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What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.
Abstract
Summary: The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. This paper analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity. Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary. A large proportion of resilience research is routed within the discipline of developmental psychology, and has mainly been developed with children and adolescents. A major contribution to resilience research could be made through more multi-disciplinary studies that examine the dynamics of resilience across the lifespan, its role in healthy ageing and in managing loss, such as changes in cognitive functioning.
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“In addition to general trait resilience, several individual difference variables are known to facilitate positive adaptation to stressors and adversity, and these are often referred to as resiliency factors (Windle, 2011; Pangallo et al., 2015).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“Second, the resilience literature further suggests that these factors may also moderate the effects of a stressor on well-being, as they promote positive adaptation to adversity (Windle, 2011; Kalisch et al., 2017).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“First, previous research suggests a direct positive influence of trait resilience and protective and promotive resiliency factors on adaptation to stress and psychological well-being (Windle, 2011).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
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Psychological Resilience: A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124 · Cited by 2,547
A methodological review of resilience measurement scales
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Self-citationBéné, C. (2020) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01076-1 · Cited by 1,069
“Many definitions of resilience exist in the literature across the different domains where resilience is being used (see e.g. Windle 2011; Patel et al. 2017; Béné and Doyen 2018; Barasa et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMethodResilience and mental health: how multisystemic processes contribute to positive outcomes
Ungar, M., & Theron, L. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30434-1 · Cited by 986
Resilience in Development and Psychopathology: Multisystem Perspectives
Masten, A. S., Lucke, C. M., Nelson, K. M., & Stallworthy, I. C. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307 · Cited by 794
Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review
Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12120 · Cited by 729
“Turning to psychological resilience, numerous definitions have been proposed in the research literature (see Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundA conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400082x · Cited by 669
“(Windle 2011)”
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What is resilience? An integrative review of the empirical literature.
Aburn, G., Gott, M., & Hoare, K. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12888 · Cited by 639
Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors
Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.901551 · Cited by 724
“…present discussion, we contended that examining the interplay between stressors and protective factors is essential since it focusses the analytical lens on the processes underlying adaptation or vulnerability (see also Luthar & Zelazo, 2003; Naglieri & LeBuffe, 2005; Rutter, 2006; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDray, J., Bowman, J., Campbell, E., Freund, M., Wolfenden, L., Hodder, R. K., McElwaine, K., Tremain, D., Bartlem, K., Bailey, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.780 · Cited by 566
“In recent decades, there has been a shift in the focus of mental health research from risk and psychopathology to the promotion of positive outcomes such as resilience.(6) Although much variation exists in the operationalization of resilience,(7) researchers commonly refer to the construct as dynamic(8) and multifacto…”
BackgroundTowards a Transversal Definition of Psychological Resilience: A Literature Review
Sisto, A., Vicinanza, F., Campanozzi, L. L., Ricci, G., Tartaglini, D., & Tambone, V. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55110745 · Cited by 547
“Masten [154]; Rutter [155]; Werner [156]; Windle [124] Ungar [73] I defined resilience as the capacity of both individuals and their environments to interact in ways that optimize developmental processes.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12079 · Cited by 620
“whereby one regains or sustains relatively stable, healthy levels of psychological and physical 184 functioning, or experiences positive adaptation following exposure to significant adversity 185 (Masten, 2011; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundResilience and why it matters for farm management
Darnhofer, I. (2014) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbu012 · Cited by 428
“4 between a person and his or her social and physical context, as well as being influenced by a range of cognitive and emotional factors (Brown and Westaway, 2011; Windle, 2011; Fletcher and Sarkar, 2013).”
BackgroundResilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: A systematic review
Li, Z.-S., & Hasson, F. (2020) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104440 · Cited by 416
Leppin, A. L., Bora, P. R., Tilburt, J. C., Gionfriddo, M. R., Zeballos-Palacios, C., Dulohery, M. M., Sood, A., Erwin, P. J., Brito, J. P., Boehmer, K. R., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111420 · Cited by 405
“[2 2 ] S a h le r, 2 0 1 3 M u lt ip le ac ad e m ic ce n te rs , U SA M o th e rs o f ch ild re n re ce n tl y d ia g n o se d w it h ca n ce r; m e an ag e 3 7 ; 4 3 % w h it e ,”
Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals
Kunzler, A. M., Helmreich, I., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012527.pub2 · Cited by 390
Garcia-Dia, M. J., DiNapoli, J. M., Garcia-Ona, L., Jakubowski, R. M., & O’Flaherty, D. (2013) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2013.07.003 · Cited by 314
Resilience as a multimodal dynamic process
Stainton, A., Chisholm, K., Kaiser, N., Rosen, M., Upthegrove, R., Ruhrmann, S., & Wood, S. J. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12726 · Cited by 289
“Present definitions converge around three main factors: first, the presence of an adversity or specific risk for the development of mental illness; second, the influence of protective factors that supersede this risk; and finally, a more positive outcome than might be expected in the context of such a risk (Fletcher &…”
BackgroundHealthy ageing, resilience and wellbeing
Cosco, T. D., Howse, K., & Brayne, C. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796017000324 · Cited by 321
“This framework aligns closely with the ‘wellbeing paradox’ (Windle, 2011, 2012), which demonstrates that as individuals grow older they may experience higher levels of wellbeing than in previous decades.”
BackgroundResilience through the lens of interactionism: a systematic review.
Pangallo, A., Zibarras, L., Lewis, R., & Flaxman, P. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000024 · Cited by 261
“The second review by Windle et al. (2011) used such stringent assessment criteria that no one measure suitably met 50% of the quality assessment criteria.”
InfluentialFatoki, O. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10072527 · Cited by 308
“It is the ability of an individual to move on with life after adversity or hardship [27].”
BackgroundLomas, T., Medina, J. C., Ivtzan, I., Rupprecht, S., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1519588 · Cited by 236
“Resilience can be defined as ‘the ability to “bounce back” from adversity and go on with life’ (Windle, 2011, p. 155).”
BackgroundGalli, N. A., & Gonzalez, S. P. (2014) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2014.946947 · Cited by 251
“Although individuals’ personal qualities are likely an important part of resilience, the social and environmental context in which they live seems to be at least as important (e.g. Bonanno & Diminich, 2013; Vanderbilt-Adriance & Shaw, 2008; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBermes, A. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102555 · Cited by 264
“Such adversity not only comprises major disasters (Windle, 2011) but also modest disruptions embedded in consumers’ everyday lives (Moschis, 2007), such as manifold digital stressors (Weinstein and Selman, 2016).”
BackgroundXie, X., Wu, Y., Palacios‐Marqués, D., & Navarrete, S. R. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121548 · Cited by 234
Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life
Laird, K. T., Krause, B., Funes, C., & Lavretsky, H. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0424-7 · Cited by 229
Comprehensive meta-analysis of resilience interventions
Liu, J. J. W., Ein, N., Gervasio, J., Battaion, M., Reed, M. J., & Vickers, K. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101919 · Cited by 259
Psychological interventions for resilience enhancement in adults
Helmreich, I., Kunzler, A., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012527 · Cited by 223
Chang, C., Dong, D., He, J., Zhong, X. B., & Yao, S. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.018 · Cited by 227
Humor and Resiliency: Towards a Process Model of Coping and Growth
Kuiper, N. A. (2012) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i3.464 · Cited by 214
Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being
Eden, A. L., Johnson, B. K., Reinecke, L., & Grady, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577639 · Cited by 204
“First, previous research suggests a direct positive influence of trait resilience and protective and promotive resiliency factors on adaptation to stress and psychological well-being (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialAhmed, A. E., Ucbasaran, D., Cacciotti, G., & Williams, T. A. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587211046542 · Cited by 252
“While inconsistently defined and applied in entrepreneurship, psychological resilience has been nearly universally described as the process of adjusting and maintaining functioning in the face of stressful events in psychology (Bonanno, 2004; Williams et al., 2017; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialElshahat, S., Moffat, T., & Newbold, K. B. (2021) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01313-5 · Cited by 203
“A broader definition for resilience includes the structural and wider community protective factors and processes/mechanisms that contribute to favourable outcomes despite continuing stressors that place communities and individuals’ mental health and psychological well-being at risk [28, 29].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Wildfires on Mental Health: A Scoping Review
To, P., Eboreime, E., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11090126 · Cited by 200
“Broadly, and within a psychological context, it refers to experiencing stressors and consequently negative emotional responses but adapting to such adversity with an absence of psychiatric conditions that by definition are functionally impairing [91,92].”
