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The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies
Open accessAbstract
Evidence has accumulated in recent years that suggests that nitrate from the diet, particularly vegetables, is capable of producing bioactive NO in the vasculature, following bioconversion to nitrite by oral bacteria. The aim of the present review was to consider the current body of evidence for potential beneficial effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function, with emphasis on evidence from acute and chronic human intervention studies. The studies to date suggest that dietary nitrate acutely lowers blood pressure in healthy humans. An inverse relationship was seen between dose of nitrate consumed and corresponding systolic blood pressure reduction, with doses of nitrate as low as 3 mmol of nitrate reducing systolic blood pressure by 3 mmHg. Moreover, the current studies provide some promising evidence on the beneficial effects of dietary nitrate on endothelial function. In vitro studies suggest a number of potential mechanisms by which dietary nitrate and its sequential reduction to NO may reduce blood pressure and improve endothelial function, such as: acting as a substrate for endothelial NO synthase; increasing vasodilation; inhibiting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and platelet aggregation. In conclusion, the evidence for beneficial effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function is promising. Further long-term randomised controlled human intervention studies assessing the potential effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function are needed, particularly in individuals with hypertension and at risk of CVD.
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TL;DR
This narrative review concludes that dietary nitrate acutely lowers blood pressure in healthy humans, with promising but limited evidence for improved endothelial function. It calls for further long-term randomised controlled trials, especially in hypertension and CVD-risk populations.
Key findings
- Acute dietary nitrate lowered blood pressure in healthy humans; an inverse relationship was observed between nitrate dose and systolic blood pressure reduction, with doses as low as 3 mmol nitrate reducing systolic blood pressure by 3 mmHg.
- In the dose-response analysis, systolic blood pressure reduction was significant (R² 0.45; P=0.033), while diastolic blood pressure reduction did not reach significance (R² 0.233; P=0.27).
- Individual studies reported larger effects: beetroot juice (500 ml; 23 mmol nitrate) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 10 and 8 mmHg, respectively; in drug-naive grade 1 hypertensives, 3.5 mmol nitrate reduced systolic blood pressure by 12 mmHg.
- Endothelial function evidence was promising but mixed: beetroot juice protected against ischaemia-reperfusion injury and preserved flow-mediated dilatation, whereas 8 mmol potassium nitrate did not alter flow-mediated dilatation but reduced pulse wave velocity by 0.3 m/s and systolic blood pressure by 4 mmHg.
Methods
- Narrative review of human intervention studies examining dietary nitrate effects on blood pressure and endothelial function, with emphasis on acute and chronic studies; animal and in vitro evidence was used to explore mechanisms.
- Data were extracted from randomised placebo-controlled trials summarised in Tables 2 and 3, including beetroot juice and inorganic nitrate salts, with varied doses, controls, populations, and vascular measures.
- A dose-response analysis was presented for acute effects of dietary nitrate from beetroot juice and inorganic salts on peak systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes in healthy normotensive subjects.
Limitations
- The paper states that further long-term randomised controlled human intervention studies are needed, particularly in individuals with hypertension and at risk of CVD.
- The paper states that there are limited human intervention studies on endothelial function and that replication is needed using a wider range of in vivo measures.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a described systematic search or meta-analysis, and the included studies are heterogeneous in dose, vehicle, population, duration, and outcome measures, with several small samples.
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40 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given · 1 Own result
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In the paper
“with doses of nitrate as low as 3 mmol of nitrate reducing systolic blood pressure by 3 mmHg.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Abstract
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In the paper
“When evaluating the studies investigating the acute effects of dietary nitrate from beetroot juice or inorganic supplements on BP a significant inverse relationship between dose of nitrate and reduction in SBP (R 2 2 0•45; P¼0•033; Fig. 2(a)) was observed”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“An inverse relationship was seen between dose of nitrate consumed and corresponding systolic blood pressure reduction”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
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In the paper
“For systolic BP, R 2 0•45 (P¼0•033); for diastolic BP, R 2 0•27 (P¼ 0•233).”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
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In the paper
“There is a modest but convincing body of evidence from acute and chronic human intervention studies that show BP-lowering effects of dietary nitrate, with limited but promising evidence for potential beneficial effects on endothelial function.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
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- Rests on an assumption: The human intervention studies included in the review provide valid estimates of the effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For systolic BP, R 2 0•45 (P¼0•033); for diastolic BP, R 2 0•27 (P¼ 0•233).”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A few studies have found inhibitory effects of dietary nitrate on platelet aggregation, suggesting that inhibition of abnormal platelet aggregation may be partly responsible for the cardiovascular benefits of nitrate supplementation.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Inhibition of platelet aggregation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a modest but convincing body of evidence from acute and chronic human intervention studies that show BP-lowering effects of dietary nitrate, with limited but promising evidence for potential beneficial effects on endothelial function.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The human intervention studies included in the review provide valid estimates of the effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function.
