Cited by 1,761Resilience and Mental HealthHealth, psychology, and well-beingOptimism, Hope, and Well-being

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What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.

Windle, Gill·2011·Reviews in Clinical Gerontology

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Abstract

Summary: The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. This paper analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity. Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary. A large proportion of resilience research is routed within the discipline of developmental psychology, and has mainly been developed with children and adolescents. A major contribution to resilience research could be made through more multi-disciplinary studies that examine the dynamics of resilience across the lifespan, its role in healthy ageing and in managing loss, such as changes in cognitive functioning.

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Background
Understanding resilience in young people with complex mental health needs: A Delphi study
Thompson, E.-G., Knowles, S. F., & Greasley, P. (2018) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104518794789 · Cited by 11
“Table 1 Table 2 The results suggest that the panel of clinical psychologists appears to see resilience as a dynamic process for this population, rather than a stable developmental trait (Windle, 2011; South et al, 2016).”
Background
Effects of a regional school-based mindfulness programme on students’ levels of Wellbeing and resiliency
Nelson, L., Roots, K., Dunn, T. J., Rees, A., Hull, D. D., & Gordon, W. V. (2021) · International Journal of Spa and Wellness · doi:10.1080/24721735.2021.1909865 · Cited by 11
“In conjunction with seeking to refine treatment approaches tomental health problems in youngpeople, there is growing awarenessof thebenefits of cultivating resiliency andprotective traits (Schonert-Reichl & Lawlor, 2010; Windle, 2011).”
Background
Resilience of patients with coronary heart diseases in Jordan: A cross-sectional study
Ali, N. M. A., & Ramamneh, I. S. A. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.12.003 · Cited by 11
Integration of Negativity, Powerlessness and the Role of the Mediopassive: Resilience Factors and Mechanisms in the Perspective of Religion and Spirituality
Richter, C. (2021) · Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society · doi:10.30965/23642807-bja10027 · Cited by 11
The relationship between protective factors and common mental disorders among female urban slum dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria
Sekoni, O. O., Mall, S., & Christofides, N. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263703 · Cited by 16
Low resilience following traumatic brain injury is strongly associated with poor neurobehavioral functioning in U.S. military service members and veterans
Merritt, V. C., Brickell, T. A., Bailie, J. M., Hungerford, L. D., Lippa, S. M., French, L. M., & Lange, R. T. (2022) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2022.2034183 · Cited by 12
“From a clinical standpoint, an important distinction that has been made in the literature is whether resilience should be regarded as a trait – suggesting that resilience is stable or fixed, or a process – suggesting that resilience is dynamic and modifiable (21,65).”
Background
Resilience in People with Lewy Body Disorders and Their Care Partners: Association with Mental Health, Relationship Satisfaction, and Care Burden
Vatter, S., & Leroi, I. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020148 · Cited by 11
“One of these protective factors may be psychological resilience, broadly defined as the capacity to bounce back from adversity [6], maintain psychological health, and adapt and grow in the context of adversity [7,8].”
Background
Examining the contribution of psychological resilience on self-reported and naturalistic driving behavior of older adults
Louis, R. M. S., Koppel, S., Molnar, L. J., Stefano, M. D., Darzins, P. J., Porter, M. M., Bédard, M., Mullen, N. W., Myers, A., Marshall, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2022.06.001 · Cited by 11
Does resilience predict hospital length of stay after total knee arthroplasty? A prospective observational cohort study
March, M. K., Harmer, A. R., Thomas, B., Maitland, A. E., Black, D. A., & Dennis, S. M. (2022) · Arthroplasty · doi:10.1186/s42836-022-00128-5 · Cited by 11
“Windle [1] identified the three essential ideas within resilience: the presence of significant adversity, resources to offset the effects of adversity, and Open Access Arthroplasty”
Background
A review of frailty instruments in human medicine and proposal of a frailty instrument for dogs
Melvin, R. L., Ruple, A., Pearson, E. B., Olby, N. J., Fitzpatrick, A. L., & Creevy, K. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1139308 · Cited by 11
“Owners’ assessments of their dogs’ health-related quality of life (HRQL) have been shown to be heavily influenced by age itself, rather than survivability (79), and perception of poor HRQL could also promote the owner’s choice to euthanize (17, 18, 42, 80).”