BackgroundBurns, D. S., Dagnall, N., & Holt, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.582882 · Cited by 216
Building employee resilience through wellbeing in organizations
Tonkin, K., Malinen, S. K., Näswall, K., & Kuntz, J. (2018) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21306 · Cited by 233
García-León, M. Á., Pérez-Mármol, J. M., Gonzalez-Pérez, R., García-Ríos, M. D. C., & Peralta-Ramírez, M. I. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.001 · Cited by 197
A dynamic model of training transfer
Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Surface, E. A., & Olenick, J. S. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.11.004 · Cited by 244
Resilience as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review
Lee, T. Y., Cheung, C., & Kwong, W. M. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/390450 · Cited by 219
“Three waves of research on resilience have been identified and have set the path for the fourth wave which focuses on multilevel analysis and the dynamics of adaptation and change [3, 4].”
BackgroundQuantifying teacher resilience: Context matters
Ainsworth, S., & Oldfield, J. (2019) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2019.03.012 · Cited by 190
“A “protective” model, on the other hand, would include interaction effects between the predictors (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundFullerton, D. J., Zhang, L. M., & Kleitman, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246000 · Cited by 197
Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience
Staddon, C., Ward, S., Vito, L. D., Zúñiga-Terán, A. A., Gerlak, A. K., Schoeman, Y., Hart, A., & Booth, G. (2018) · Environment Systems & Decisions · doi:10.1007/s10669-018-9702-9 · Cited by 190
“From the many definitions currently in circulation (Windle 2010; Goldstein et al.”
BackgroundResilience in Organizations: An Integrative Multilevel Review and Editorial Introduction
Raetze, S., Duchek, S., Maynard, M. T., & Kirkman, B. L. (2021) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011211032129 · Cited by 226
“One group of scholars conceptualized resilience as a personality trait (e.g., Windle, 2011), often referring to hardiness (i.e., dispositional resilience), ego-resiliency, or resiliency in general (e.g., Bartone et al., 1989; Conley, Clark, Griek, & Mancini, 2016).”
BackgroundVanderWeele, T. J., Chen, Y., Long, K. N. G., Kim, E. S., Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001147 · Cited by 198
“Such factors often cannot provide insight as to why some individuals are resilient, managing to thrive even in adverse circumstances, whereas others are not.(4,5) Increasingly rigorous research has demonstrated that a range of positive social, psychological, and environmental factors powerfully affect physical and men…”
BackgroundHotels in contexts of uncertainty: Measuring organisational resilience
Melián‐Alzola, L., Monroy, M. F., & Peñate, M. H. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100747 · Cited by 213
“The concept of resilience has been described from different research areas and approaches (Doorn, 2017; Manyena, 2006; Windle, 2011), with no widely accepted unique interpretation in the literature.”
Attachment as a Core Feature of Resilience: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Darling Rasmussen, P., Storebø, O. J., Løkkeholt, T., Voss, L. G., Shmueli-Goetz, Y., Bojesen, A. B., Simonsen, E., & Bilenberg, N. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118785577 · Cited by 167
“Moreover, theories of resilience taken as a whole seem to regard the construct as a dynamic process that involves interaction with a wide range of factors (for review, see Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundPsychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students
Kunzler, A. M., Helmreich, I., König, J., Chmitorz, A., Wessa, M., Binder, H., & Lieb, K. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013684 · Cited by 177
Toward a dynamic model of organizational resilience
Ma, Z., Xiao, L., & Yin, J. (2018) · Nankai Business Review International · doi:10.1108/nbri-07-2017-0041 · Cited by 172
Sense of Humor, Stable Affect, and Psychological Well-Being
Cann, A., & Collette, C. (2014) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v10i3.746 · Cited by 184
“Resilient individuals more effectively manage stress and recover more quickly following adversities (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundSarre, S., Redlich, C., Tinker, A., Sadler, E., Bhalla, A., & McKevitt, C. (2013) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.814724 · Cited by 174
“For an overview of contemporary resilience research across disciplines, see Luthar and Brown [85] or Windle [78].”