In the paper
“Evidence has accumulated in recent years that suggests that nitrate from the diet, particularly vegetables, is capable of producing bioactive NO in the vasculature, following bioconversion to nitrite by oral bacteria.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Evidence has accumulated in recent years to suggest that NO may not be solely generated by NOS, but via a mechanism that relies on the bioconversion of nitrate to nitrite, by oral bacteria and further NO in the vasculature (7) .”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
In the paper
“In a later study, the same group showed a 5 mmHg reduction in SBP in nine healthy subjects, using a lower dose of beetroot juice (250 ml; 5 mmol nitrate) (82) .”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] source
plaindirectn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, lower doses of dietary nitrate (100 g, 2 mmol) were shown to reduce DBP (86) , suggesting that even relatively small doses, that are easily achievable in the diet, have BP-lowering effects.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In most of the studies examined, peak reduction in BP compared with baseline occurred at 2-3 h after the consumption of dietary nitrate, which is the same time at which peak plasma nitrite concentrations have been observed (81,82,86,87,89,92) ,”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Potential mechanisms by which dietary nitrate may reduce blood pressure and increase endothelial function
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, animal studies have provided insight into the potential physiological and molecular mechanisms of action.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2006, Larsen et al. (95) showed an increase in plasma nitrite and DBP reduction of 4 mmHg after 3 d of supplementation with sodium nitrate (0•1 mmol/kg per d) in seventeen physically active subjects.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
plaindirectn = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the study by Kenjale et al. (89) the consumption of beetroot juice (500 ml; 9 mmol nitrate) resulted in a DBP reduction of 8 mmHg, an increase in the onset of claudication pain and prolonged peak walking time (89) .”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Webb et al. (81) showed that beetroot juice (500 ml; 23 mmol nitrate) completely reduced endothelial dysfunction induced by ischaemicreperfusion injury to the forearm and preserved the FMD response, whereas the FMD response was reduced by 60 % in the control subjects.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and endothelial function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The study showed a significant reduction in SBP with 200 g spinach containing 3 mmol nitrate, but not when spinach and apple interventions were given simultaneously (92) .”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In vitro studies suggest a number of potential mechanisms by which dietary nitrate and its sequential reduction to NO may reduce blood pressure and improve endothelial function, such as: acting as a substrate for endothelial NO synthase; increasing vasodilation; inhibiting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and platelet aggregation.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study by Hobbs et al. (86) demonstrated that the ingestion of three doses of beetroot juice (100, 250 and 500 g containing 2, 6 and 11 mmol nitrate, respectively) dosedependently reduced SBP over a period of 24 h, with dose-dependent effects being less apparent for DBP.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, Bahra et al. (87) did not find a significant effect of 8 mmol potassium nitrate on FMD, but reported a significant reduction (0•3 m/s) in pulse wave velocity and SBP (4 mmHg) at 3 h compared with the potassium chloride control in fourteen healthy subjects.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and endothelial function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that although inorganic nitrate is not able to alter endothelial function, it does appear to increase blood flow in combination with reductions in BP.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and endothelial function
hedgeddirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The peak effect in BP occurred at 3 h after ingestion and in association with an increase in plasma nitrite concentration, supporting the hypothesis that the delayed appearance of nitrite is due to the sequential bioconversion of nitrate to nitrite and further to NO in vivo.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] source
plaincorrelationaln = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“suggesting that dietary nitrate present in the beetroot was responsible for the BP-lowering effects, whereas betalains had minimal effect.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, both platelets and endothelial cells produce and secrete chemicals that directly inhibit platelet aggregation, for example NO.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Inhibition of platelet aggregation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, earlier studies by Arnold et al. (104) and Gruetter et al. (105) showed that nitrite concentrations above physiological levels activated sGC and vasodilated vascular smooth muscle preparations, thus suggesting a role of nitrite in vasodilation.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Increasing vasodilation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some of the salivary nitrite enters the acidic environment of the stomach once swallowed (b), where NO is produced non-enzymically from nitrite after formation of nitrous acid (HNO 2 ) and then NO and other nitrogen oxides.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A proportion of ingested nitrate (NO 32 , ---Q) is converted directly to nitrite (NO 2 2 , ! ) by facultative anaerobic bacteria, that reside on the dorsum of the tongue, during mastication in the mouth (a); the remainder is swallowed and is rapidly absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Approximately 60 % of ingested nitrate is excreted in urine within 48 h.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The NO generated kills pathogenic bacteria and stimulates mucosal blood flow and mucus generation.”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The remaining nitrite is absorbed into the circulation; in blood vessels (c) nitrite forms vasodilatory NO after a reaction with deoxygenated Hb (deoxy-Hb).”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The studies included in the review are of sufficient methodological quality and comparability to allow synthesis of their findings.
