Cited by 1,761Resilience and Mental HealthHealth, psychology, and well-beingOptimism, Hope, and Well-being

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What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.

Windle, Gill·2011·Reviews in Clinical Gerontology

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Abstract

Summary: The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. This paper analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity. Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary. A large proportion of resilience research is routed within the discipline of developmental psychology, and has mainly been developed with children and adolescents. A major contribution to resilience research could be made through more multi-disciplinary studies that examine the dynamics of resilience across the lifespan, its role in healthy ageing and in managing loss, such as changes in cognitive functioning.

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“Discovering which factors that are assets, or resources, within an individual and their environment that facilitate their capacity to “bounce back” is at the heart of this study (Windle, 2011).”
Ambiguous Losses and Their Traumatic Effects: A Qualitative Synthesis of the Research Literature
Küçükkaragöz, H., & Meylani, R. (2024) · Batı anadolu eğitim bilimleri dergisi · doi:10.51460/baebd.1474742 · Cited by 6
Investigating adolescent psychological wellbeing in an educational context using PISA 2018 Canadian data
Liu, Y., Maltais, N. S., Milner‐Bolotin, M., & Chachashvili‐Bolotin, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1416631 · Cited by 5
“Autonomy refers to being able to resist social pressures to think and act positively, whereas fear of failure characterizes individuals’ tendency to avoid making mistakes or avoid to take risks due to the perceived shame and uncertainty about the future (Windle, 2011; Hu et al., 2015).”
Background
The Comprehensive Resilience-building psychosocial Intervention (CREST) for people with dementia in the community: a feasibility and acceptability study
Casey, D., Doyle, P., Gallagher, N., O‘Sullivan, G., Smyth, S., Devane, D., Murphy, K., Clarke, C. L., Woods, B. T., Dröes, R., et al. (2024) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-024-01568-3 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Older adults’ resilience in rural places: Explaining the role of place, time, and social connection during COVID-19
Herron, R., Lawrence, B. C., Newall, N. E. G., & Ramsey, D. (2025) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103579 · Cited by 5
Let me check my phone: smartphone addiction and its links to life satisfaction and psychological resilience
Kartol, A., & Üztemur, S. (2025) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2024.2436030 · Cited by 4
“Windle (2011) stated that psychological resilience represents our ability to adapt to stressful situations.”
Mental Health Experiences and Challenges Among Individuals with Myasthenia Gravis: Insights from Patient-Centered, Qualitative Analyses
Rodriguez, R. D., Anderson, A. E. L., Gwathmey, K. G., Brethenoux, C., Shea, L. M., Govindarajan, R., Souayah, N., Peters, W. D., Jackson, L., & Choudhry, Z. (2025) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-025-03399-x · Cited by 4
“Resilience can be defined as the process of effectively negotiating or managing significant sources of stress or trauma [40], and resilience in an individual can be influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors [41].”
‘Happy when they arrive, happy when they go home’ – focusing on promoting children’s mental health creates a sense of trust at preschools
Haraldsson, K., Isaksson, P., & Eriksson, M. (2016) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2016.1191442 · Cited by 4
“In a recent conceptual review, Windle (2011) has defined resilience as a process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma.”
Background
Salutogenesis and Mental Health Promotion in Military Settings
Antonovsky, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79515-3_32 · Cited by 4
Strengthening Resilience in Medical and Health Professions Education: The Dynamic Interaction of Culture, Humanistic Environment, and Positive Role Modelling
Findyartini, A., Lee, S. S., Felaza, E., Mustika, R., & Greviana, N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-7232-3_12 · Cited by 4
Too many lemons to make lemonade? Disentangling mental health during the third wave of COVID-19 infections in Spain
Miragall, M., Escrivá‐Martínez, T., Wrzesien, M., Vara, M. D., Herrero, R., Desdentado, L., & Baños, R. M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03638-2 · Cited by 4
“This concept is defined as “the personal qualities that enable one to thrive in the face of adversity” (Connor & Davidson, 2003, p.1), and it has been related to a process of negotiation, management, and adaptation to the stressful situation that can foster recovery from adversity (Windle, 2010).”
Levelling up or widening the gap? An analysis of community renewal fund allocation in English regions using an economic resilience index
Camacho, C., Webb, R. T., Bower, P., & Munford, L. A. (2023) · Regional Studies Regional Science · doi:10.1080/21681376.2023.2200529 · Cited by 4
“Resilience is a longstanding concept in multiple ﬁ elds (Manyena, 2006; Windle, 2011).”
Background
