Exercise and the Prevention of Depression: Results of the HUNT Cohort Study
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to address 1) whether exercise provides protection against new-onset depression and anxiety and 2) if so, the intensity and amount of exercise required to gain protection and, lastly, 3) the mechanisms that underlie any association. METHOD: A "healthy" cohort of 33,908 adults, selected on the basis of having no symptoms of common mental disorder or limiting physical health conditions, was prospectively followed for 11 years. Validated measures of exercise, depression, anxiety, and a range of potential confounding and mediating factors were collected. RESULTS: Undertaking regular leisure-time exercise was associated with reduced incidence of future depression but not anxiety. The majority of this protective effect occurred at low levels of exercise and was observed regardless of intensity. After adjustment for confounders, the population attributable fraction suggests that, assuming the relationship is causal, 12% of future cases of depression could have been prevented if all participants had engaged in at least 1 hour of physical activity each week. The social and physical health benefits of exercise explained a small proportion of the protective effect. Previously proposed biological mechanisms, such as alterations in parasympathetic vagal tone, did not appear to have a role in explaining the protection against depression. CONCLUSIONS: Regular leisure-time exercise of any intensity provides protection against future depression but not anxiety. Relatively modest changes in population levels of exercise may have important public mental health benefits and prevent a substantial number of new cases of depression.
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Promoting physical activity has already been suggested as a promising preventative strategy for other mental health conditions such as depression.
“Promoting PA has already been suggested as a promising preventative strategy for other mental health conditions such as depression [109]”
From Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as [109]
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- Authors
- Harvey, S. B., Øverland, S., Hatch, S. L., Wessely, S., Mykletun, A., & Hotopf, M.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-01-01
- Volume
- 175
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-36
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2762311171
- Cited by
- 493
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 32.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0515-10102)
- King's College London
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- physical activity, depression prevention, anxiety, leisure-time physical activity, exercise intensity, population attributable fraction, vagal tone, mental health, HUNT cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Psychological Tests, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Health Behavior, Exercise, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Protective Factors
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