Influence of emotional distraction on working memory performance in borderline personality disorder
Abstract
Background: Emotion dysregulation, characterized by heightened emotional arousal and increased emotional sensitivity, is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although current theories emphasize the disruptive potential of negative emotions on cognitive functioning in BPD, behavioral and neurobiological data on this relationship are still lacking. Method: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), neural activity was investigated in 22 unmedicated BPD patients and 22 healthy participants (matched for age, education and intelligence) performing an adapted Sternberg working memory task, while being distracted by emotional (negatively arousing) and neutral pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Results: Emotional distraction was associated with significantly higher activation in the amygdala and decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), extending findings of previous studies in healthy individuals. Patients with BPD showed significantly longer reaction times (RTs) along with significantly higher activation in the amygdala and insula during emotional distraction compared to healthy participants, suggesting that they were more distracted by emotional pictures during the working memory task. Moreover, in the group of BPD patients, a significant negative correlation was found between activation in limbic brain regions and self-reports of current dissociative states. Conclusions: Our findings suggest hyper-responsiveness to emotionally distracting pictures in BPD patients that negatively affects working memory performance. This stresses the importance of emotion dysregulation in the context of cognitive functioning. Moreover, our findings suggest that dissociative states have a dampening effect on neural reactivity during emotional challenge in BPD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Discrepancies in amygdala findings may partly be related to differences in study design: studies observing negative correlations studied amygdala reactivity to highly aversive (trauma-related) pictures, while Kraus et al. studied amygdala activation during pain stimulation and Winter et al. used emotional words, which might have been less distressing.
“These discrepancies may partly be related to differences in study design: studies observing negative correlations studied amygdala reactivity to highly aversive (trauma-related) pictures [55, 135, 139], while Kraus and colleagues [137] studied amygdala activation during pain stimulation and Winter et al. [60•] used emotional words, which might have been less distressing than aversive pictures (not”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [139]
In Krause-Utz et al. (2014), patients who reported a stronger increase of state dissociation (DSS) showed significantly lower amygdala reactivity to negative distractors.
“Patients who reported a stronger increase of state dissociation (DSS) showed significantly lower amygdala reactivity to negative distractors [139], in line with aforementioned findings by Hazlett and colleagues [135] and theoretical models [10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [139]
Krause-Utz et al. (2014) found that BPD patients showed significantly increased amygdala activation and impaired task performance during distraction by negative and neutral interpersonal pictures but not in the control condition without distractors, suggesting increased susceptibility to social cues in BPD.
“Patients showed significantly increased amygdala activation and impaired task performance during distraction by negative and neutral interpersonal pictures but not in the control condition without distractors, suggesting increased susceptibility to social cues in BPD [139].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [139]
Three studies in BPD found lower amygdala activity in patients reporting higher dissociation, while other studies did not.
“Three studies in BPD [55, 135, 139] found lower activity in this region in patients reporting higher dissociation, while other studies did not [60•, 137, 138].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [139]
In a related study, increased activity in limbic brain regions including the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, and ACC was observed during performance on the same task, but higher levels of state dissociation at the beginning of the experiment correlated negatively with activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, ACC, and insula, suggesting reduced emotional responding among individuals experiencingdiss
“A related study showed increased activity in limbic brain regions, including the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, and ACC during performance on the same task, however, higher levels of state dissociation present at the beginning of the experiment correlated negatively with activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, ACC, and insula, suggesting reduced emotional responding among individuals experiencing”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Krause-Utz et al., 2012
In most studies involving BPD patients in which an emotional conflict must be suppressed, increased activity in amygdala or insula has been observed.
“Interestingly, in most studies involving patients with BPD in which an emotional conflict must be suppressed, increased activity in amygdala or insula (compared with controls) has been observed, indicating unresolved or heightened emotional conflict (Silbersweig et al., 2007; Krause-Utz et al., 2012; Holtmann et al., 2013; Jacob et al., 2013; Prehn et al., 2013)—but see Smoski et al. (2011).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Krause-Utz et al., 2012
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319 · see citing works
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 · Cited by 8,942 · see citing works
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868 · Cited by 6,483 · see citing works
Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., et al. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 · Cited by 6,419 · see citing works
Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Scale (PDS) ; Foa, 1995 ; Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ); Bernstein et al. 2003], trait dissociation [Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) ; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986], impulsivity [Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 10 (BIS-10) ; Patton et al. 1995], attention deficit hyperactivity disorder…”
High-speed scanning in human memory
Sternberg, S. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.153.3736.652 · Cited by 3,576 · see citing works
The amygdala: vigilance and emotion
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000812 · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition
Wechsler, D. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t49755-000 · Cited by 2,327 · see citing works
Multilevel linear modelling for FMRI group analysis using Bayesian inference
Woolrich, M. W., Behrens, T. E. J., Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.023 · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., Saha, T. D., Smith, S. M., Dawson, D. S., Pulay, A. J., Pickering, R. P., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0404 · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168 · Cited by 1,123 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Dissociative states might prevent habituation to negatively arousing situations and new learning (Lanius et al. 2010).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe borderline diagnosis I: psychopathology, comorbidity, and personaltity structure
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Pfohl, B., Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Siever, L. J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01324-0 · Cited by 769 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Emotional arousal has been proposed to impair cognitive functioning in BPD, for example causing serious difficulties in memory and goal-directed behavior (Skodol et al. 2002 ; Fertuck et al. 2006).”
