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What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.
Abstract
Summary: The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. This paper analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity. Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary. A large proportion of resilience research is routed within the discipline of developmental psychology, and has mainly been developed with children and adolescents. A major contribution to resilience research could be made through more multi-disciplinary studies that examine the dynamics of resilience across the lifespan, its role in healthy ageing and in managing loss, such as changes in cognitive functioning.
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“In addition to general trait resilience, several individual difference variables are known to facilitate positive adaptation to stressors and adversity, and these are often referred to as resiliency factors (Windle, 2011; Pangallo et al., 2015).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“Second, the resilience literature further suggests that these factors may also moderate the effects of a stressor on well-being, as they promote positive adaptation to adversity (Windle, 2011; Kalisch et al., 2017).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“First, previous research suggests a direct positive influence of trait resilience and protective and promotive resiliency factors on adaptation to stress and psychological well-being (Windle, 2011).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
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Nash, C. (2022) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe13020028 · Cited by 21
Zhang, X., Brown, A. M., & Rhubart, D. C. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-022-10151-0 · Cited by 20
“Adults vary in their degree of susceptibility to the feeling of loneliness, and such susceptibility involves a wide array of interactions between social, psychological, and individual attributes [18–20].”
BackgroundExploring the use of financial capacity as a predictor of construction company corporate performance
Tucker, G. C., Windapo, A. O., & Cattell, K. (2015) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-10-2013-0074 · Cited by 21
Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students
Yang, Y. H., Kim, E. M., Yu, M., Park, S., & Lee, H. (2015) · Korean Journal of Adult Nursing · doi:10.7475/kjan.2015.27.3.337 · Cited by 24
“선행연구에서 회복탄력성 개념에는 개인과 환경요인이 모 두 관여한다고 하였고[21], 간호대학생 대상의 회복탄력성 개 념분석 결과에서도 하위 속성이 개인특성(자기효능감, 유머, 유능감, 긍정적 정서)과 사회적 지지로 나타났다고 하였다[2].”
Schulte, E.-M., Gessnitzer, S., & Kauffeld, S. (2016) · Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-016-0321-y · Cited by 19
“Aufbauend auf Studien und Erkenntnissen, insbesondere aus der Entwicklungspsychologie (z. B. Windle 2011), wurde jedoch in den letzten Jahren resilientes Verhalten als eigenständiger Faktor des positiven organisationalen Verhaltens etabliert (z. B. Luthans 2002, 2007).”
White, C. A., Slater, M. J., Turner, M. J., & Barker, J. B. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12385 · Cited by 21
“Moreover, researchers have also emphasized the importance of external elements, including social support, and socio-economic and environmental factors (Bonanno, 2004; Rutter, 1985; Southwick et al., 2014; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundDonisi, V., Gajofatto, A., Mazzi, M. A., Gobbin, F., Busch, I. M., Ghellere, A., & Rimondini, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.588275 · Cited by 18
“, resilience (53)] such as the COVID-19 experience.”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the adult resilience indicator
Kotzé, M., & Nel, P. (2013) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1132 · Cited by 22
“However, others define resilience by including internal and external protective factors (such as family support) that might facilitate a resilient outcome (Visser, 2007; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1580929 · Cited by 32
“Resilience, vital in education for understanding how students navigate academic adversity (Beltman and Mansfield, 2018; Masten, 2001; Windle, 2011), is conceptualized not as a fixed trait but as a dynamic process of adapting, recovering, and thriving despite significant challenges (Aburn et al.,…”
Exploring resilience processes of Filipino migrant domestic workers: A multisystemic approach
Garabiles, M. R., Mayawati, E. H., & Hall, B. J. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22820 · Cited by 20
Five Years after the Fort McMurray Wildfire: Prevalence and Correlates of Low Resilience
Adu, M. K., Eboreime, E., Shalaby, R., Sapara, A. O., Agyapong, B., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Mao, W., Owusu, E., Oluwasina, F., Pazderka, H., et al. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12040096 · Cited by 17
“Theoretically, there are divergent views on whether resilience is conceptualized as a personality trait or as a process [23,24].”
