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationColeman, M., & Kocher, A. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219835275 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Living in the Eye of the Storm
Flores, R. D. (2014) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764214537266 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Political Consequences of Policing: Evidence from New York City
Laniyonu, A. (2018) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9461-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Deportation Discretion: Tiered Influence, Minority Threat, and “Secure Communities” Deportations
Pedroza, J. M. (2018) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12300 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Political Origins of Racial Inequality
Maltby, E. (2017) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912917704518 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Political Representation and Democracy
Weßels, B. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0045 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Race, Party, and Representation in Criminal Justice Politics
Eckhouse, L. (2019) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/703489 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationPower from the Margins: Grassroots Mobilization and Urban Expansions of Civil Legal Rights
Michener, J. (2019) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087419855677 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Ripple Effect: The Political Consequences of Proximal Contact with Immigration Enforcement
Walker, H. L., Roman, M., & Barreto, M. A. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2020.9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationFiscal Pressures and Discriminatory Policing: Evidence from Traffic Stops in Missouri
Harris, A. P., Ash, E., & Fagan, J. A. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2020.10 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationHope turned sour: second-generation incorporation and mobility in U.S. new immigrant destinations
Marrow, H. B. (2019) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2019.1667505 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Do Felony Disenfranchisement Laws (De)Mobilize? A Case of Surrogate Participation
Anoll, A. P., & Israel‐Trummel, M. (2019) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/704783 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shoub, K., Epp, D. A., Baumgartner, F. R., Christiani, L., & Roach, K. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2020.8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Understanding Crimmigration: Implications for Racial and Ethnic Minorities Within the United States
Arriaga, F. (2016) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12401 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Vicarious Bases of Perceived Injustice
Mondak, J. J., Hurwitz, J., Peffley, M., & Testa, P. F. (2017) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12297 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Political Effects of Having Undocumented Parents
Street, A., Jones‐Correa, M., & Zepeda‐Millán, C. (2017) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912917717351 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
White riot: race, institutions, and the 2016 U.S. election
Eckhouse, L. (2018) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2018.1442725 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationMoinester, M. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219835276 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mobilized by Injustice: Criminal Justice Contact, Political Participation, and Race
Walker, H. L. (2020) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationLaniyonu, A. (2018) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azy003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neighborhoods and Felony Disenfranchisement: The Case of New York City
Morris, K. (2020) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087420921522 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
How the State Criminalizes Immigrants and to What Effect: A Multidisciplinary Account
Garip, F., Gleeson, S., & Hall, M. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219835253 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shineman, V. (2019) · Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2019.1694655 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Policing Norms: Punishment and the Politics of Respectability Among Black Americans
Jefferson, H. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gunderson, A. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2020.15 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
American political development and black lives matter in the age of incarceration
Taylor, K. (2018) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2017.1419434 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Broken Mirrors: Identity, Duty, and Belonging in the Age of the New La(tinx) Migra
Cortez, D. (2017) · eCommons (Cornell University) · doi:10.7298/x4sf2tb2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lessons Learned from Ferguson: Ending Abusive Collection of Criminal Justice Debt
Sobol, N. L. (2015) · Texas A&M Law Scholarship (Texas A&M University School of Law) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pedraza, F. I., & Osorio, M. A. (2017) · Aztlán A Journal of Chicano Studies · doi:10.1525/azt.2017.42.2.249 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Weaver, V. M., & Decker, C. E. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Racial Animus Is Decreasing Support for the Voting Rights of Citizens with Felony ConvictionsPreprint
Shineman, V. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3272685 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Political Representation and Democracy
(2012) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822395386-007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nichols, V. C., LeBrόn, A. M. W., & Pedraza, F. I. (2017) · Policing and Race in America · doi:10.5040/9781978725416.ch-004
Frymer, P. (2011) · doi:10.1515/9781400836413
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 125 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- NYU Press. “Race, Ethnicity, and Policing.” https://nyupress.org/9780814776162/race-ethnicity-and-policing (Accessed June 13, 2020).
