Salivary-Gland-Mediated Nitrate Recirculation as a Modulator for Cardiovascular Diseases
Open accessAbstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which include multiple disorders of the heart and blood vessels, are the leading causes of death. Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator that regulates vascular tension. Endogenous NO is produced via the L-arginine–nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway. In conditions of cardiovascular dysfunction, NOS activity is impaired, leading to NO deficiency. In turn, the reduction in NO bioactivity exacerbates the pathogenesis of CVDs. Exogenous intake of inorganic nitrate supplements endogenous production via the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway to maintain the NO supply. Salivary glands play an essential role in the conversion of nitrate to NO, with approximately 25% of circulating nitrate being absorbed and secreted into saliva. As a result, salivary nitrate concentrations can exceed that in the blood by more than tenfold. This recycled nitrate in saliva serves as a reservoir for NO and performs NO-like functions when endogenous NO production is insufficient. In this review, we summarize the emerging benefits of dietary nitrate in CVDs, with a particular focus on salivary-gland-mediated nitrate recirculation in maintaining NO bioavailability and cardiovascular homeostasis. Salivary-gland-mediated nitrate recirculation provides a novel perspective for potential intervention of CVDs.
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The enterosalivary circulation maintains a circulating nitrate reservoir that supports NO production, particularly under hypoxic conditions where endogenous NOS activity is limited.
“This enterosalivary circulation, comprising intestinal absorption, systemic distribution, salivary concentration, and re-swallowing, maintains a circulating nitrate reservoir that supports NO production, particularly under hypoxic conditions where endogenous NO synthase (NOS) activity is limited [27,28].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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“…circulation, comprising intestinal absorption, systemic distribution, salivary concentration, and re-swallowing, maintains a circulating nitrate reservoir that supports NO production, particularly under hypoxic conditions where endogenous NO synthase (NOS) activity is limited [27,28].”
Treatment with inhaled nitric oxide in patients with pulmonary embolism
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- Authors
- Pang, B., Qi, X., & Zhang, H.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Huiliang
- Venue
- Biomolecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-03-19
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 439
- ISSN
- 2218-273X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11940199
- OpenAlex
- W4408618319
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3
- FWCI
- 0.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM151226, R35GM151096, 2217757)
- National Science Foundation (R35GM151226, R35GM151096, 2217757)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- salivary glands, nitric oxide bioavailability, cardiovascular disease, dietary nitrate, nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, nitric oxide synthase, salivary nitrate, cardiovascular homeostasis, vasodilation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Saliva, Salivary Glands, Nitric Oxide Synthase
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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