“When evaluating the studies investigating the acute effects of dietary nitrate from beetroot juice or inorganic supplements on BP a significant inverse relationship between dose of nitrate and reduction in SBP (R 2 2 0•45; P¼0•033; Fig. 2(a)) was observed”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanisms observed in in vitro and animal studies are relevant to humans.
“In vitro studies suggest a number of potential mechanisms by which dietary nitrate and its sequential reduction to NO may reduce blood pressure and improve endothelial function, such as: acting as a substrate for endothelial NO synthase; increasing vasodilation; inhibiting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and platelet aggregation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The inverse relationship between nitrate dose and SBP reduction reflects a causal effect of nitrate.
“When evaluating the studies investigating the acute effects of dietary nitrate from beetroot juice or inorganic supplements on BP a significant inverse relationship between dose of nitrate and reduction in SBP (R 2 2 0•45; P¼0•033; Fig. 2(a)) was observed”
The paper relies on this without support.
The human intervention studies included in the review provide valid estimates of the effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function.
“There is a modest but convincing body of evidence from acute and chronic human intervention studies that show BP-lowering effects of dietary nitrate, with limited but promising evidence for potential beneficial effects on endothelial function.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“and that antimicrobial mouthwash abolishes this beneficial effect both acutely and chronically (reviewed in:[108,109]).”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“the global dependency of enterosalivary nitrate reduction on living oral microbiota to enact its biologic activity[73,99,109].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“A number of publications have demonstrated that dietary nitrate reduces blood pressure in humans [87,88,89].”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [88]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
“In 2006, Larsen et al. (95) showed an increase in plasma nitrite”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
“| Larsen et al. | Healthy and physically | Chronic, double-blind, | 0•1 mmol/kg per d | 0•01 mmol sodium | SBP | NS | | (1996) (95) | active; n 17 (15 M/2 F); | cross-over, 3 d sup- | sodium nitrate | chloride/kg per d | DBP | Mean reduction of 4 mmHg for |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
“(R 2 0•233; P¼0•27; Fig. 2(b))”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
“for diastolic BP, R 2 0•27 (P¼ 0•233).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
“| Cabbage | 1198 | 4 | 5 | 0•8 -2 |”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
“| | Sample | | | (5th and 95th | | Vegetable | size (n) | Median | Mean | percentiles) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Dietary nitrate and blood pressure
“a lower dose of beetroot juice (250 ml; 5 mmol nitrate) (82)”
§ The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: a review of human intervention studies > Conclusion
“| Kapil et al. | Healthy; n 9; mean age 25 | Acute, single-blind, | 6 mmol £ 1, | Low-nitrate mineral water | SBP | Peak change at 3 h with 5 mmHg |”
Citations
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Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor
Palmer, R. M. J., Ferrige, A. G., & Moncada, S. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/327524a0 · Cited by 10,704 · cited 1×
“Endothelium-derived NO diffuses into underlying vascular smooth muscle cells where the classical NO–cyclic guanylate monophosphate (cGMP)–protein kinase G signalling pathway causes vascular relaxation((57)).”