Drevets, W. C., & Raichle, M. E. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379646 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Donegan, N. H., Sanislow, C. A., Blumberg, H. P., Fulbright, R. K., Lacadie, C., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., Olson, I., McGlashan, T. H., & Wexler, B. E. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00636-x · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction
Dolcos, F., & McCarthy, G. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5042-05.2006 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Cooper, J. E. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.1.85-a · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Silbersweig, D., Clarkin, J. F., Goldstein, M., Kernberg, O. F., Tuescher, O., Levy, K. N., Brendel, G., Pan, H., Beutel, M., Pavony, M. T., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06010126 · Cited by 411 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…previous findings on impaired inhibition of emotional processing in BPD patients (Domes et al. 2006 ; Fertuck et al. 2006 ; Hurlemann et al. 2007 ; Silbersweig et al. 2007; Mensebach et al. 2009) and might reflect the clinically relevant difficulties of BPD patients maintaining cognitive…”
Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives.
Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00015-8 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL)
Bohus, M., Limberger, M. F., Frank, U., Chapman, A. L., Kühler, T., & Stieglitz, R. (2007) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000098493 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationVisualization of Group Inference Data in Functional Neuroimaging
Gläscher, J. P. (2009) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-008-9042-x · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Fertuck, E. A., Jekal, A., Song, I., Wyman, B., Morris, M. C., Wilson, S. T., Brodsky, B. S., & Stanley, B. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170900600x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016392 · Cited by 288 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Emotion dysregulation in BPD patients involves high emotional reactivity (Rosenthal et al. 2008), high emotional arousal (Kuo & Linehan, 2009), and impaired inhibition of emotional processing, which suggests an increased emotional distractibility (Domes et al. 2006 ; Fertuck et al. 2006 ;…”
Borderline personality disorder and emotional responding: a review of the research literature
Rosenthal, M. Z., Gratz, K. L., Kosson, D. S., Cheavens, J. S., Lejuez, C. W., & Lynch, T. R. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.001 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Morey, R. A., Dolcos, F., Petty, C. M., Cooper, D. A., Hayes, J. P., LaBar, K. S., & McCarthy, G. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.014 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Ebner‐Priemer, U., Badeck, S., Beckmann, C., Wagner, A. W., Feige, B., Weiss, I. C., Lieb, K., & Bohus, M. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.05.001 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociative symptoms are positively related to stress in borderline personality disorder
Stiglmayr, C. E., Ebner‐Priemer, U. W., Bretz, J., Behm, R., Mohse, M., Lammers, C. ‐., Anghelescu, I. ‐., Schmahl, C., Schlotz, W., Kleindienst, N., et al. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01126.x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationStiglmayr, C., Shapiro, D. A., Stieglitz, R. D., Limberger, M. F., & Bohus, M. (2001) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00012-7 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationKleindienst, N., Limberger, M. F., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Keibel-Mauchnik, J., Dyer, A., Berger, M., Schmahl, C., & Bohus, M. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.4.432 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationRösler, M., Retz, W., Thome, J., Schneider, M., Stieglitz, R., & Falkai, P. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-1001-7 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The influence of emotions on inhibitory functioning in borderline personality disorder
Domes, G., Winter, B. A., Schnell, K., Vohs, K., Fast, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706007756 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Entwicklung der Borderline- Symptom-Liste1
Bohus, M., Limberger, M. F., Frank, U., Sender, I., Gratwohl, T., & Stieglitz, R. (2001) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-2001-13281 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive neurocognition, memory systems, and borderline personality disorder
Fertuck, E. A., Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Hoermann, S., & Stanley, B. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.008 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Dissociation Predicts Symptom-Related Treatment Outcome in Short-Term Inpatient Psychotherapy
Spitzer, C., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Joergen Grabe, H. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670701449146 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Neuroimaging and genetics of borderline personality disorder: a review
Lis, E., Greenfield, B. J., Henry, M., Guilé, J. M., & Dougherty, G. E. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0716 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Stress shifts brain activation towards ventral ‘affective’ areas during emotional distraction
Oei, N. Y. L., Veer, I. M., Wolf, O. T., Spinhoven, P., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Elzinga, B. M. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr024 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationStiglmayr, C., Schmahl, C. G., Bremner, J. D., Bohus, M., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2009) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000236908 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationELZINGA, B. M., ARDON, A. M., HEIJNIS, M. K., De RUITER, M. B., VAN DYCK, R., & VELTMAN, D. J. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008932 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrocortisone reduces emotional distracter interference in working memory
Oei, N. Y. L., Tollenaar, M. S., Spinhoven, P., & Elzinga, B. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.015 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationPathological dissociation and neuropsychological functioning in borderline personality disorder