I Am More than HIV: A Qualitative Exploration of Factors That Can Strengthen Resilience Among HIV-Positive Gay Men in Australia
Lucas, N. A., Bates, G. W., & Buzwell, S. (2023) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-023-00829-9 · Cited by 4
“For example, individuals who have experienced more life adversities can draw on both individual and environmental resources, might better be able to negotiate, adapt to, or manage significant sources of stress or trauma (Windle, 2011).”
Personality Traits and Resilience of People with Bereaved Experiences Due to COVID-19: Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
Subhasree, G., Eapen, J. C., Jeyavel, S., & Deepthi, D. P. (2023) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373231177417 · Cited by 4
“In particular, it plays an important role in health adjustment and coping with life traumas such as child loss (Windle, 2011).”
Ageism and Its Impact on Quality of Life Among Older Persons Experiencing Difficulties with Activities of Daily Living
Garrido, F. A. S., Bolt, T., Taniguchi, Y., & Lloyd-Sherlock, P. G. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.140232.1 · Cited by 4
Measuring resilience for Chinese-speaking populations: a systematic review of Chinese resilience scales
Tian, Z., Kuang, K., Wilson, S. R., Buzzanell, P. M., Ye, J., Mao, X., & Wei, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1293857 · Cited by 6
“…resilience as a “dynamic process” (Luthar et al., 2000), neither just the protective factors nor the adaptive outcome, but rather elements involved in experiencing, adapting to, and transforming adversities over time and across situations (Buzzanell, 2010; Windle, 2010; Fletcher and Sarkar, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Supporting a mentally healthy place of study: Examining the relationship between mental well‐being, stress, and protective factors among university students
Turner, M., & Holdsworth, S. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13027 · Cited by 4
The relation between perceived need-supportive coaching behaviours, winning games, and team resilience: a longitudinal examination among basketball and soccer teams
Puyenbroeck, S. V., Hermans, F., Boen, F., Fransen, K., & Broek, G. V. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2366421 · Cited by 5
“To date, however, myriad of other definitions of resilience exist in the scientific literature and consensus about its specific conceptualisation is still lacking (e.g., Raetze et al., 2022; Windle, 2011).”
Factors influencing academic resilience of master students in China
Zhang, Y., Zhu, G., Luo, C., Hu, W., & Xiao, Y. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2024.2378426 · Cited by 5
Resilience and Self-Compassion: Shields Against Age-Related Declines in Oral Health and Shame
Tsironis, C., Tatsis, F., Konstanti, Z., Mentis, M. N., Stolakis, K., Kotsia, V., Mantzoukas, S., Dragioti, E., & Gouva, M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.66565 · Cited by 5
Multidimensional Scale of Motives for Postponing Parenthood (MSMPP-18): Development, factorial structure and psychometric properties
Szczęśniak, M., Falewicz, A., & Brodowska, D. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01184-y · Cited by 7
“Resilience, seen as the process of functional and effective coping with significant sources of stressful events 83 , may negatively correlate with motives for deferred parenting, which often reflect fear of personal incompetence in meeting potential parenting responsibilities.”
Using life and death education to guide the teaching and research of mindfulness
Phan, H. P., Ngu, B. H., Chen, S.-C., & Hsu, C.-S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1576500 · Cited by 4
The look and feel of resilience: A qualitative study of physicians’ perspectives
Polachek, A. J., Wallace, J. E., Gautam, M., de Grood, J. A., & Lemaire, J. B. (2016) · Journal of Hospital Administration · doi:10.5430/jha.v5n2p47 · Cited by 4
“There is little agreement about how to define resilience,[21, 22] and current understandings focus on distressed or vulnerable groups including youth or adolescents,[23–25] single mothers,[26] immigrants,[27] the elderly,[28] and the seriously ill.”
Background
An Exploration of Resilience and Values in the Co-Design of Sociotechnical Systems
Barn, B. S., & Barn, R. (2016) · International Journal of Systems and Society · doi:10.4018/ijss.2016010101 · Cited by 5
Life Adversity, Social Support, Resilience, and College Student Mental Health
Mello, J. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Central Washington University) · Cited by 4
Risk time framing for wellbeing in older people: a multi-national appreciative inquiry
Clarke, C. L., Titterton, M., Wilcockson, J., Reed, J., Moyle, W., Klein, B. D., Marais, S., & Cook, G. A. (2017) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-12-2016-0060 · Cited by 4
“The three aspects of ‘protective factors’, or resilience, that Windle (2011) describes are individual, social and community / society – and in the present study the participants describe how their concern is very much about community / society (as well as individual) levels of resilience.”
Resilienzförderung
Höfler, M. (2017) · Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung · doi:10.1007/s11553-017-0608-z · Cited by 4
Resilient Structure Assessment using Cobb-Douglas Production Function: The Case of the Indonesian Metal Industry