BackgroundChildhood neglect and academic performance in Chinese adolescents: A serial mediation model
Bai, B., Wang, Z., & Zhang, R. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105642 · Cited by 17
Reinecke, L., & Kreling, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2022.991458 · Cited by 20
“…in the general ability to “bounce back” from adversity (Chmitorz et al., 2018), this line of research has identified a number of protective and promotive resilience factors, such as social support or selfefficacy, that facilitate positive adaption to adversity (Windle, 2011; Pangallo et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWister, A., Li, L., Whitmore, C., Ferris, J. K., Klasa, K., & Linkov, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.896312 · Cited by 20
“This has led to interest in understanding one’s ability and resources needed to cope with and navigate stress-inducing experiences—termed resilience (4, 5).”
BackgroundStenroth, S. M., Pynnönen, K., Haapanen, M. J., Vuoskoski, P., Mikkola, T. M., Eriksson, J. G., & von Bonsdorff, M. B. (2023) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105119 · Cited by 17
“Resilience, i.e. coping with adversity, can be described as a capacity to thrive or “ bounce back ” and adapt positively regardless of an adverse event (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodNesbitt, A. E., Sabiston, C. M., deJonge, M. L., Barbic, S. P., Kozloff, N., & Nalder, E. J. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05158-0 · Cited by 24
“Variable-centred approaches often use quantitative designs to investigate the link between risk and protective factors to adaptive outcomes, as well as targetable mechanisms that may buffer the impact of risks / adversity on one’s health and development [18, 112, 115].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYao, L., Liang, K., Huang, L., Xiao, J., Zhou, K., Chen, S., & Chi, X. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16152470 · Cited by 21
“Meanwhile, as a positive psychological resource and even a dynamic process, resilience is seen to be influenced by multiple environmental and behavioral factors [19,20].”
BackgroundStrengthening personal and family resilience: a literature review for the leprosy context
Noordende, A. T. V. ‘., Kuipers, P., & Pereira, Z. B. D. S. (2019) · Leprosy Review · doi:10.47276/lr.90.1.88 · Cited by 17
Bordin, I. A., Handegård, B. H., Paula, C. S., Duarte, C. S., & Rønning, J. A. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02143-4 · Cited by 17
Predictors of resilience among adolescent disaster survivors: A path analysis
Laksmita, O. D., Chung, M., Liao, Y., Haase, J. E., & Chang, P. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14396 · Cited by 18
Cheung, K., Sit, P., Zheng, J., Lam, C., Mak, S., & Ieong, M. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12715 · Cited by 25
Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
Minnett, K., & Stephenson, Z. (2024) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-024-00159-8 · Cited by 16
“It is receiving increased interest from policy makers in relation to its impact on health, well-being, and quality of life (Windle, 2010).”
InfluentialGebhard, D., Neumann, J., Wimmer, M., & Mess, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19073836 · Cited by 18
“Resilience is a process of effectively negotiating, adapting to or managing significant sources of stress or trauma [20].”
BackgroundKarademas, E. C., Simos, P. G., Pat‐Horenczyk, R., Roziner, I., Mazzocco, K., Sousa, B., STAMATAKOS, G. S., Tsakou, G., Cardoso, F., Frasquilho, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09872-x · Cited by 16
“That is, the general ability to adapt to a difficult situation and maintain good function despite the difficulty (Johnston et al., 2015; Windle, 2011).”
Shifting attitudes towards identity, borders and geopolitical choices: The case of Moldova
Simionov, L. M. (2022) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12613 · Cited by 16
Scheffers, F., van Vugt, E., & Moonen, X. (2023) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295231184504 · Cited by 21
“Windle (2011) presented a review of various de fi nitions of resilience and concluded that resilience is the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing signi fi cant sources of stress and trauma.”
Balki, E., Hayes, N., & Holland, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2023.1184386 · Cited by 26
“…as encompassing multiple components including: a personal characteristic shaped by social contexts, a dynamic and agentic process of adapting to challenges or stressors, and an outcome that is favorable in spite of adversity or trauma (Hjemdal et al., 2006; Windle, 2011; Smith and Hayslip, 2012).”
BackgroundLeys, C., Kotsou, I., Goemanne, M., & Fossion, P. (2017) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2017.1303654 · Cited by 16
Affective enhancement of working memory is maintained in depression.
