Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: evidence from a twin design
Open accessAbstract
Background. Early alcohol use is associated with abuse and dependence of licit and illicit substances later in life. The role of genetic and environmental factors in this association is not conclusive. Method. In 1992, data on substance use, abuse/dependence and psychiatric disorders were collected from 8169 male twin members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The interview obtained age of onset of regular drinking (one drink/month for 6 or more months). Regression analyses of twin pairs discordant for early alcohol use tested whether the association between early drinking (before age 17) and adult substance use and abuse/dependence remained after controlling for genetic factors, family environment and covariates. Twin models tested for common genetic and/or environmental influences on early drinking and adult alcohol dependence and ever use and abuse/dependence on marijuana and other drugs. Results. Co-twin analyses suggested the association between early regular alcohol use and adult alcohol dependence, marijuana and other drug use, and marijuana and other drug abuse/dependence could not be entirely explained by common genetic and shared family environmental factors. Genetic contributions to early regular drinking were significantly correlated with those on use of marijuana (rA=0·59), use of other drugs (rA=0·64), alcohol dependence (rA=0·54) and abuse/dependence of marijuana and other drugs (rA=0·63 and 0·66). Small but significant unique environmental correlations (rE range 0·11–0·22) indicated that familial factors could not entirely explain the association between early alcohol use and later substance use, abuse and dependence. Conclusions. Early regular drinking is associated with later alcohol dependence and use, abuse/dependence on drugs. The association is not entirely explained by genetic or shared family environmental factors. This suggests unique environmental factors contribute to transitions from early regular alcohol drinking to use, abuse and dependence on alcohol and other substances.
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Earlier age of onset is robustly associated with greater risk of later alcohol and drug problems.
“There is a robust association between age of onset and risk for subsequent alcohol and drug problems”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as Grant et al., 2006
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Khan, M. R., Berger, A., Wells, B. E., & Cleland, C. M. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300373 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Castellanos-Ryan, N., & Conrod, P. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9481-3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“substance misuse and conduct disorder) that compose the externalising factor (Agrawal et al. 2004; Grant et al. 2006; Kendler et al. 2003; Krueger et al. 2002; McGue et al. 2006; Young et al. 2000), with recent evidence showing that distinct substance use disorders are associated with distinct genetic factors (Kendler…”
BackgroundMaliňáková, K., Kopčáková, J., Gecková, A. M., van Dijk, J. P., Fürstová, J., Kalman, M., Tavel, P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2018) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-018-1116-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“2010) and is often a predictor of adult health-risk behaviour (Grant et al. 2006; Virtanen et al. 2015).”
BackgroundParental alcohol‐specific rules and alcohol use from early adolescence to young adulthood
Mares, S. H. W., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., Burk, W. J., van der Vorst, H., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02533.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Long‐Term Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Past‐Year Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders
Norberg, K. E., Bierut, L. J., & Grucza, R. A. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01056.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“, 2008) and twin studies suggest that genetic factors cannot explain all of the association between age of onset and later alcohol or drug use problems (Grant et al., 2006).”
BackgroundOut-of-School Time and Adolescent Substance Use
Lee, K. T. H., & Vandell, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“High levels of substance use represent greater risk [19], so both are considered in this article.”
BackgroundValidity of a brief screening instrument—CRAFFT in a multiethnic Asian population
Subramaniam, M., Cheok, C., Verma, S. K., Wong, J. E. L., & Chong, S. A. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Review * The impact of alcopops on adolescent drinking: a literature review
Metzner, C., & Kraus, L. (2007) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm148 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Effect of alcohol consumption in prenatal life, childhood, and adolescence on child development
Foltran, F., Gregori, D., Franchin, L., Verduci, E., & Giovannini, M. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00417.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Evidence of association between early alcohol use and risk of later problems
Vieira, D. L., Ribeiro, M., & Laranjeira, R. (2007) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462007000300006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Earlier Alcohol Use Onset Predicts Poorer Neuropsychological Functioning in Young Adults
Nguyen‐Louie, T. T., Matt, G. E., Jacobus, J., Li, I., Cota, C. I., Castro, N., & Tapert, S. F. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13503 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Youth who initiated ongoing patterns of alcohol use are at greater risk for psychosocial difficulties than occasional drinkers, as evidenced by increased rates of conduct disorder, negative drinking consequences, and other substance use (Grant et al., 2005; Pechansky et al., 2004).”
Morean, M. E., Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01812.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…(e.g., DeWit et al., 2000; Kraus et al., 2000; Livingston et al., 2008), prospective studies (e.g., Warner et al., 2007), and twin studies (e.g., Grant et al., 2006) suggest that an early AO confers risk for numerous problems (e.g., legal problems and alcohol use disorders [AUDs]; Hingson et…”
Chester, J. A., Barrenha, G. D., Hughes, M. L., & Keuneke, K. J. (2008) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00763.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…risk for developing alcohol-use disorders (Enoch, 2006) but familial alcoholism is also linked with adolescent alcohol use, which in turn appears to be a risk factor for later alcohol-use disorders regardless of family history (Grant and Dawson, 1998; Grant et al., 2006; King and Chassin, 2007).”
