What life course theoretical models best explain the relationship between exposure to childhood adversity and psychopathology symptoms: recency, accumulation, or sensitive periods?
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Background: Although childhood adversity is a potent determinant of psychopathology, relatively little is known about how the characteristics of adversity exposure, including its developmental timing or duration, influence subsequent mental health outcomes. This study compared three models from life course theory (recency, accumulation, sensitive period) to determine which one(s) best explained this relationship. Methods: Prospective data came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ( n = 7476). Four adversities commonly linked to psychopathology (caregiver physical/emotional abuse; sexual/physical abuse; financial stress; parent legal problems) were measured repeatedly from birth to age 8. Using a statistical modeling approach grounded in least angle regression, we determined the theoretical model(s) explaining the most variability ( r 2 ) in psychopathology symptoms measured at age 8 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and evaluated the magnitude of each association. Results: Recency was the best fitting theoretical model for the effect of physical/sexual abuse (girls r 2 = 2.35%; boys r 2 = 1.68%). Both recency (girls r 2 = 1.55%) and accumulation (boys r 2 = 1.71%) were the best fitting models for caregiver physical/emotional abuse. Sensitive period models were chosen alone (parent legal problems in boys r 2 = 0.29%) and with accumulation (financial stress in girls r 2 = 3.08%) more rarely. Substantial effect sizes were observed (standardized mean differences = 0.22–1.18). Conclusions: Child psychopathology symptoms are primarily explained by recency and accumulation models. Evidence for sensitive periods did not emerge strongly in these data. These findings underscore the need to measure the characteristics of adversity, which can aid in understanding disease mechanisms and determining how best to reduce the consequences of exposure to adversity.
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Time since adversity can moderate the magnitude of epigenetic change, while repeated or varied sources of adversity may accumulate to produce larger epigenetic responses.
“Time since adversity can moderate the magnitude of epigenetic change,53 while repeated or varied sources of adversity may accumulate to produce larger epigenetic responses.54,55”
From The role of epigenetics in psychological resilience (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Adverse environmental events have been shown to have cumulative effects on the epigenome and may impact the epigenome and resilience in the form of developmental cascades, impacting the response to further events.
“While informative, such events are unlikely to occur alone in naturalistic settings and have been shown to have cumulative effects on the epigenome and may impact the epigenome and resilience in the form of developmental cascades, impacting the response to further events.54,55”
From The role of epigenetics in psychological resilience (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Accumulation of multiple bouts of early life stress exposure is most damaging in terms of long-term psychiatric problems.
“but the preponderance of evidence, including a recent large study, indicates that the accumulation of multiple bouts of early life stress exposure is most damaging in terms of long-term psychiatric problems (7–10).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Dunn, E. C., Soare, T. W., Raffeld, M. R., Busso, D. S., Crawford, K. M., Davis, K. A., Fisher, V. A., Slopen, N., Smith, A. D. A. C., Tiemeier, H., & Susser, E. S.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of the West of England (GB)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dunn, Erin C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-02-26
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2562-2572
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC6109629
- OpenAlex
- W2789951532
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 19.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Wellcome Trust (102215/2/13/2), 102215, 102215/2/13/)
- University of Bristol (102215/2/13/2)
- National Institutes of Health (102215/2/13/2)
- Medical Research Council (102215, 102215/2/13/2, MC_PC_15018)
- National Institute of Mental Health (102215/2/13/2, L40 MH098379, K01MH102403, R01MH113930)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD041041)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, life course perspective, accumulation model, sensitive period, child psychopathology, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, financial stress, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
- MeSH terms
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Statistical
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