Schweizer, S., Navrady, L. B., Breakwell, L., Howard, R. M., Golden, A.-M. J., Werner‐Seidler, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000306 · Cited by 17
Resilience and well-being: a multi-country exploration of construction management students
Turner, M., Scott‐Young, C. M., & Holdsworth, S. (2019) · International Journal of Construction Management · doi:10.1080/15623599.2019.1588843 · Cited by 16
“Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate a capacity to adapt in the face of stress and adversity (Windle 2011; APA 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialResilience, mental health and urban migrants: a narrative review
Coope, J., Barrett, A., Brown, B. J., Crossley, M., Raghavan, R., & Sivakami, M. (2020) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2019-0048 · Cited by 16
Rohner, S. L., Maercker, A. R. A., Carr, A., & Thoma, M. V. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104565 · Cited by 16
Resilience Scale Psychometric Study. Adaptation to the Spanish Population in Nursing Students
Porcar, A. M. T., Monteagudo, N. C., Gea-Caballero, V., & Juárez‐Vela, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124602 · Cited by 16
“Resilience, understood to mean a process, involves the capacity for positive adaptation in the face of adversity, with dynamic aspects that can be adjusted to the situations in continuous evolution and adaptation [21].”
BackgroundFirst, J. M., Ellis, K. N., Held, M. L., & Glass, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168609 · Cited by 19
“This approach is distinct from previous disaster resilience studies which have primarily focused on measuring psychological facets or individual personality traits [58].”
ResultRedityani, N. L. P. A., & Susilawati, L. K. P. A. (2021) · Jurnal Psikologi Udayana · doi:10.24843/jpu.2021.v08.i01.p09 · Cited by 16
Allen, R. S., Dorman, H. R., Henkin, H., Carden, K. D., & Potts, D. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04555-5_1 · Cited by 19
Stability of psychological resilience of police officers: A three-wave latent class analysis
van der Meulen, E., van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M., & van der Velden, P. G. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.006 · Cited by 17
Shoshani, A. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1752778 · Cited by 22
“There is also a general consensus that there is a positive association between resilience and stability of the family environment, including emotional support from significant adults and peers in the child’s life (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundSchool Principals’ Work Intensification and Resilience: A Call for Structural Change
Pollock, K. E., Nielsen, R., & Singh, S. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy · doi:10.7202/1108429ar · Cited by 15
“…Nielsen, & Singh resilience-as-trait theorists acknowledge that some skills associated with resilience, like creative problem-solving, can be learned through mentorship, experience, or specific training (e.g., cognitive behav - ioral therapy) (Higgins, 1994; Werner & Smith, 2001; Windle, 2011).”
Choi, S.-Y., Kim, H., & Park, K.-H. (2021) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2021.07.008 · Cited by 15
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“Windle G.”
BackgroundResilience in Stroke Patients: A Concept Analysis
Yan, H.-Y., & Lin, H. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10112281 · Cited by 15
Garnett, A., Prentice, K., Booth, R. G., Donelle, L., Orange, J. B., & Webster, F. (2023) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221148880 · Cited by 17
“(neighborhood resources) 1 Magis24 and Windle18 What significant events have happened to you or your family/friends over the past year?”
BackgroundInfluential‘I have never bounced back’: resilience and living with dementia
Windle, G., Roberts, J. R., MacLeod, C. A., Algar-Skaife, K., Sullivan, M. P., Brotherhood, E., Ch, J., & Stott, J. C. H. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2196248 · Cited by 15
“Relating these core outcomes to resilience, standardised resilience measures have been developed for other populations, but most are limited in focus to the individual/psychological resources that enable resilience (Windle et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationJackson, L., Davies, S. M., Podkujko, A., Gaspar, M., Pascalis, L. D., Harrold, J. A., Fallon, V., Soulsby, L. K., & Silverio, S. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285270 · Cited by 16
“, learning new skills, are important for maintaining emotional wellbeing and ‘bouncing back’ from times of adversity [68].”
