Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? A psychosis proneness-persistence model
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Research suggests that low-grade psychotic experiences in the general population are a common but transitory developmental phenomenon. Using two independent general population samples, the hypothesis was examined that common, non-clinical developmental expression of psychosis may become abnormally persistent when synergistically combined with developmental exposures that may impact on behavioural and neurotransmitter sensitization such as cannabis, trauma and urbanicity. METHOD: The amount of synergism was estimated from the additive statistical interaction between baseline cannabis use, childhood trauma and urbanicity on the one hand, and baseline psychotic experiences on the other, in predicting 3-year follow-up psychotic experiences, using data from two large, longitudinal, random population samples from the Netherlands [The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)] and Germany [The Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) study]. RESULTS: The 3-year persistence rates of psychotic experiences were low at 26% in NEMESIS and 31% in EDSP. However, persistence rates were progressively higher with greater baseline number of environmental exposures in predicting follow-up psychotic experiences (chi2=6.9, df=1, p=0.009 in NEMESIS and chi2=4.2, df=1, p=0.04 in EDSP). Between 21% and 83% (NEMESIS) and 29% and 51% (EDSP) of the subjects exposed to both environmental exposures and psychotic experiences at baseline had persistence of psychotic experiences at follow-up because of the synergistic action of the two factors. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that environmental risks for psychosis act additively, and that the level of environmental risk combines synergistically with non-clinical developmental expression of psychosis to cause abnormal persistence and, eventually, need for care.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Three studies have found that presence of both childhood trauma and cannabis use increased the absolute risk of psychosis to a greater degree than the sum of either risk factor alone.
“Three studies have found that presence of both childhood trauma and cannabis use increased the absolute risk of psychosis to a greater degree than the sum of either risk factor alone (42)(43)(44).”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [42]
Cites
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127 · see citing works
Kapur, S. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13 · Cited by 2,813 · see citing works
Wittchen, H.-U. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1 · Cited by 2,348 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Endogenous Cannabinoids in Synaptic Signaling
Freund, T. F., Katona, I., & Piomelli, D. (2003) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2003 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Cannon, M., McClay, J., Murray, R., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., Williams, B., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.026 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study.
Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R., Murray, R., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1212 · Cited by 1,399 · see citing works
Bijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & van Zessen, G. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050098 · Cited by 1,216 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A comprehensive description of the project objectives, sample procedure, response, diagnostic instruments, quality control procedures and analyses is provided in previous publications (Bijl et al. 1998a, b).”
MethodChildren's Self-Reported Psychotic Symptoms and Adult Schizophreniform Disorder
Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Cannon, M. D., Murray, R. M., & Harrington, H. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1053 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory
Waelti, P., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35083500 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later.
Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., Kwapil, T. R., Eckblad, M., & Zinser, M. C. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.2.171 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
THE CONTINUITY OF PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
Johns, L. C., & van Os, J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00103-9 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model.
Walker, E. F., & Diforio, D. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.104.4.667 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Cannabis use and psychosis: A longitudinal population-based study
van Os, J. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf043 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Self-citationStrauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Ravelli, A. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00224-8 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Self-citationPeters, E. R., Joseph, S. A., & Garety, P. A. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033401 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Henquet, C., Krabbendam, L., Spauwen, J., Kaplan, C., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38267.664086.63 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences
Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00217.x · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: relationship to illness phases.
Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., Gil, R. B., Kegeles, L., & Innis, R. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00067-0 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190029004 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Wittchen, H.-U., Lachner, G., Wunderlich, U., & Pfister, H. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050095 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress
Howlett, A. C., Breivogel, C. S., Childers, S. R., Deadwyler, S. A., Hampson, R. E., & Porrino, L. J. (2004) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.030 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Prevalence of Psychotic Disorder and Community Level of Psychotic Symptoms
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Vollebergh, W. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.7.663 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of the Lay Diagnostic Interview Schedule and a Standardized Psychiatric Diagnosis
Anthony, J. C. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790300029004 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Konings, M., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., van Os, J., & A, L. K. M. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00741.x · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies
Laruelle, M., & Abi-Dargham, A. (1999) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119901300405 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
The incidence and outcome of subclinical psychotic experiences in the general population
Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Bijl, R. V., Vollebergh, W., & van Os, J. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x29611 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationSchneider, M., & Koch, M. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300225 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS): objectives and design
Bijl, R. V., van Zessen, G., Ravelli, A., de Rijk, C., & Langendoen, Y. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050097 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., Smit, F., Ravelli, A., & Vollebergh, W. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/152.11.1039 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationLaruelle, M. (2000) · Brain research. Brain research reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00054-5 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Cannabinoids Enhance Subsecond Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens of Awake Rats
Cheer, J. F., Wassum, K. M., Heien, M. L. A. V., Phillips, P. E. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0529-04.2004 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Eaton, W. W., Neufeld, K., Chen, L.-S., & Cai, G. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
SPAUWEN, J., A, L. K. M., Lieb, R., Wïttchen, H., & van Os, J. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.011346 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationHenquet, C., Rosa, A., A, L. K. M., Papiol, S., Fañanás, L., Drukker, M., Ramaekers, J. G., & van Os, J. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301197 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationUrbanization and psychosis: a study of 1942–1978 birth cohorts in The Netherlands
Marcelis, M. C., Navarro‐Mateu, F., Murray, R. M., Selten, J., & van Os, J. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798006898 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioural sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis
MYIN-GERMEYS, I., DELESPAUL, P., & VAN OS, J. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704004179 · Cited by 292 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In line with this, studies have reported that dopamine mediates the expression of psychotic experiences in patients with schizophrenia (Marcelis et al. 2004; Myin-Germeys et al. 2005a, b).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationNeuroticism as a risk factor for schizophrenia
van Os, J., & Jones, P. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701004044 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Idiopathic and Drug-induced Psychoses
Lieberman, J. A., Kinon, B. J., & Loebel, A. D. (1990) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/16.1.97 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for psychosis
A, L. K. M., Janssen, I., Bak, M., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s127-002-8207-y · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP): Objectives and Design
Wïttchen, H., Perkonigg, A., Lachner, G., & Nelson, C. B. (1998) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000018921 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Cannabis use and outcome of recent onset psychosis
Grech, A., van Os, J., Jones, P. B., Lewis, S. W., & Murray, R. M. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.013 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP): A Methodological Update
Lieb, R., Isensee, B., von Sydow, K., & Wïttchen, H. (2000) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000052043 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationPathways to schizophrenia: the impact of environmental factors
Howes, O. D., McDonald, C., Cannon, M. D., Arseneault, L., Boydell, J. E., & Murray, R. M. (2004) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145704004122 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Verdoux, H., van Os, J., Maurice-Tison, S., Gay, B., Salamon, R., & Bourgeois, M.-L. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00095-9 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
An integrated view of pathophysiological models of schizophrenia.
Duncan, G., Sheitman, B., & Lieberman, J. (1999) · Brain research. Brain research reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00002-8 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Environmental risk factors for psychosis
Dean, K., & Murray, R. M. (2005) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2005.7.1/kdean · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Confirmation of synergy between urbanicity and familial liability in the causation of psychosis.
van Os, J., Pedersen, C., & Mortensen, P. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2312 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Do Urbanicity and Familial Liability Coparticipate in Causing Psychosis?
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Bijl, R. V., & Vollebergh, W. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.477 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes the urban environment cause psychosis?
van Os, J. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.4.287 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Pedersen, C. B., & Mortensen, P. B. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.1.46 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
van Os, J., A, L. K. M., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Delespaul, P. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationA quantitative genetic analysis of schizotypal personality traits
Linney, Y., Murray, R. M., PETERS, E. R., MacDONALD, A. M., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Sham, P. C. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703007906 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Biologic Synergism and Parallelism
Darroch, J. N. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009164 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Effects of Traumatic Stress on Brain Structure and Function: Relevance to Early Responses to Trauma
Bremner, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v06n02_06 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Boomsma, D. I., & Martin, N. G. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/0470854871.chxiii · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Bak, M., Krabbendam, L., Janssen, I., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., & van Os, J. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00646.x · Cited by 118 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consistent with previous work (Janssen et al. 2004; Bak et al. 2005), in the analyses, experience of trauma was a priori dichotomized as follows: ‘no early trauma’ if the score on any item was f3 and ‘early trauma’ if the score on any item was >3.”
Self-citationMyin-Germeys, I., Marcelis, M., Krabbendam, L., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.012 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationUrban-rural variations in health in The Netherlands: does selective migration play a part?