Grant, J. D., Lynskey, M. T., Scherrer, J. F., Arpana Agrawal, A., Heath, A. C., & Bucholz, K. K. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.08.006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationMonkeys that Voluntarily and Chronically Drink Alcohol Damage their Brains: a Longitudinal MRI Study
Kroenke, C. D., Torsten Rohlfing, B., Park, B. S., Sullivan, E. V., Pfefferbaum, A., & Grant, K. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.259 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The second factor is that human epidemiological studies (Dawson et al, 2008; Grant et al, 2006) report that young adults, commensurate with the younger monkeys studied herein, are at greater risk than older adults to drink at hazardous levels.”
BackgroundTests of the Effects of Adolescent Early Alcohol Exposures on Adult Outcomes
Irons, D., Iacono, W., & McGue, M. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12747 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“However, more recent studies using CTC have found that the relationship between earlier alcohol use and measures of adult alcohol involvement [18], adult alcohol dependence, and the use and abuse of other substances [19], may not be entirely attributable to familial factors shared between twins.”
BackgroundThe validity of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) among Australian adolescents
Newton, N. C., Barrett, E. L., Ryan, N. C., Kelly, E. V., Champion, K. E., Stapinski, L. A., Conrod, P., Slade, T. N., Nair, N. K., & Teesson, M. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.015 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“substance use and mental health disorders, poor school performance, and juvenile offending (3-5).”
BackgroundDefinición del concepto de consumo intensivo de alcohol adolescente (binge drinking)
Parada, M., Corral, M., Caamaño‐Isorna, F., Mota, N., Crego, A., Holguı́n, S. R., & Cadaveira, F. (2011) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.167 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Alcohol Use and Religiousness/Spirituality Among Adolescents
Knight, J. R., Sherritt, L., Harris, S. K., Holder, D. W., Kulig, J. W., Shrier, L. A., Gabrielli, J., & Chang, G. (2007) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e3180316a32 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adolescence and Alcohol: a review of the literature
Skala, K., & Walter, H. (2013) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-013-0066-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Newton, N. C., Andrews, G., Champion, K. E., & Teesson, M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Atwell, K., Abraham, C., & Duka, T. (2011) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agr016 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dinesen, P. T., Dawes, C. T., Johannesson, M., Klemmensen, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Nørgaard, A. S., Petersen, I., & Oskarsson, S. (2016) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-015-9328-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“as a way of assessing the effect of early-life risk behavior (Lynskey et al. 2003; Grant et al. 2006) or stressful life events (Kendler & Gardner 2001; Osler et al.”
BackgroundMethodBerk, L., Stewart, J. L., May, A. C., Wiers, R. W., Davenport, P. W., Paulus, M. P., & Tapert, S. F. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13090 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Attitude and risk of substance use in adolescents diagnosed with Asperger syndrome
Ramos, M., Boada, L., Moreno, C., Llorente, C. D. M., Romo, J., & Parellada, M. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Migliorini, R., Stewart, J. L., May, A. C., Tapert, S. F., & Paulus, M. P. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cook, W. K., Karriker‐Jaffe, K. J., Bond, J. C., & Lui, C. K. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302196 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
AlHaqwi, A. I. (2010) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-5-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Reporting Bias in the Association Between Age at First Alcohol Use and Heavy Episodic Drinking
Sartor, C. E., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., Lynskey, M. T., & Heath, A. C. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01477.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, 2005; Warner and White, 2003), a large number of investigations of this pathway of risk are based on retrospective reports (Chou and Pickering, 1992; DeWit et al., 2000; Grant and Dawson, 1997; Grant et al., 2006; Hingson et al., 2006; McGue et al., 2001; Prescott and Kendler, 1999; Vieira et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMontesinos, J., Gil, A., & Guerri, C. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13416 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Salas‐Wright, C. P., Hernández, L., Maynard, B. R., Saltzman, L. Y., & Vaughn, M. G. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.880725 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…given that research in the general population suggests that adolescent alcohol use is associated with a variety of externalizing behaviors (Vaughn et al., 2014) as well as the development of substance use disorders during subsequent developmental periods (Dawson et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPhysician Advice to Adolescents About Drinking and Other Health Behaviors
Hingson, R., Zha, W., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1496 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Risk profiles for heavy drinking in adolescence: differential effects of gender
Seo, S., Beck, A., Matthis, C., Genauck, A., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Quinlan, E. B., Flor, H., et al. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12636 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Grucza, R. A., Johnson, E. O., Krueger, R. F., Breslau, N., Saccone, N. L., Chen, L., Derringer, J. L., Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., & Bierut, L. J. (2010) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00220.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“One of the key risk factors for addiction in general, as well as for nicotine dependence in particular, is early onset of substance use, as assessed by retrospectively reported age at first use or age at onset of regular use (Robins & Przybeck 1985; Breslau, Fenn & Peterson 1993; Breslau & Peterson 1996; Grant & Dawso…”