BackgroundInfluential
One-year recovery rates for young people with depression and/or anxiety not receiving treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Roach, A., Sureshkumar, D. S., Elliot, K., Hidalgo-Padilla, L., van Loggerenberg, F., Hounsell, L., Jakaite, Z., Esnal, F., Donaghy, J., Bird, V., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072093 · Cited by 11
Fostering resilience later in life: a narrative approach involving people facing disabling circumstances, carers and members of minority groups
Ottmann, G., & Maragoudaki, M. (2014) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x14000828 · Cited by 11
Aspects related to Resilience in People with Spinal Cord Injury
Rasa, A. R., Hosseini, S. A., Haghgoo, H. A., Khankeh, H. R., Khankeh, H. R., & Ray, G. G. (2016) · فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی توانبخشی · doi:10.21859/jrehab-1704350 · Cited by 11
Resilience as a Psychopathological Construct for Psychiatric Disorders
Shrivastava, A., Sousa, A. D., & Lodha, P. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_23 · Cited by 11
Does resilience help sustain relationships in the face of interpersonal transgressions?
Halilova, J. G., Struthers, C. W., Guilfoyle, J. R., Shoikhedbrod, A., van Monsjou, E., & George, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109928 · Cited by 11
Emotion Regulation Skills and Self-Control as Predictors of Resilience in Teachers Candidates
SAĞAR, M. E. (2021) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v14n6p103 · Cited by 11
“When different definitions in the literature are examined, resilience; it is seen that it is addressed as being able to protect psychological health against negative life situations and stress, to be able to adapt, to be functional, to be able to cope, to be optimistic and to get positive experiences from negativities…”
Background
Characterizations of Resilience in Poststroke Aphasia
Pompon, R. H., & Mach, H. (2022) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000285 · Cited by 11
“Successfully navigating change is central to the definition of resilience, though this definition has evolved with time: the positive adaptation to or management of substantial psychological stress (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2013; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Trait resilience moderates the longitudinal linkage between adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and posttraumatic growth
Ying, L., Wang, Y., Lin, C., & Chen, C. (2016) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034316632868 · Cited by 12
Contributors to mental health resilience in middle-aged and older adults: an analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Hopper, S., Best, J. R., Wister, A., & Cosco, T. D. (2023) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610223000224 · Cited by 11
“Resilience refers to positive adaptation when faced with adversity (Cosco et al ., 2018a), or in other words ‘ bouncing back ’ from adversity (Windle, 2011).”
Lombok Teachers and Principals Building Resilience in Facing Earthquakes and Covid-19 Pandemic
Universitas Pelita Harapan, I., Harahap, S., Hermanu, D. H., Sugiharti, T., & Ruslaini, R. (2022) · Education Quarterly Reviews · doi:10.31014/aior.1993.05.02.477 · Cited by 10
Validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28) Among Spanish Youth
Garde, R. A., Torres, M. C. G., Vicente, J. M. M., Sánchez, F. J. P., & de la Fuente, J. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09713 · Cited by 14
Characteristics of mental health stability during COVID-19: An online survey with people residing in a city region of the North West of England
Gomez, K. U., Corcoran, R., Ring, A., Hassan, S. M., Abba, K., Downing, J., Goodall, M., Gabbay, M., Clarke, P., Moran, P., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266153 · Cited by 11
“This framework (Fig 1) recognises that resilience operates interactively in context at individual, community, and societal levels [13, 19].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
How Interpersonal Sensitivity Affects Depression Under the COVID-19 Lockdown Among College Students in South China: A Moderated Mediation Model
Zhang, Y., & Sun, Q. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s407430 · Cited by 9
“From the processing perspective, resilience is viewed as a “dynamic process” in which individuals use their resources to resist and thus maintain the ability to adapt and recover easily.(25) In terms of results, resilience is also viewed as the strength to achieve functional recovery, positive behavioural outcomes, an…”
Background
Does mental toughness predict happiness over and above resilience, self-efficacy and grit?
Clair‐Thompson, H. S., & London, J. (2024) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101093 · Cited by 10