Verheij, R. A., van de Mheen, H., de Bakker, D. H., Groenewegen, P., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.8.487 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Risk factors for onset and persistence of psychosis
van Os, J., Jones, P. B., Sham, P. C., Bebbington, P., & Murray, R. M. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050099 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hanssen, M., A, L. K. M., Vollema, M. G., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.5 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Sex differences in psychosis: normal or pathological?
SPAUWEN, J., A, L. K. M., Lieb, R., Wïttchen, H., & van Os, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00063-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes urbanicity shift the population expression of psychosis?
SPAUWEN, J., A, L. K. M., Lieb, R., Wïttchen, H., & van Os, J. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.04.003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationOwens, D. G. C., & Johnstone, E. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008221 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., & van Os, J. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006902 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity and reliability of Symptom Checklist '90 (SCL90) in an Argentine population sample
Bonicatto, S., Dew, M. A., Soria, J. J., & Seghezzo, M. E. (1997) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00805438 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Continuity of psychotic symptoms in the community
Myin‐Germeys, I., A, L. K. M., & van Os, J. (2003) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000079208.36371.cd · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences
Janssen, I., A, L. K. M., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80117-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationMarcelis, M. C., Cavalier, E., GIELEN, J. E., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703001715 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationVerdoux, H., van Os, J., Maurice-Tison, S., et al. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)88351-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
CANNABIS‐RELATED PSYCHOSIS AND THE GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: COMMENTS ON FERDINAND ET AL. 2005
van Os, J., Henquet, C., & Stefanis, N. C. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01083.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in psychosis: Normal or pathological?
SPAUWEN, J., A, L. K. M., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80150-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003814 · Cited by 2,343 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia: A Concise Overview of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality
McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D., & Welham, J. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn001 · Cited by 2,280 · see citing works
Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001626 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence
Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., & Zammit, S. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.001 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Yung, A. R., Nelson, B., Baker, K., Buckby, J. A., Baksheev, G., & Cosgrave, E. M. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802607188 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Kuepper, R., van Os, J., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., Hofler, M., & Henquet, C. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d738 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“Subthreshold psychotic experiences could, however, become abnormally persistent, depending on the degree of additional exposure to environmental risk factors,”
BackgroundSelf-citationCollip, D., Myin-Germeys, I., & Van Os, J. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm163 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetic Mediation of Environmental Influences in Major Psychotic Disorders
Rutten, B. P. F., & Mill, J. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp104 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Harley, M., Kelleher, I., Clarke, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Connor, D., Fitzpatrick, C., & Cannon, M. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991966 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
van Winkel, R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.152 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
van Rossum, I., Dominguez, M.-D.-G., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp101 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationKuepper, R., Morrison, P. D., van Os, J., Murray, R. M., Kenis, G., & Henquet, C. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.031 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationSubtle gene-environment interactions driving paranoia in daily life
Simons, C. J. P., Wichers, M., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Myin‐Germeys, I., Krabbendam, L., & Van Os, J. (2009) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00434.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationAre psychiatric diagnoses of psychosis scientific and useful?: The case of schizophrenia
Van Os, J. (2010) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2010.492417 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationBoričević Maršanić, V., Aukst Margetić, B., Jukić, V., Matko, V., & Grgić, V. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0462-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Smeets, F., Lataster, T., van Winkel, R., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & van Os, J. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01888.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood sexual abuse and psychosis: aetiology and mechanism
Bebbington, P. (2009) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000233 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
van Gastel, W. A., Vreeker, A., Schubart, C. D., MacCabe, J. H., Kahn, R. S., & Boks, M. P. M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.023 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The study of gene environment interactions in psychiatry: Limited gains at a substantial cost?
Zammit, S., Wiles, N., & Lewis, G. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991280 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- COUGNARD, A., MARCELIS, M., MYIN-GERMEYS, I., DE GRAAF, R., VOLLEBERGH, W., KRABBENDAM, L., LIEB, R., WITTCHEN, H.-U., HENQUET, C., SPAUWEN, J., & VAN OS, J.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-02-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 513-527
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W1967348227
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 13.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- tud.qucosa.de
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- psychosis proneness, psychotic experiences, environmental risk factors, cannabis use, childhood trauma, urbanicity, synergistic interaction, Nemesis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Delusions, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Social Environment, Incidence, Disease Progression, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