BackgroundA Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure
Appel, L. J., Moore, T. J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W. M., Svetkey, L. P., Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Vogt, T. M., Cutler, J. A., Windhauser, M. M., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199704173361601 · Cited by 5,981
Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis
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Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease
Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., Godwin, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., MacMahon, S., Hebert, P., Eberlein, K. A., Taylor, J. O., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z · Cited by 4,491
The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics
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“4·3 mmol nitrate per d, almost four times greater than the average diet((10)).”
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Paradoxical Vasoconstriction Induced by Acetylcholine in Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries
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“FMD has been shown to correlate with measures of coronary endothelial function((63)).”
InfluentialRole of endothelium in responses of vascular smooth muscle.
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The Potential Benefits of Red Beetroot Supplementation in Health and Disease
Clifford, T., Howatson, G., West, D., & Stevenson, E. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042801 · Cited by 635
“Nitrate itself is not considered to mediate any specific physiological function; rather, nitrates beneficial effects are attributed to its in vivo reduction to nitric oxide (NO), a multifarious messenger molecule with important vascular and metabolic functions [14,18].”
BackgroundBioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: A critical review
Chhikara, N., Kushwaha, K., Sharma, P., Gat, Y., & Panghal, A. (2019) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.022 · Cited by 488
Dietary nitrate and nitrite: Benefits, risks, and evolving perceptions
Bedale, W. A., Sindelar, J. J., & Milkowski, A. L. (2016) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.009 · Cited by 300
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“beneficial effect both acutely and chronically (reviewed in [108,109]:).”
BackgroundTherapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
Omar, S. A., Webb, A. J., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2016) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12441 · Cited by 175
Biological effects of red beetroot and betalains: A review
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“This finding could be linked to the fact that, after a dietary nitrate load, the plasma levels of nitrate can rise for up to 5–6 hours after ingestion and represent a period of time in which you could expect to see BP changes due to NO activity.(17,82) After this point, however, plasma nitrate levels will rapidly dimi…”
BackgroundThe Microbiome and Blood Pressure: Can Microbes Regulate Our Blood Pressure?
Khodor, S. A., Reichert, B., & Shatat, I. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00138 · Cited by 123
NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases
Kobayashi, J., Ohtake, K., & Uchida, H. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7064911 · Cited by 94
Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of nitrate and nitrite
Ghasemi, A., & Jeddi, S. (2017) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2017.08.003 · Cited by 92
Nutrition and other lifestyle influences on arterial aging
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Dietary inorganic nitrate: From villain to hero in metabolic disease?
McNally, B. D., Griffin, J. L., & Roberts, L. D. (2015) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500153 · Cited by 81
“The potential for dietary nitrate to provide the muchneeded supply of NO in these pathological situations has been examined in a number of recent studies in humans [104].”
BackgroundDietary nitrate and nitrite and human health: a narrative review by intake source
Kotopoulou, S., Zampelas, A., & Magriplis, E. (2021) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab113 · Cited by 83
Dietary nitrate and blood pressure: evolution of a new nutrient?
Ashworth, A., & Bescós, R. (2017) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422417000063 · Cited by 69
“Similarly, a review by Hobbs et al. of studies up to 2012 found a significant inverse relationship between nitrate dose and systolic blood pressure (53) .”
BackgroundInfluentialBakker, E., Engan, H. K., Patrician, A., Schagatay, E. K. A., Karlsen, T., Wisløff, U., & Gaustad, S. E. (2015) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2015.08.006 · Cited by 63
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Microbiome and hypertension: where are we now?
Vallianou, N. G., Geladari, E. V., & Kounatidis, D. C. (2019) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0000000000000900 · Cited by 55
Optimization of Betalain Pigments Extraction Using Beetroot by-Products as a Valuable Source
Lazăr, S., Constantin, O. E., Stănciuc, N., Aprodu, I., Croitoru, C., & Gabriela Râpeanu, B. (2021) · Inventions · doi:10.3390/inventions6030050 · Cited by 52
“Some effects attributed to these compounds include antioxidants [7,8], antiproliferative [9], cardioprotective [10], anti-inflammatory [11], and antimicrobial effects [12].”
BackgroundBeneficial Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure Levels
d’El-Rei, J., Cunha, A. R., Trindade, M., & Neves, M. F. (2016) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2016/6791519 · Cited by 50
“Therefore, an improvement in the NO bioavailability can have a major effect on endothelial function and, consequently, on CVD prevention and treatment [9, 10].”