BackgroundThe Positive Effect of Resilience on Stress and Business Outcomes in Difficult Work Environments
Shatté, A. J., Perlman, A. I., Smith, B., & Lynch, W. D. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000914 · Cited by 159
van Wingerden, J., & Poell, R. F. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222518 · Cited by 156
“As explained in the introduction, resilience can help teachers to cope with the aforementioned developments and manage their work environment successfully [6].”
BackgroundAssociation between depression and resilience in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wermelinger Ávila, M. P., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4619 · Cited by 148
“Several studies have described resilience in a dynamic matter (Luthar et al., 2000; Brandão et al., 2011; Windle, 2011).”
Cusack, L., Smith, M., Hegney, D. G., Rees, C. S., Breen, L. J., Witt, R. R., Rogers‐Clark, C., Williams, A. F., Cross, W. M., & Cheung, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00600 · Cited by 147
“For instance, Windle (2011) produced a comprehensive conceptualization of resilience that includes three main components: (a) the presence of significant stress that carries substantial threat of a negative outcome, (b) individual and environmental resources that facilitate positive adaptation, and…”
MethodObbarius, N., Fischer, F., Liegl, G., Obbarius, A., & Rose, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.584333 · Cited by 138
“In the resilience literature, a huge number of protective factors were identified that enable an individual to overcome adversity without negative consequences (Caffo et al., 2008; Davydov et al., 2010; Windle, 2011; Fletcher and Sarkar, 2013).”
BackgroundYing, L., Wu, X., Lin, C., & Jiang, L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089401 · Cited by 142
“Conceptually, an important debate diverges on whether resilience should be conceptualized as either a personality trait or a process [24,26].”
BackgroundCommunity gardening: Stress, well-being, and resilience potentials
Koay, W. I., & Dillon, D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186740 · Cited by 132
Donnellan, W. J., Bennett, K. M., & Soulsby, L. K. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.977771 · Cited by 129
“In light of these limitations, Windle (2011) defined resilience thus ‘The process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma.”
BackgroundAgarwal, B., Brooks, S. K., & Greenberg, N. L. (2019) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079919873934 · Cited by 159
“Although resilience may come from many sources (Rutter, 2006; Sarkar & Fletcher, 2014; Windle, 2011), our results suggest that peer support may protect employees from the potentially harmful effects of a range of stressors by bolstering an individual’s resilience and consequently increasing personal well-being and imp…”
BackgroundResilience: A psychobiological construct for psychiatric disorders
Shrivastava, A., & Desousa, A. (2016) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.174365 · Cited by 127
Ayed, N., Toner, S. K., & Priebe, S. (2018) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12185 · Cited by 150
Burholt, V., Winter, B., Aartsen, M., Constantinou, C., Dahlberg, L., Villar, F., Gierveld, J. D. J., Regenmortel, S. V., & Waldegrave, C. (2019) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-019-00506-0 · Cited by 154
“In social psychology, resilience has been defined as ‘the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma, […] and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity’ (Windle 2011).”
BackgroundResilience and mental health among juveniles: role of strategies for coping with stress
Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M., & Surżykiewicz, J. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01701-3 · Cited by 170
Rísquez, M. I. R., Izquierdo, M. G., Sabuco‐Tebar, E. D. L. Á., García, C. C., & Martínez-Roche, M. E. (2016) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.1080/10376178.2016.1213648 · Cited by 119
“The ideal outcome would be a well-adjusted state, where the person is able to maintain a favourable level of health in situations of adversity (Windle, 2011).”
Background‘Suddenly the first fifty years of my life made sense’: Experiences of older people with autism
Hickey, A., Crabtree, J., & Stott, J. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316680914 · Cited by 131
“Older cohorts may also differ from younger people in that the experience of negotiating, adapting to and managing sources of stress over the lifespan (Windle, 2011) might help people to come to terms and cope with the challenges inherent in the experience of autism.”