BackgroundResilience in the context of dementia family caregiver mental health: A concept analysis
Poe, A. A., Vance, D. E., Patrician, P. A., Dick, T., & Puga, F. (2023) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.06.015 · Cited by 17
From Time Wrinkling to Time Razing Disruptions: Understanding Temporal Resilience
Pérez‐Nordtvedt, L., & Harrison, D. A. (2024) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2022.0452 · Cited by 17
Dispositional optimism as predictor of outcome in short‐ and long‐term psychotherapy
Heinonen, E., Heiskanen, T., Lindfors, O., Härkäpää, K., & Knekt, P. (2016) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12109 · Cited by 15
“This interpretationwould also fitwith the finding from a number of studies that optimists tend to be more resilient (Alarcon et al., 2013), that is having the capacity to adapt to and ‘bounce back’ from adversities (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2015; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundResilience in Wives of persons with Alcoholism: An Indian exploration
Ashok, M. V., Johnson, P. R., Britto, C., Sudevan, K. J., Bosco, A., & Sreedaran, P. (2018) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_271_14 · Cited by 15
“Some of the important consequences of Resilience such as integration, personal control, psychological adjustment, personal growth, and effective coping have emerged in the literature.[47]”
BackgroundGerson, M. W. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.93030 · Cited by 19
“Basically, it refers to doing better than expected in the context of significant adversity or trauma (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundFerguson‐Coleman, E., Johnston, A., Young, A. M., Brown, F., Croix, R. D. S., & Redfern, P. (2018) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301218798993 · Cited by 15
“Assets and resources that are within the individual, within their lives and their environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation or ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity (Windle, 2011, p. 163).”
BackgroundRoper, L., Donnellan, W. J., Hanratty, B., & Bennett, K. M. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1484886 · Cited by 15
“(Windle, 2011; p. 163) Multiple criteria have been used to classify people as resilient or not, most notably widowers, which removes the reliance on proxy measures and identifies resilient individuals and the characteristics that contribute to resilience (Bennett, 2010; Moore & Stratton, 2003).”
BackgroundTaking a Partnered Approach to Managing Academic Stress: An Undergraduate Study
Turner, M., & Simmons, D. R. (2019) · International Journal of Construction Education and Research · doi:10.1080/15578771.2019.1619637 · Cited by 15
Margaça, C., García, J. C. S., & Sánchez, B. H. (2019) · Advances in religious and cultural studies (ARCS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1802-1.ch001 · Cited by 15
Gratitude and Its Relationship to Resilience and Academic Performance among University Students
Zainoodin, N. N., Hutasuhut, I. J., Bakar, M. A. A., & Wardhani, N. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development · doi:10.33736/jcshd.3808.2021 · Cited by 21
“In the educational context, resilience is the skill to succeed academically despite tricky situations (Surtherland, 2005; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundAlbaum, C. S., Chan, V., Sellitto, T., Vashi, N., Hastings, R. P., & Weiss, J. A. (2021) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2021.08.003 · Cited by 20
Roslan, N. S., Yusoff, M. S. B., Morgan, K., Razak, A. A., & Shauki, N. I. A. (2022) · Education in Medicine Journal · doi:10.21315/eimj2022.14.1.9 · Cited by 18
“Resilience originated from the Latin word "resilire", which means to leap back, rebound, or recoil (11,12).”
BackgroundExamining resilience of individuals living with sickle cell disease in the COVID-19 pandemic
Buscetta, A. J., Abdallah, K. E., Floyd, K. J., Wossenseged, F., Conn, C. A. I., Ramirez, H. C., & Bonham, V. L. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00862-0 · Cited by 15
“Despite the overall decline in resilience over time, the level of resilience that remained during the pandemic was psychosocially protective, defined as “assets and resources within the individual, their life, and environment that facilitate the capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity” [38…”
Azizi, A. A., Shamim, A. G., & Mosayebian, M. E. (2022) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2022.100978 · Cited by 15
Edwards, T., Chowdhury, R., Laylor, A., Parada, H., & King, B. (2023) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2023.2173565 · Cited by 15
“Resilience is understood as the ability to effectively negotiate, navigate, or manage substantial adversity or trauma (Windle, 2011).”
Zhang, F., Ho, Y. W., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2015) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2014.0620 · Cited by 18
“As abovementioned, numerous studies have consistently shown that older adults displayed a higher level of resilience than did younger adults [5 6, 7, 8], in terms of better emotion regulation [31], more mature coping strategy [32] , and richer prior experience of trauma and stress [33].”
ResultControlling the Uncontrollable: Perceptions of Balance in People With Parkinson Disease
Johansson, H., Franzén, E., Roaldsen, K. S., Hagströmer, M., & Leavy, B. (2019) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzz117 · Cited by 15
Corman, M., Dambrun, M., Ginzac, A., & Ménard, K. (2025) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-025-01719-0 · Cited by 27
“The definition of resilience by Windle [28] seems particularly appropriate in the palliative care setting.”