BackgroundPethybridge, S. J., Kikkert, J. R., Hanson, L. E., & Nelson, S. (2018) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy8070112 · Cited by 47
“Among the most commonly reported physiological changes associated with beet consumption include improvements in cardiovascular health and sugar metabolism attributed to the rich source of dietary nitrate [6,7], the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of betalains [8] and the potential to improve stamina in exerc…”
BackgroundMcDonagh, S. T. J., Wylie, L. J., Webster, J., Vanhatalo, A., & JONES, A. M. (2017) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2017.12.001 · Cited by 48
Betalains: colours for human health
Calvi, P., Terzo, S., & Amato, A. (2022) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2022.2106481 · Cited by 41
“Red beetroot-enriched bread results in a 34% increase in vascular vasodilation in young male volunteers compared to control (Hobbs et al. 2013).”
BackgroundLiu, A. H., Bondonno, C. P., Russell, J. C., Flood, V. M., Lewis, J. R., Croft, K. D., Woodman, R. J., Lim, W. H., Kifley, A., Wong, G., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1823-x · Cited by 40
Mechanisms of the protective effects of nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
Liu, Y., Croft, K. D., Hodgson, J. M., Mori, T., & Ward, N. C. (2020) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.006 · Cited by 41
Kerley, C. P., Dolan, E., James, P. E., & Cormican, L. J. (2018) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114518000144 · Cited by 39
“This and another review((17)) noted inverse associations between nitrate dose of SBP reduction (r(2) 0·45; P= 0·033).”
BackgroundRole of flavonoids and nitrates in cardiovascular health
Lovegrove, J. A., Stainer, A. R., & Hobbs, D. A. (2017) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665116002871 · Cited by 40
“Dietary nitrate has been shown to reduced SBP and/or DBP, and increase circulating nitrate/nitrite 399 (see review((115))).”
Self-citationThe role of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in CVD
Jackson, J. K., Patterson, A. J., MacDonald‐Wicks, L. K., & McEvoy, M. (2017) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422417000105 · Cited by 37
“In addition it has been suggested that the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway may play a significant role in maintaining levels of bioactive NO and may be critical for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis in the body((27,53,60)).”
Papadopoulos, S., Δίπλα, Κ., Triantafyllou, Α., Nikolaidis, M. G., Kyparos, A., Touplikioti, P., Vrabas, I. S., & Zafeiridis, A. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2017.1401497 · Cited by 40
Inorganic nitrate alleviates the senescence-related decline in liver function
Wang, H., Hu, L., Li, L., Wu, X., Fan, Z., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Jia, J., & Wang, S. (2018) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-017-9207-x · Cited by 36
The emerging role of nitric oxide in the synaptic dysfunction of vascular dementia
Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhou, Q., Zhu, L., & Liu, D. (2024) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01353 · Cited by 41
“For instance, butterhead lettuce, beetroot, and other green leafy vegetables have a high concentration of nitrates (Hobbs et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEffects of a dietary strawberry powder on parameters of vascular health in adolescent males
Djurica, D., Holt, R. R., Ren, J., Shindel, A. W., Hackman, R. M., & Keen, C. L. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516002348 · Cited by 36
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Nora, M. A.-A. (2018) · ISABB Journal of Food and Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.5897/isabb-jfas2017.0070 · Cited by 30
“…many therapeutic interventions and there are numerous studies that show beetroot, delivered acutely as a juice supplement (Bailey et al., 2009; Webb et al., 2008; Jajja et al., 2014) or in bread (Hobbs et al., 2013; Hobbs et al., 2012) to significantly reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure.”
BackgroundSweazea, K. L., Johnston, C. S., Miller, B., & Gumpricht, E. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2018/1729653 · Cited by 29
“For example, while some investigations noted a lack of influence of dietary nitrates on FMD [28, 49], others found a greater FMD in response to dietary nitrate consumption [1, 50].”
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The role of probiotics in improving food safety; detoxification of heavy metals and chemicals
Ansari, F., Lee, C., Rashidimehr, A., Eskandari, S., Ashaolu, T. J., Mirzakhani, E., Pourjafar, H., & Jafari, S. M. (2023) · Toxin Reviews · doi:10.1080/15569543.2023.2283768 · Cited by 29
“2012, Hobbs et al .”
