Child-, adolescent- and young adult-onset depressions: differential risk factors in development?
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Background: Previous research reported that childhood adversity predicts juvenile- onset but not adult-onset depression, but studies confounded potentially genuine differences in adversity with differences in the recency with which adversity was experienced. The current study paper took into account the recency of risk when testing for differences among child-, adolescent- and young adult-onset depressions. Method: Up to nine waves of data were used per subject from two cohorts of the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS;n=1004), covering children in the community aged 9–16, 19 and 21 years. Youth and one of their parents were interviewed using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) between ages 9 and 16; these same youth were interviewed using the Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment (YAPA) at ages 19 and 21. The most common psychosocial risk factors for depression were assessed: poverty, life events, parental psychopathology, maltreatment, and family dysfunction. Results: Consistent with previous research, most childhood psychosocial risk factors were more strongly associated with child-onset than with adolescent-/adult-onset depression. When potentially genuine risk differences among the depression-onset groups were disentangled from differences due to the recency of risk, child- and young adult-onset depression were no longer different from one another. Adolescent-onset depression was associated with few psychosocial risk factors. Conclusions: There were no differences in putative risk factors between child- and young adult-onset depression when the recency of risk was taken into account. Adolescent-onset depression was associated with few psychosocial risk factors. It is possible that some adolescent-onset depression cases differ in terms of risk from child- and young adult-onset depression.
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The recency hypothesis holds that adverse exposures have time-limited depressogenic effects, meaning proximal exposures are predicted to have stronger associations with depression compared with distal exposures.
“Another potential mechanism is the ‘recency hypothesis’,34 in which adverse exposures have time-limited depressogenic effects, meaning proximal exposures are predicted to have stronger associations with depression compared with distal exposures.”
From A structured approach to hypotheses involving continuous exposures over the life course (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
The results of the second example supported the recency hypothesis, in which proximal rather than distal exposure to stressful life events was more strongly associated with depression.
“The results of our second example supported the recency hypothesis34 in which proximal, rather than distal, exposure to stressful life events was more strongly associated with depression.”
From A structured approach to hypotheses involving continuous exposures over the life course (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Shanahan, L., Copeland, W. E., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shanahan, L.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-05-06
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2265-2274
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC3181285
- OpenAlex
- W2140131971
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 8.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-63671, MH11301, R01MH063970, R01MH048085, MH-63970, K23MH080230, R01MH063671)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA011301)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression onset, adolescent-onset depression, psychosocial risk factors, childhood adversity, poverty, life events, parental psychopathology, maltreatment, family dysfunction, Great Smoky Mountains Study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Human Development, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, North Carolina, Poverty, Psychosocial Deprivation, Risk Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models, Child of Impaired Parents, Age of Onset, Young Adult
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