A Web-Based Resilience-Enhancing Program to Improve Resilience, Physical Activity, and Well-being in Geriatric Population: Randomized Controlled Trial
Wu, Y.-C., Shen, S.-F., Chen, L., & Tung, H. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/53450 · Cited by 12
“…along with control belief, the ability to manage unexpected situations and facilitate cognitive strategies to lessen the negative consequences of adversity, and manageability, the ability to access sufficient resources to deal with adversity, are 3 key components in enhancing resilience [22-25].”
Social Resilience: A Critical Synopsis of Definitions
Qamar, A. H. (2024) · Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.14267/cjssp.2024.1.6 · Cited by 12
Exploring psychological recovery and coping mechanisms: post-flood mental health and resilience of women in Punjab, Pakistan
Ahmad, M. S., Shah, R., Khan, S., Kizi, J. S. M., Fatima, T., & Malik, A. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-00799-5 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, one may examine the characteristics that contribute to resilience in terms of individual-level “assets” [37].”
Physical exercise and children’s resilience: mediating roles of self-efficacy and emotional intelligence
Jiang, C., Wang, K., & Qin, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1491262 · Cited by 20
“It is an important positive psychological quality (Davydov et al., 2010; Windle, 2011).”
Caregiver resilience in palliative care: a research protocol
Limardi, S., Stievano, A., Rocco, G., Vellone, E., & Alvaro, R. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12829 · Cited by 11
Social change and birth cohorts decreased resilience among college students in China: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 2007–2020
Zhang, Z., Wan, R., & Ma, J. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111716 · Cited by 10
Exploring variables affecting sense of coherence and social support in recovery after colorectal cancer surgery among the oldest old
Eriksen, K. S., Lode, K., Husebø, S. E., & Kørner, H. (2022) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.06.008 · Cited by 10
Investigating the Link Between IADL and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Serial Mediation Model
Ng, W. Q., & Yang, H. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2130847 · Cited by 11
Assessing psychological resilience: translation and validation of the Chinese version of the resilience evaluation scale (RES)
Qing, Y., Bakker, A., van der Meer, C. A. I., Brake, H. T., & Olff, M. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2133358 · Cited by 10
“Such issues have led the resilience field to be criticised as ‘poorly operationalised and loosely conceptualised’ (Bolton et al., 2015), leading to ambiguous results in research and challenges to inform policy and practice (Denckla et al., 2020; Windle, 2011).”
Background
Everything matters: The importance of shared understanding to holistically support the psycho-social needs of academy footballers
Green, K., Devaney, D. J., Carré, G., Hepton, A., Wood, R., Thurston, C., & Law, D. (2020) · Sport & Exercise Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpssepr.2020.16.1.61 · Cited by 10
The Feasibility and Benefits of a Virtual Yoga Practice for Stroke Survivors With Aphasia
Bislick, L., Dietz, A. R., Duncan, E. S., & Cornelius, K. (2023) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00269 · Cited by 10
Growing resilience capacity for learners presenting with specific learning disability in learners with special education needs schools
Mawila-Chauke, D. (2023) · African Journal of Disability · doi:10.4102/ajod.v12i0.1045 · Cited by 10
Creative Adaptability: A Measurable Personal Resource
Orkibi, H. (2023) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2023.2223448 · Cited by 8
“…situated within the context of exposure to adversity (Luthar & Cicchetti, 2000) and involves the ability to bounce back to a previous condition (Windle, 2006) rather than involving a new response to a situation that may be perceived by the individual as positive (e.g., promotion, relocation,…”

Authors: Windle, G.
Affiliations: Bangor University (GB)
Corresponding author: Windle, Gill
ORCID: Windle, Gill
Venue: Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2010-12-21
Volume: 21
Issue: 2
Pages: 152-169
ISSN: 0959-2598 (ISSN-L)
1469-9036
DOI: 10.1017/s0959259810000420
OpenAlex: W1992046328
Semantic Scholar: 520183eefb37770d6249ca717e53d90b6e0059b0
Cited by: 1,761
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 161 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 14.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (publishedVersion)
Funders: Vanderbilt University
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Keywords: resilience, conceptual analysis, life course, lifespan development, stress and trauma, adaptation, bouncing back, adversity, healthy aging, loss, cognitive decline, developmental psychology, interdisciplinary perspectives

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