- Jackson, J. M. 2019. Race, Risks, and Responses: Mapping Black Americans' Reactions to Group Threat (Doctoral Dissertation).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Political Participation Amid Mass Incarceration
White, A. R. (2021) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-014809 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
(Mis)Informed: What Americans Know About Social Groups and Why it Matters for Politics
Abrajano, M., & Lajevardi, N. (2021) · doi:10.1017/9781108882224 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Barrita, A. M., Chang, R., & Wong‐Padoongpatt, G. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09792-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Previous findings have suggested Latinx and Black people are consistently racialized as criminals more frequently than other groups (Harris et al., 2020).”
The Study of Racism and Policing in the United States
Piston, S., Johnson, K. R., Hedlund, S., & Walker, C. (2025) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-033123-124752 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Local Gun Safety Enforcement, Sheriffs, and Right-Wing Political Extremism
Farris, E. M., & Holman, M. R. (2023) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/10780874231203681 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…and Bunyasi 2020), the role of feder-alism in shaping the behavior of local leaders (Einstein and Glick 2017; Farris and Holman 2022; Farris, Holman and Sullivan 2021), and the importance of studying law enforcement politics and policymaking (Gunderson 2022; Harris, Walker and Eckhouse 2020).”
BackgroundDecolonizing Research on the Carceral in Canadian Political Science
Mussell, L. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423923000288 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Governing Risk Through Forced Confinement: Clawback of Pre-Pandemic Reforms
Evans, J., & Mussell, L. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société · doi:10.1017/cls.2023.15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Critical prison scholars assert that Canada is a carceral state (Chartrand 2019), a machine that is deployed against groups identi fi ed as deviant (Harris, Walker, and Eckhouse 2020), with implications for the racialization of civil participation, freedom, and equity (Weaver and Lerman 2010).”
BackgroundLethal Violence and the Racialized Failure of the American State
Jones, R., & Miller, L. L. (2025) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592724001919 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The growing body of work on inequality and the criminal legal system in political science largely treats policing as an authoritarian agent of control without corresponding attention to violent crime, a substantial driver of policing (Harris, Walker, and Eckhouse 2020; Weaver and Prowse 2020).”
Utilization of Forensic Evidence in the Criminal Justice System
Bakhtiar, H. S. (2022) · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-23-7_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Walby, K., Munn, M., & Piché, J. (2022) · Journal of Prisoners on Prisons · doi:10.18192/jpp.v30i1.6217 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Imprisoned writers make clear that gendered, sexualized and racialized violence is pervasive throughout the criminal justice system and is found especially in carceral settings (Draper, 2020; Harris et al., 2020; Richie and Martensen, 2020).”
BackgroundMeasuring Carceral Political Discussion and its Political ConsequencesPreprint
English, J. (2024) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4787980
Arrested (Oversight) Development: Civilian Oversight, Law Enforcement, and Federalism
Farris, E. M., & Holman, M. R. (2025) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/10780874251393671
“Many of these problems are longstanding: police abuse of Black people has been a central feature of local political systems dating back to the country ’ s founding (Harris, Walker and Eckhouse 2020; Soss and Weaver 2017).”
Gause, L., & Bautista-Chavez, A. M. (2026) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-042224-082228
Gender and Local Political Ambition
Wolbrecht, C., Holman, M. R., Iyer, L. S., Chapa, S., Rodger, F., & Schroeder, E. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009753326
- Authors
- Harris, A. P., Walker, H. L., & Eckhouse, L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Denver (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, Hannah L.
- Venue
- The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2020-10-29
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 427-449
- ISSN
- 2056-6085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3095598226
- Semantic Scholar
- 15e9df4a81971f98d978c50282b9baef6468cd25
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Keywords
- criminal justice system, criminalization of immigrants, Latinx people, racial inequality, class inequality, political socialization, criminal justice reform
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review