BackgroundThe 10-Item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale
Aloba, O. O., Olabisi, O. I., & Aloba, T. (2016) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390316629971 · Cited by 115
“Another widely accepted definition of resilience is the ability to adequately adapt to and withstand adverse or stressful circumstances through the application of certain resources (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundA Lifecourse Model of Multimorbidity Resilience
Wister, A., Coatta, K. L., Schuurman, N., Lear, S. A., Rosin, M. P., & Mackey, D. C. (2016) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415016641686 · Cited by 121
“The beginning stage in the resilience process applied to multimorbidity (top of Figure 3) is the onset of adversity (Windle, 2011; Windle, Woods, & Markland, 2010).”
BackgroundIzquierdo, M. G., de Pedro, M. M., Rísquez, M. I. R., & Sánchez, M. I. S. (2017) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12367 · Cited by 115
Resilience in Adult Cancer Care: An Integrative Literature Review
Eicher, M., Matzka, M., Dubey, C., & White, K. (2014) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/15.onf.e3-e16 · Cited by 127
“Similarly, Windle (2011) defined resilience as the process of and capacity for negotiating, managing, and adapting to significant adversity (i.e., stress or trauma), facilitated by assets and resources within the individual as well as by life and environmental contexts.”
BackgroundInfluentialGrevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Schweitzer, J., & Aguilar‐Raab, C. (2019) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mph.2019.200160 · Cited by 143
How Should We Measure Psychological Resilience in Sport Performers?
Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2013) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2013.805141 · Cited by 134
Academic resilience: underlying norms and validity of definitions
Ye, W., Strietholt, R., & Blömeke, S. (2021) · Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-020-09351-7 · Cited by 152
“Although there is no universal definition for resilience across the different disciplines examining this phenomenon, most definitions are based around two core concepts: adversity and positive adaptation (Windle 2011).”
BackgroundA Social Ecological Measure of Resilience for Adults: The RRC-ARM
Liebenberg, L., & Moore, J. (2016) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1523-y · Cited by 109
Social ecology of resilience and Sumud of Palestinians
Marie, M., Hannigan, B., & Jones, A. (2017) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459316677624 · Cited by 126
“Other scholars review the interaction between the environment and individual factors in determining resilience (Bosworth and Earthman, 2002; Cameron and Brownie, 2010; Humphreys, 2001; Ungar, 2005; van Kessel, 2013; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundPsychological Resilience and Health Among Older Adults: A Comparison of Personal Resources
Taylor, M. G., & Carr, D. C. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa116 · Cited by 107
Resilience in family caregiving for people with dementia: A systematic review
Teahan, Á., Lafferty, A., McAuliffe, É., Phelan, A. A., O’Sullivan, L., O’Shea, D., & Fealy, G. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4972 · Cited by 106
Goodman, D., Saunders, E. C., & Wolff, K. B. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-02872-5 · Cited by 106
Hodder, R. K., Freund, M., Wolfenden, L., Bowman, J., Nepal, S., Dray, J., Kingsland, M., Yoong, S. L., & Wiggers, J. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.003 · Cited by 120
A systematic review of interventions to foster physician resilience
Fox, S., Lydon, S., Byrne, D., Madden, C., Connolly, F., & O'Connor, P. E. (2017) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135212 · Cited by 111
Migerode, F., Maes, B., Buysse, A., & Brondeel, R. (2012) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-012-9285-1 · Cited by 104
Creative Adaptability: Conceptual Framework, Measurement, and Outcomes in Times of Crisis
Orkibi, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588172 · Cited by 104
“First, CA, by definition, involves the ability to generate a novel response, whereas resilience does not; rather, resilience involves the ability to bounce back (or recover) from adversity in terms of a manifested return to a previous (rather than new) level of functioning and performance (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundResilience in context: the special case of advanced age
Hayman, K., Kerse, N. M., & Consedine, N. S. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1196336 · Cited by 115
“…in the old has been reviewed by a few researchers (Allen, Haley, Harris, Fowler, & Pruthi, 2011; Stewart & Yuen, 2011; Wild, Wiles, & Allen, 2013; Windle, 2011; Windle, Markland, & Woods, 2008), and actively repositioned by others (Felten & Hall, 2001; Grenier, 2005; Greve & Staudinger, 2006;…”
Factors impacting resilience as a result of exposure to COVID-19: The ecological resilience model