Haun, C. T., Kephart, W. C., Holland, A. M., Mobley, C. B., McCloskey, A. E., Shake, J. J., Pascoe, D. D., Roberts, M. D., & Martin, J. S. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3478-8 · Cited by 26
“The acute effects of inorganic nitrate ingestion on flowmediated dilation (FMD), a bioassay of NO bioavailability and endothelial function, have been conflicting (Hobbs et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialLarsen, R. G., Thomsen, J. M., Hirata, R. P., Steffensen, R., Poulsen, E. R., Frøkjær, J. B., & Graven‐Nielsen, T. (2019) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14162 · Cited by 25
“Among many functions, NO plays an important role in smooth muscle cell relaxation, and lower NO bioavailability is linked with reduced vascular endothelial function (Hobbs et al., 2013; Sindler et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHaynes, J. T., Townsend, J. R., Aziz, M. A., Jones, M. D., Littlefield, L. A., Ruiz, M. D., Johnson, K. D., & Gonzalez, A. M. (2021) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9060077 · Cited by 25
“In turn, cGMP initiates a signaling cascade resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle cells, inducing vasodilation, subsequently improving blood flow [45].”
BackgroundRed Spinach Extract Increases Ventilatory Threshold during Graded Exercise Testing
Moore, A. N., Haun, C. T., Kephart, W. C., Holland, A. M., Mobley, C. B., Pascoe, D. D., Roberts, M., & Martin, J. S. (2017) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports5040080 · Cited by 25
“Given the acute nature of our study, more immediate and plausible proposed mechanisms by which NO− 3 supplementation may influence oxygen uptake and utilization could include a reduction of NO− 3 to NO, directly influencing mitochondrial efficiency [28], and vascular tone [8] and/or tissue oxygenation [11,29].”
BackgroundBaranauskas, M. N., Freemas, J. A., Tan, R., & Carter, S. J. (2021) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.11.001 · Cited by 22
Benefit-risk analysis for foods (BRAFO): Evaluation of exposure to dietary nitrates
Wikoff, D. S., Thompson, C. M., Rager, J. E., Chappell, G. A., Fitch, S., & Doepker, C. L. (2018) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.031 · Cited by 21
Inorganic Nitrate Supplementation for Cardiovascular Health
Ivy, J. L. (2019) · Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.14797/mdcj-15-3-200 · Cited by 25
León, V. M., & Luzardo, O. P. (2020) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111812 · Cited by 22
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Association of Dietary Nitrate Intake with the 15-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Gopinath, B., Liew, G., Kifley, A., Lewis, J. R., Bondonno, C. P., Joachim, N., Hodgson, J. M., & Mitchell, P. (2018) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.07.012 · Cited by 19
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Holt, R. R., Zuelch, M. L., Charoenwoodhipong, P., Al-Dashti, Y. A., Hackman, R. M., & Keen, C. L. (2019) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c9fo01844a · Cited by 19
Plant-based diets in patients with chronic kidney disease
Wathanavasin, W., Kittiskulnam, P., & Johansen, K. L. (2024) · Asian Biomedicine · doi:10.2478/abm-2024-0002 · Cited by 23
“It is hypothesized that high potassium and nitrate intake promotes vasodilation and improves endothelial function while inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and platelet aggregation [59, 60].”
BackgroundAhles, S., Cuijpers, I., Hartgens, F., & Troost, F. J. (2022) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-022-1834-4 · Cited by 15
“Nitrate is considered to be an important signaling molecule involved in endothelial function by causing vasodilation in smooth muscle cells, thereby improving blood flow (59).”
BackgroundErectile Dysfunction: A Review of Comprehensive Treatment Options for Optimal Outcome
Retzler, K. (2019) · Journal of Restorative Medicine · doi:10.14200/jrm.2019.0104 · Cited by 15
Red Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.)
Székely, D., & Máté, M. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.106692 · Cited by 16
Nutraceuticals as a potential adjunct therapy toward improving vascular health in CKD
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Circulating angiogenic cell population responses to 10 days of reduced physical activity
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“Because dietary nitrate may influence blood pressure and endothelial function (30), participants adhered to a low-nitrate diet for 72 h prior to testing.”