Self-citationMoure-Rodríguez, L., Piñeiro‐Lamas, M., Corral, M., Holguı́n, S. R., Cadaveira, F., & Caamaño‐Isorna, F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165514 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Adolescent rats are resistant to forming ethanol seeking habits
Serlin, H., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.12.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Newton, N. C., Havard, A., & Teesson, M. (2011) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.614976 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Alcohol and Drug Prevention in Nightlife Settings: A Review of Experimental Studies
Bolier, L., Voorham, L., Monshouwer, K., van Hasselt, N., & Bellis, M. A. (2011) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.606868 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Khan, M. R., Cleland, C. M., Scheidell, J. D., & Berger, A. (2014) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.892950 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Olfson, E., Edenberg, H. J., Nürnberger, J. I., Arpana Agrawal, A., Bucholz, K. K., Almasy, L. A., Chorlian, D. B., Dick, D. M., HESSELBROCK, V. M., Kramer, J., et al. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12524 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Alcohol use behaviors established during adolescence are important contributing factors for the later progression to alcohol dependence (Grant et al., 2006; Pitkanen et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHelms, C. M., Rau, A. R., Shaw, J. K., Stull, C., Gonzales, S. W., & Grant, K. A. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3417-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Early age at the onset of ethanol drinking is associated with increased likelihood of future dependence (Dawson et al. 2008; Grant and Dawson 1997; Grant et al. 2001, 2006) and predicts ethanolrelated problems (Schuckit and Russell 1983; Hingson et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMiranda, R., Reynolds, E. K., Ray, L. A., Justus, A. N., Knopik, V. S., McGeary, J. E., & Meyerson, L. A. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01897.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“ALCOHOL USE DURING adolescence is associated with sharp increases in the risk of myriad adverse outcomes, including alcohol dependence (Grant et al., 2006).”
Lee, B. H., & Lee, H. K. (2016) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13706 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Consequently, the addiction risk in adulthood increases (21,22).”
BackgroundOECD Reviews of Health Systems: Brazil 2021
OECD (2021) · OECD Reviews of Health Systems · doi:10.1787/146d0dea-en · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Alcohol and Drug Use among College Student Adult Children of Alcoholics.
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Studies using macaque monkeys to address excessive alcohol drinking and stress interactions
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Baldwin, P., Shrestha, R., Potrepka, J., & Copenhaver, M. (2013) · ISRN AIDS · doi:10.1155/2013/976035 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Like other types of substance use in adolescence, drinking alcohol at an early age remains a serious health concern since it may interfere with brain development and lead to cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions that foster risk taking [56] and later substance use problems [6, 57].”
BackgroundBehavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood
Rapuano, K. M., Rosenberg, M. D., Maza, M. T., Dennis, N. J., Dorji, M., Greene, A. S., Horien, C. L., Scheinost, D., Constable, R. T., & Casey, B. J. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100878 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Indeed, other studies in twins report early alcohol consumption to be a risk factor for later dependence, independent of genetic or shared family environmental factors (Grant et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPomfrey, R. L., Bostwick, T. A., Wetzell, B., & Riley, A. L. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.08.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Correlates of Alcohol Abuse/Dependence in Early-Onset Alcohol-Using Women
Jenkins, M. B., Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., & Heath, A. C. (2011) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00151.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationPrendergast, M., & Mulholland, P. J. (2011) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00375.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…apparent that exposure to EtOH for 10 days itself is a stressor, but that withdrawal from EtOH is also a marked stressor, producing rises in plasma cortisol and CORT levels that reach new micromolar concentrations in humans and rats (Kutscher et al. 2002; Rasmussen et al. 2002; Grant et al. 2006).”
BackgroundStressful Life Events and Relapse Among Formerly Alcohol Dependent Adults
Pilowsky, D. J., Keyes, K. M., Geier, T. J., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2013) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2012.711278 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- GRANT, J. D., SCHERRER, J. F., LYNSKEY, M. T., LYONS, M. J., EISEN, S. A., TSUANG, M. T., TRUE, W. R., & BUCHOLZ, K. K.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Saint Louis University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-09-29
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-118
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2122953373
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Health Services Research and Development
- Temple University
- National Institutes of Health (AA11998)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11998, AA 12640, R01AA012640)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-14363, R01DA014632, DA 14632, R01DA014363)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- adolescent alcohol use, alcoholism, cannabis use, drug addiction, substance abuse, genetic factors, family environment, unique environmental factors, twin discordance, Vietnam Era Twin Registry, age of onset of drinking
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholism, Female, Humans, Male, Registries, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Illicit Drugs, Twins, Disease Progression, Substance-Related Disorders
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