Haaland, V. Ø., & Landrø, N. I. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01323.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wingenfeld, K., Mensebach, C., Rullkoetter, N., Schlosser, N., Schaffrath, C., Woermann, F. G., Drießen, M., & Beblo, T. (2009) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.2.141 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Oei, N. Y. L., Tollenaar, M. S., Elzinga, B. M., & Spinhoven, P. (2009) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.12.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced emotion-induced amnesia in borderline personality disorder
Hurlemann, R., Hawellek, B., Maier, W., & Dolan, R. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706009792 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Emotion-induced memory dysfunction in borderline personality disorder
Mensebach, C., Wingenfeld, K., Drießen, M., Rullkoetter, N., Schlosser, N., Steil, C., Schaffrath, C., Bulla-Hellwig, M., Markowitsch, H.-J., Woermann, F. G., et al. (2009) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800903049853 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Emotional learning during dissociative states in borderline personality disorder
Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Mauchnik, J., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., Peper, M., Rosenthal, M. Z., Flor, H., & Bohus, M. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0929 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationFactor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Latest Neuroimaging Findings in Borderline Personality Disorder
Krause-Utz, A., Winter, D., Niedtfeld, I., & Schmahl, C. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0438-z · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationTop-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability
Petrovic, P., & Castellanos, F. X. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00070 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Kleindienst, N., Limberger, M. F., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Keibel-Mauchnik, J., Dyer, A., Berger, M., Schmahl, C., & Bohus, M. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.4.432 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmahl, C., Herpertz, S. C., Bertsch, K., Ende, G., Flor, H., Kirsch, P., Lis, S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Rietschel, M., Schneider, M., et al. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-12 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationSebastian, A., Jung, P., Krause-Utz, A., Lieb, K., Schmahl, C., & Tüscher, O. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00698 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“The diverging temporal dynamics of proactive and reactive impulse control are well compatible with the assumptions of theoretical models of hierarchical rostro-caudal functional specialization within lateral PFC (Koechlin and Summerfield, 2007; Badre and D’Esposito, 2009), in the sense that sustained cue-related activ…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKrause-Utz, A., Frost, R., Winter, D., & Elzinga, B. M. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0757-y · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomarkers of Pathological Dissociation: A Systematic Review
Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.019 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Schulze, L., Schulze, A., Renneberg, B., Schmahl, C., & Niedtfeld, I. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.11.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationKleindienst, N., Priebe, K., Görg, N., Dyer, A., Steil, R., Lyssenko, L., Winter, D., Schmahl, C., & Bohus, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30375 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationMcKinnon, M. C., Boyd, J. E., Frewen, P. A., Lanius, U. F., Jetly, R., Richardson, J. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…the same task, however, higher levels of state dissociation present at the beginning of the experiment correlated negatively with activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, ACC, and insula, suggesting reduced emotional responding among individuals experiencing dissociation (Krause-Utz et al., 2012).”
Distinct brain structure and behavior related to ADHD and conduct disorder traits
Bayard, F., Nymberg Thunell, C., Abé, C., Almeida, R., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Quinlan, E. B., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0202-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Krause-Utz, A., Winter, D., Schriner, F., Chiu, C.-D., Lis, S., Spinhoven, P., Bohus, M., Schmahl, C., & Elzinga, B. M. (2018) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0806-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationWinter, D., Krause-Utz, A., Lis, S., Chiu, C.-D., Lanius, R. A., Schriner, F., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. (2015) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.018 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationWinter, D. (2016) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-016-0047-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
del Río-Casanova, L., González, A., Páramo, M., Van Dijke, A., & Brenlla, J. (2016) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0045 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Evidence for default mode network dysfunction in borderline personality disorder
Aguilar-Ortiz, S., Salgado-Pineda, P., Vega, D., Pascual, J. C., Marco-Pallarés, J., Soler, J., Brunel, C., Martin-Blanco, A., Soto, A., Ribas, J., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001880 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Krause-Utz, A., Oei, N. Y. L., Niedtfeld, I., Bohus, M., Spinhoven, P., Schmahl, C., & Elzinga, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Krause-Utz, A.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-03-08
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2181-2192
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2064337757
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 15.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Universität Heidelberg
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, emotional distraction, working memory, emotional dysregulation, amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, dissociation, emotional pictures, cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affective Symptoms, Analysis of Variance, Borderline Personality Disorder, Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