The Flourishing Footballers programme: Using psycho-education to develop resilience through ACT
Gervis, M., & Goldman, A. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.004 · Cited by 14
Davies, L., Randle‐Phillips, C., Russell, A., & Delaney, C. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12844 · Cited by 14
Exploring carer resilience in the context of dementia: a meta-synthesis
Kim, E. Y., & Chang, S. O. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03516-3 · Cited by 14
“In addition, it refers to an individual’s distinctive abilities and characteristics as they cope with adversity [13, 14], the dynamic process of positively adapting through adversity [15, 16], and the personal growth engendered by overcoming adversity that leads to significant development as a carer [17, 18].”
BackgroundResultResilience characterized and quantified from physical activity data: A tutorial in R
Baretta, D., Koch, S., Cobo, I., Castaño‐Vinyals, G., de Cid, R., Carreras, A., Buekers, J., García‐Aymerich, J., Inauen, J., & Chevance, G. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102361 · Cited by 14
Lu, A. K.-M., Hsieh, S., Yang, C., Wang, X., & Lin, S.-H. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.1046700 · Cited by 15
“First, resilience may dynamically change during development and time since exposure (Windle, 2011; Stainton et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHealth geographies II: Resilience, health and place
Wiles, J. L. (2023) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/03091325231166398 · Cited by 16
“The resilience of individuals, groups and systems is shaped by (and shapes) the ability to access, engage and deploy resources (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundErol, E., Akcan, G., & Kose, O. (2023) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100345 · Cited by 14
Gumiandari, S., Madjid, A., Nafi’a, I., Safii, S., & Hidayat, A. (2022) · Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam · doi:10.22452/afkar.sp2022.no1.10 · Cited by 14
The experience of being protected
Sherwood‐Johnson, F., Cross, B., & Daniel, B. M. (2013) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-06-2012-0012 · Cited by 14
Coping but not allowing the coping to be everything: Resilience in informal dementia care
Jones, S. M., Mioshi, E., & Killett, A. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12732 · Cited by 16
Profiles of adversity and resilience resources: A latent class analysis of two samples
Lines, R. L. J., Crane, M. F., Ducker, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C., Fletcher, D., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12397 · Cited by 19
Natural Disasters and Pregnancy: Population-Level Stressors and Interventions
King, S., Matvienko‐Sikar, K., & Laplante, D. P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60159-1_18 · Cited by 16
Rapid Adaptation and Remote Delivery of Undergraduate Research Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Yowler, J. Y., Knier, K., WareJoncas, Z., Ehlers, S. L., Ekker, S. C., Reyes, F. G., Horazdovsky, B. F., Mueller, G., Gomez, A. M. M., Sood, A., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116133 · Cited by 14
“Key to facilitation of wellbeing was a focus upon building resilience, defined as the ability to adapt or bounce back in the face of stress or trauma [20].”
BackgroundVo, T. D. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.2021-0016 · Cited by 17
Ferrandez, S., Soubelet, A., & Vankenhove, L. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3096 · Cited by 14
Resilience in deaf children: A comprehensive literature review and applications for school staff
Freitas, E., Simões, C., Santos, A. C., & Mineiro, A. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22730 · Cited by 21
Pandemic Stories: The Voices of Older Adults
Hayden, L., Warren-Norton, K., Chaze, F., & Roberts, R. (2022) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980822000113 · Cited by 14
“Windle (2011) conducted a review of resilience among older populations, and defines resilience as a process, the “process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma” (p. 12).”
BackgroundMasuyama, A., Kubo, T., Shinkawa, H., & Sugawara, D. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13687 · Cited by 14
“Psychological resilience refers to “the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma” (Windle, 2011), and includes various psychological and social factors.”
