Task‐related default mode network modulation and inhibitory control in ADHD: effects of motivation and methylphenidate
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Deficits characteristic of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including poor attention and inhibitory control, are at least partially alleviated by factors that increase engagement of attention, suggesting a hypodopaminergic reward deficit. Lapses of attention are associated with attenuated deactivation of the default mode network (DMN), a distributed brain system normally deactivated during tasks requiring attention to the external world. Task-related DMN deactivation has been shown to be attenuated in ADHD relative to controls. We hypothesised that motivational incentives to balance speed against restraint would increase task engagement during an inhibitory control task, enhancing DMN deactivation in ADHD. We also hypothesised that methylphenidate, an indirect dopamine agonist, would tend to normalise abnormal patterns of DMN deactivation. METHOD: We obtained functional magnetic resonance images from 18 methylphenidate-responsive children with ADHD (DSM-IV combined subtype) and 18 pairwise-matched typically developing children aged 9-15 years while they performed a paced Go/No-go task. We manipulated motivational incentive to balance response speed against inhibitory control, and tested children with ADHD both on and off methylphenidate. RESULTS: When children with ADHD were off-methylphenidate and task incentive was low, event-related DMN deactivation was significantly attenuated compared to controls, but the two groups did not differ under high motivational incentives. The modulation of DMN deactivation by incentive in the children with ADHD, off-methylphenidate, was statistically significant, and significantly greater than in typically developing children. When children with ADHD were on-methylphenidate, motivational modulation of event-related DMN deactivation was abolished, and no attenuation relative to their typically developing peers was apparent in either motivational condition. CONCLUSIONS: During an inhibitory control task, children with ADHD exhibit a raised motivational threshold at which task-relevant stimuli become sufficiently salient to deactivate the DMN. Treatment with methylphenidate normalises this threshold, rendering their pattern of task-related DMN deactivation indistinguishable from that of typically developing children.
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Performance-based incentives and optimal task pace help to offset impaired arousal regulation in ADHD.
“suggest that these factors help to offset impaired arousal regulation in ADHD.”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Liddle et al., 2011
The Conclusion (page unavailable) says task-related motivational incentives can normalize attenuated default mode network deactivation in children with ADHD, supporting the incentive part. The Methods > Task describes a paced task with dynamically adjusted response deadlines, but the paper does not show that an optimal task pace offsets impaired arousal regulation; it examines inhibitory control and network deactivation rather than measuring arousal regulation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis indicates that impaired arousal regulation in ADHD may be malleable by motivational incentives.
“This indicates that impaired arousal regulation in ADHD may be malleable by motivational incentives, consistent with previous evidence showing the effects of motivational incentives on electrophysiological (Groom et al., 2010(Groom et al., , 2013) ) and fMRI correlates (Liddle et al., 2011) in ADHD.”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Liddle et al., 2011
Pharmacological interventions that improve ADHD symptoms normalize activity within the default mode network.
“Further, pharmacological interventions that improve ADHD symptoms normalize activity within this network (Liddle et al., 2011; Peterson et al., 2009).”
From Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions (2015) · cites this paper as Liddle et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Liddle, E. B., Hollis, C., Batty, M. J., Groom, M. J., Totman, J. J., Liotti, M., Scerif, G., & Liddle, P. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-11-12
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 761-771
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC4754961
- OpenAlex
- W2112249501
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (076448)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, default mode network, inhibitory control, methylphenidate, motivation, reward processing, dopamine, go/no-go task, children, task engagement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Methylphenidate, Motivation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Token Economy, Matched-Pair Analysis, Video Games
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