Trajectories of internalizing symptoms across childhood: The roles of biological self-regulation and maternal psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
Whether internalizing symptoms increase or remain at similar levels throughout childhood is currently not well understood. Moreover, the association between vagal regulation of cardiac activity and internalizing symptoms across childhood needs to be clarified. We used a multilevel conceptual framework to examine how children's vagal regulation of cardiac activity and mothers' internalizing symptoms were jointly associated with children's developmental trajectories of internalizing symptoms from ages 4 to 10 years old. Data came from 384 children who participated in an ongoing longitudinal study. Children and their mothers came to the research laboratory at ages 4, 5, 7, and 10. Mothers reported their children's and their own internalizing symptoms. Children's vagal regulation of cardiac activity was assessed during quiet baseline tasks and during challenge tasks. Multilevel models revealed that child internalizing symptoms increased from ages 4 to 10 years old, but only in females, and especially between ages 7 and 10. More vagal withdrawal in response to challenge was associated with more internalizing symptoms, particularly with more somatic symptoms. Associations between children's physiological regulation and internalizing symptoms differed by children's age, sex, and presence of maternal internalizing symptoms. Understanding associations between vagal regulation of cardiac activity and internalizing symptoms during childhood calls for fine-grained developmental analyses that take into account the heterogeneity of internalizing symptoms, as well as developmental phase, context, and gender.
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Internalizing disorders typically develop throughout childhood and adolescence.
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“It is possible that because internalizing disorders typically develop throughout childhood and adolescence [31, 32], 9- and 10- year old children are simply not displaying immediately noticeable internalizing symptoms.”
BackgroundDe Witte, N. A. J., Sütterlin, S., Braet, C., & Mueller, S. C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164615 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shanahan, L., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., Kelleher, R., & Suffness, R.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shanahan, Lilly
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4pt2
- Pages
- 1353-1368
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC4678417
- OpenAlex
- W2116464128
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH55625, MH 55584, 58144, R01MH058144, R03MH055625, 55584, MH58144, 55625, R29MH055584)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD078346)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- internalizing problems, childhood, vagal regulation, cardiac activity, self-regulation, maternal psychopathology, developmental trajectories, somatic symptoms, sex differences, vagal withdrawal
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Behavioral Symptoms, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Sex Factors, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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