Nitric Oxide Formation From Inorganic Nitrate
Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804273-1.00012-0 · Cited by 13
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Reciprocal regulation of sulfite oxidation and nitrite reduction by mitochondrial sulfite oxidase
Kaczmarek, A. T., Strampraad, M. J. F., Hagedoorn, P., & Schwarz, G. (2019) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2019.04.004 · Cited by 13
Food for thought: Physiological considerations for nutritional ergogenic efficacy
Wickham, K. A., & Spriet, L. L. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14307 · Cited by 16
“130,131 Accordingly, it is feasible to use the non-invasive and cost-effective measurement of blood pressure lowering over a 2– 2.5 h window to demonstrate the efficacy of the supplementation program.”
InfluentialGriffiths, A., Alhulaefi, S. S., Hayes, E. J., Matu, J., Brandt, K., Watson, A., Siervo, M., & Shannon, O. M. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13127319 · Cited by 12
“In addition, dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to improve endothelial function [17,21], decrease platelet aggregation [17,19], and, albeit less reliably, enhance cerebral blood flow and cognitive function [22–24].”
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Association of dietary nitrate intake with retinal microvascular structure in older adults
Gopinath, B., Liew, G., Lewis, J. R., Blekkenhorst, L. C., Bondonno, C. P., Burlutsky, G., Hodgson, J. M., & Mitchell, P. (2019) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02055-9 · Cited by 11
Oral and systemic diseases under the framework of homeostatic medicine
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Dietary nitrate as modulator of physical performance and cardiovascular health
Kerley, C. P. (2017) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000414 · Cited by 10
Does the Oral Microbiome Play a Role in Hypertensive Pregnancies?
Willmott, T., McBain, A. J., Humphreys, G. J., Myers, J., & Cottrell, E. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00389 · Cited by 11
“Consumption of these vegetables form the largest proportion of overall nitrate intake in humans (Hobbs et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWillmott, T., Serrage, H. J., Cottrell, E. C., Humphreys, G. J., Myers, J., Campbell, P. M., & McBain, A. J. (2024) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02035-23 · Cited by 11
“Dietary nitrates originate from the fixation of environmental nitrogen by bacteria and are accumulated in high abundance in green, leafy vegetables, such as spinach and lettuce [11].”
BackgroundSpleen contraction and Hb elevation after dietary nitrate intake
Engan, H. K., Patrician, A., Lodin‐Sundström, A., Johansson, H., Melin, M., & Schagatay, E. K. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00236.2020 · Cited by 10
Nitrate Metabolism and Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease: A Narrative Review
Wang, Y., Chen, W., Zhou, J., Wang, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.735181 · Cited by 12
“Further, animal experiments and clinical trials are needed to evaluate prevention and treatment strategies (45).”
BackgroundMethodDietary Beetroot Juice – Effects in Patients with COPD: A Review
Chen, M., Chang, S., Xu, Y., Parke, H. G., & Liu, J. (2024) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s473397 · Cited by 8
“74 A systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating 13 high-quality original studies revealed that dietary nitrate supplementation in the form of beetroot juice improves vascular endothelial function in subjects.”
BackgroundBaranauskas, M. N., Altherr, C. A., Gruber, A. H., Coggan, A. R., Raglin, J. S., Gupta, S. K., & Carter, S. J. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100693 · Cited by 8
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“A number of dietary intervention studies, based on consumption of vegetable juice and NO3 salts, have been conducted to increase the concentration of NO3 in the blood similarly, various types of herbs have been tested for increasing the concentration of NO3 in the blood [21–23].”
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Nitratos y nitritos, la doble cara de la moneda
Pereira, M. L., & Ramírez, B. D. G. (2021) · Revista de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo · doi:10.35454/rncm.v4n1.202 · Cited by 10
“Los beneficios potenciales del nitrato y ON en el sistema cardiovascular y en condiciones isquémicas se han relacionado por sus efectos antiinflamatorios(29), antihipertensivos(30), antiplaquetarios y antihipertróficos(31).”
BackgroundElsahoryi, N. A., Cardwell, C. R., Gilchrist, S. E. C. M., & Woodside, J. V. (2022) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2022.34 · Cited by 6
“Since then the interest in the effects of dietary nitrate on cardiovascular health has grown, and several studies have confirmed the lowering effects of dietary nitrate on chronic and acute BP, which have been reviewed((2)).”