Jandhana, I. B. M. P., Zagloel, T. Y. M., & Nurcahyo, R. (2018) · International Journal of Technology · doi:10.14716/ijtech.v9i5.1862 · Cited by 4
“According to Windle (2011), the word “resilience” comes from the Latin word “resilire,” which means “to leap back,” “to spring back,” or “to recover easily.””
Wages and employment security following a major disaster: A 17-year population-based longitudinal comparative study
van der Velden, P. G., Muffels, R. J. A., Peijen, R., & Bosmans, M. W. G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214208 · Cited by 4
“Thanks for Writing, But I’m Not Interested”: A Qualitative Analysis of Men’s Experiences of Online Dating
Fullwood, C., Boultwood, E., & Chadwick, D. D. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23538-3_22 · Cited by 4
Introduction: Perspectives of Resilience and Aging
Wister, A., & Cosco, T. D. (2020) · Risk, systems and decisions · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57089-7_1 · Cited by 5
Exploring Enabler Actions Influencing Basotho Teachers’ Wellbeing to Cope with Schools’ Adversities at a Rural School
Mukuna, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.36941/jesr-2021-0065 · Cited by 8
“Resilience referred to the capacity that recovers from individual experiences of psychological adversity, functions effectively, and grows adaptively (Masten, 2009; Sisto et al., 2019; Windle, 2011).”
Background
The psychometric properties of Turkish version of the resilience scale for nurses
Adıbelli, D., Kırca, N., & Bademli̇, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02029-3 · Cited by 4
“There is a shifting balance between life events, which may heighten a person’s vulnerability, and protective factors, which enhances resilience (Windle, 2011).”
Background
Redressing Injustice, Reframing Resilience: Mayan Women’s Persistence and Protagonism as Resistance
Lykes, M. B., Crosby, A., & Medrano, S. B. A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108919500.010 · Cited by 4
Conceptualising Resilience in the Context of Transitional Justice
Lambourne, W. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108919500.003 · Cited by 4
TheBirangonas (War Heroines) in Bangladesh: Generative Resilience of Sexual Violence in Conflict through Graphic Ethnography
Mookherjee, N. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108919500.007 · Cited by 4
Changes in Resilience Following Engagement With a Virtual Mental Health System: Real-world Observational Study
Graziani, G., Aylward, B. S., Kunkle, S., & Shih, E. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37169 · Cited by 3
“Resilience is a multidimensional construct that may be viewed as one’s ability to cope with stress or represent personal qualities that enable one to thrive in the face of adversity [1-3].”
Background
Resilience to COVID-19 challenges: Lessons for school psychologists serving school-attending black South African youth aged 10 to 19 years old
Pillay, J. (2022) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343221135872 · Cited by 4
“Since this study is embedded in the social ecological resilience model developed by Windle (2011), the definition of resilience encompasses three different perspectives.”
Method
Association of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index with resilience and prosociality of the offspring aged 6–7 years old: a population-based cohort study in Japan
Terada, S., Isumi, A., Doi, S. K., & Fujiwara, T. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02209-5 · Cited by 4
“Recently, positive aspects of child mental health, such as resilience and prosociality, have garnered increasing attention, with mental health research shifting its focus from psychopathology to the promotion of positive outcomes [54].”
Benefits of volunteering on resilience with aging: a case study
Lee, R. S., Heo, J., Chun, S., & Kim, J. (2023) · Annals of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/11745398.2023.2254866 · Cited by 8
“However, they also tend to adjust well to their changing life circumstances and challenges when effective coping is applied using personal and social resources (Maschi, Viola, and Morgen 2014; Windle 2011).”
Academically resilient students: searching for differential teacher effects in mathematics
Anastasou, M., & Kyriakides, L. E. (2024) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2024.2314571 · Cited by 6
“Nevertheless, most de ﬁ nitions are concerned with two main aspects: adversity and positive adjustment (e.g., Luthar et al., 2000; Windle, 2011).”
Background

Authors: Windle, G.
Affiliations: Bangor University (GB)
Corresponding author: Windle, Gill
ORCID: Windle, Gill
Venue: Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2010-12-21
Volume: 21
Issue: 2
Pages: 152-169
ISSN: 0959-2598 (ISSN-L)
1469-9036
DOI: 10.1017/s0959259810000420
OpenAlex: W1992046328
Semantic Scholar: 520183eefb37770d6249ca717e53d90b6e0059b0
Cited by: 1,761
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 161 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 14.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (publishedVersion)
Funders: Vanderbilt University
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Keywords: resilience, conceptual analysis, life course, lifespan development, stress and trauma, adaptation, bouncing back, adversity, healthy aging, loss, cognitive decline, developmental psychology, interdisciplinary perspectives

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