BackgroundThe Resilience Questionnaire for Bipolar Disorder: Development and validation
Echezarraga, A., Hayas, C. L., González-Pinto, A. M., & Jones, S. H. (2017) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.010 · Cited by 14
“…that resilience is a dynamic process encompassing multidimensional factors (e.g. psychological, environmental and biological factors) that includes other attributes (e.g., self-esteem, self-efficacy, competence, hope, selfdetermination, and pro-social attitude) apart from coping (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundMoeke‐Maxwell, T., Wharemate, R., Black, S., Mason, K. R., Wiles, J. L., & Gott, M. (2018) · International Journal of Indigenous Health · doi:10.32799/ijih.v13i2.29749 · Cited by 14
Lee, S., Chung, N., & Choi, J. Y. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01487-w · Cited by 15
Positionspapier der Österreichische Alzheimer Gesellschaft (ÖAG)
Defrancesco, M., Bancher, C., Dal‐Bianco, P., Hinterhuber, H., Schmidt, R., Struhal, W., Ransmayr, G. N., Stögmann, E., & Marksteiner, J. (2020) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-020-00363-9 · Cited by 15
Yoon, S., Kim, S., Cho, S., & Choi, H. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100838 · Cited by 13
Torfing, J., Bentzen, T. Ø., Caponio, T., Coroado, S. D., Douglas, S., Nõmmik, S., Рандма-Лийв, Т., Russo, C., Sørensen, E., & Verhoest, K. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70011 · Cited by 32
García-Parra, M., Bennásar, F. N., & Gelabert, S. V. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11090464 · Cited by 13
“led to inconsistencies in concepts linked to resilience itself [2].”
BackgroundGelaude, D., & Denson, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.2005998 · Cited by 13
“Resiliency theory derives from developmental psychology (Fergus & Zimmerman, 2005; Windle, 2011) and posits a strengths-based understanding of how individuals overcome risk and adversity.”
BackgroundLi, S., Cui, G., Yin, Y., Tang, K., Chen, L., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.857246 · Cited by 17
“Meanwhile, resilience is seen as a dynamic process and is influenced by many environmental and behavioral factors (36).”
BackgroundAssociation between resilience and frailty among Chinese older adults
Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, J., Chen, H., & Gao, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.948958 · Cited by 16
Lived Experiences of Female Nurses with COVID-19 Deaths on Their Watch
Alwesmi, M. B., Dator, W. L., & Karavasileiadou, S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12120470 · Cited by 13
Resilience in the Context of Sexual Violence: A Scoping Review
Reid, T. A., Kynn, J., Smith‐Darden, J. P., & McCauley, H. L. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00571-1 · Cited by 13
Katsumata, S., Nishimoto, A., & Kannan, P. K. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103453 · Cited by 15
Low, X. Q., & Chong, S.-L. (2023) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-023-09467-2 · Cited by 12
“However, Windle (2011) viewed resilience as a process of effectively coping with the sources of stress, whereby an individual’s assets and environmental resources help to enhance his or her ability to adapt after experiencing hardships.”
Parpottas, P., Vogazianos, P., & Pezirkianidis, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21010022 · Cited by 16
“This interest arises from the fact that higher levels of resilience tend to be associated with positive long-term outcomes for general health, which in turn leads to increased adaptability and LS [25].”
BackgroundThe role of psychological resilience and aggression in injury prevention among martial arts athletes
Patenteu, I., Gawrych, R., Bratu, M., VASILE, L. M., Makarowski, R., Bitang, A., & Nica, S. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433835 · Cited by 28
“Resilience helps athletes thrive when dealing with adversities (Gonzalez-Mendez et al., 2023) and plays an important role in the injury rehabilitation process (Codonhato et al., 2018), being characterized by optimism, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and sense of control (Bonnano, 2004; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundDu, C., Katz, B., Li, M., Pernice, F. M., Rickertsen, K., Гу, Ф., Hori, K., Ding, X., & Xu, H. (2024) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbae197 · Cited by 17
Ferraz, A., Faria, S., Jerónimo, M., & Pereira, M. G. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17030338 · Cited by 14
“However, the ability to be resilient changes throughout life and in the presence of a stressor event [46], with some families still struggling with resilience challenges [47].”
Cuthill, F. M. (2017) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-016-0025-y · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Windle, G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Windle, Gill
- ORCID
- Windle, Gill
- Venue
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-21
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 152-169
- ISSN
- 0959-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9036
- OpenAlex
- W1992046328
- Semantic Scholar
- 520183eefb37770d6249ca717e53d90b6e0059b0
- Cited by
- 1,761
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 14.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, conceptual analysis, life course, lifespan development, stress and trauma, adaptation, bouncing back, adversity, healthy aging, loss, cognitive decline, developmental psychology, interdisciplinary perspectives
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