BackgroundInfluentialSignificance of Inorganic Nitrate Supplement in Cardiovascular Health
Dudhe, R., Dudhe, A. R., & Raut, S. D. (2021) · Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1871525719666210427130511 · Cited by 5
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Salivary-Gland-Mediated Nitrate Recirculation as a Modulator for Cardiovascular Diseases
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“The endothelium plays an essential role in vascular homeostasis, and endothelial dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of heart failure, high systemic vascular resistance, and hypertension [87].”
Pedrinolla, A., Dorelli, G., Porcelli, S., Burleigh, M. C., Mendo, M., Martignon, C., Fonte, C., Carbonare, L. G. D., Easton, C., Muti, E., et al. (2025) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2025.03.001 · Cited by 4
Alzahrani, H. S., McKenna, H. B., Hobbs, D. A., Jackson, K. G., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.11.018 · Cited by 2
“Nitrite is then converted to nitric oxide (NO) within the stomach or circulation, and acts as an effective vasodilator, resulting in acute and chronic BP reduction [34,35].”
Self-citationNajjar, R. S., Mehta, P. K., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2026) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.70052 · Cited by 2
“While known phytochemicals in GBC can reduce blood pressure [20, 21], we did not observe significant differences in blood pressure between SHRs consuming the purified diet and GBC.”
Supplementation: Its Evolving Role in Prevention
Daggy, B. P., & Lau, F. C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22431-2_39 · Cited by 2
Dietary Patterns and Hypertension
Dreher, M. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59180-3_13 · Cited by 3
Zahar, S., Ville, D. V. D., & Hudry, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1493880 · Cited by 1
Suhag, D., & Kodre, A. (2025) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2025.100789 · Cited by 1
“6 , 24–26 Increased availability of NO could potentially improve cerebral blood flow and cognitive abilities.”
Mirzababaei, A., Mahmoodi, M., Keshtkar, A., Ashraf, H., Pashayee-Khamene, F., Khalili, P., & Mirzaei, K. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37907-y · Cited by 1
Gonçalves, J. S., Marcal, A., Laranjinha, J. A. N., & Lourenço, C. F. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.70223 · Cited by 1
“…thereby reducing blood pressure and improving blood flow (and thus oxygen and glucose delivery) [120], processes that highlight the potential of dietary nitrate to prevent diabetic-induced endothelial dysfunction as supported by pre-clinical [114, 121] and clinical studies [103, 105, 122, 123].”
Vetrova, S., Kozar, Е. G., Енгалычева, И. А., Mukhina, K., Chizhik, V., & Martynov, V. (2026) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof12060413 · Cited by 1
“Recently, table beet has been actively used in food production: in ready-made salads, frozen soups, chips, snacks, borscht dressings, smoothie powders, food colorings, microgreens, biological additives, and much more [2–5].”
The Oral Microbiome–Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Axis and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review
Salama, R. A. A., Msalat, O. F., Fouad, M. M., Alhammadi, M., Elsheikh, S., & Nasser, R. A. S. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15134871 · Cited by 2
“…function, plasma nitrite concentrations, and vascular responsiveness, evidence linking the oral microbiome–nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide axis to reductions in myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, major adverse cardiovascular events, or cardiovascular mortality remains limited [16,21,46].”
Cheng, H. M., Cheng, H. K., & George, T. W. (2015) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665115003808 · Cited by 1
Self-citationAlzahrani, H., McKenna, H. B., Jackson, K. G., Hobbes, D., Walton, G., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2020) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120001329 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCraig, J. C. (2015) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University)
Combination of Metformin and Inorganic Nitrate: Effects on Metabolic Disease and Lactic Acidosis
Jahandideh, A. (2017) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
Is dietary nitrate supplementation necessary to ensure proper endothelial function at altitude
Bakker, E. (2014) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))
Whole Plant Foods and Hypertension
Dreher, M. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59180-3_14
Metadata
- Authors
- Hobbs, D. A., George, T. W., & Lovegrove, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lovegrove, Julie A.
- Venue
- Nutrition Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-10-18
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 210-222
- ISSN
- 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2700
- OpenAlex
- W2168363136
- Semantic Scholar
- 506a952435a185558a3a7b63147c067d9a1f3c03
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- dietary nitrate, blood pressure, endothelial function, nitric oxide, oral bacteria, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, vasodilation, platelet aggregation, reactive oxygen species
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Diet, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Hypertension, Mitochondria, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Platelet Aggregation, Vasodilation, Reactive Oxygen Species, Nitric Oxide Synthase
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