Panzeri, A., Bertamini, M., Butter, S., Levita, L., Gibson-Miller, J., Vidotto, G., Bentall, R. P., & Bennett, K. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256041 · Cited by 99
“Following the concept analysis and definition developed by Windle [11], Windle and Bennett [21] developed the ecological model of resilience (Fig 1) which was originally developed in relationship to caregiving but has subsequently been used in other contexts, for example amongst older people living in poverty in Colom…”
MethodInfluentialLandslides-oriented urban disaster resilience assessment—A case study in ShenZhen, China
Zhang, X., Song, J., Peng, J., & Wu, J. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.074 · Cited by 102
Neither Resiliency-Trait nor Resilience-State: Transactional Resiliency/e
Kuldas, S., & Foody, M. (2021) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x211029309 · Cited by 122
“The leading theorists have commonly identified resilience from three aspects: (a) individual (e.g., psychological and neurobiological), (b) social (e.g., family cohesion and parental support), and (c) community (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopment and Initial Validation of the Pain Resilience Scale
Slepian, P. M., Ankawi, B., Himawan, L. K., & France, C. R. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.010 · Cited by 103
Nurses' resilience in the face of coronavirus (COVID‐19): An international view
Jo, S., Kurt, S., Bennett, J. A., Mayer, K., Pituch, K. A., Simpson, V., Skibiski, J., Takagi, E., Karaaslan, M. M., Ozluk, B., et al. (2021) · Nursing & Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12863 · Cited by 96
“When one considers resilience as a positive trait rather than only a reaction to stress, an outcome is positive adaptation (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundTe’eni-Harari, T., Sela, Y., & Bareket‐Bojmel, L. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03501-4 · Cited by 164
“Resilience is defined as “the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma” (Windle, 2010).”
BackgroundResilience of Emerging Adults After Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Leung, D. Y. L., Chan, A. C. Y., & Ho, G. W. K. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020933865 · Cited by 98
Johnston, M. C., Porteous, T., Crilly, M., Burton, C. D., Elliott, A., Iversen, L., McArdle, K., Murray, A. D., Phillips, L. H., & Black, C. (2014) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.005 · Cited by 100
“3 However, despite Windle's and others attempts to produce an agreed definition, there is no universally accepted definition of resilience.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHalstead, E. J., Ekas, N. V., Hastings, R. P., & Griffith, G. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3447-z · Cited by 113
“The resilience measure for this study was selected as it best reflected the core concept of resilience and past definitions, it also scored highly in a reliability and validity assessment (Windle 2011).”
MethodRobust Governance in Turbulent Times
Ansell, C., Sørensen, E., Torfing, J., & Trondal, J. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009433006 · Cited by 109
Annual Research Review: Resilience and child well‐being – public policy implications
Ager, A. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12030 · Cited by 107
Mental Toughness in Competitive Tennis: Relationships with Resilience and Stress
Cowden, R. G., Meyer‐Weitz, A., & Asante, K. O. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00320 · Cited by 95
Johnson, S. J., Willis, S., & Evans, J. (2019) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000096 · Cited by 89
Clinical correlates of resilience factors in geriatric depression
Laird, K. T., Lavretsky, H., Paholpak, P., Vlasova, R. M., Roman, M., St. Cyr, N., & Siddarth, P. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217002873 · Cited by 93
“internal and environmental resources (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundHigh resilience leads to better work performance in nurses: Evidence from South Asia
Walpita, Y. N., & Arambepola, C. (2019) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12930 · Cited by 94
The sporting resilience model: A systematic review of resilience in sport performers
Gupta, S., & McCarthy, P. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003053 · Cited by 142
“Resilient individuals can engage these protective factors to adapt successfully to adversity and stressors (Waaktaar and Torgerson, 2010; Windle, 2011; Fletcher and Sarkar, 2013); however, empirical evidence often strays from this operationalisation (Gucciardi et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialCoping and resilience in adults: a cross-sectional network analysis
der Hallen, R. V., Jongerling, J., & Godor, B. P. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1772969 · Cited by 117
“Not to anyone’s surprise, findings show that resilience positively affects mental health and well-being, as well as physical health, throughout the life span (van IJzendoorn et al., 2011; Walsh et al., 2010; Windle, 2011).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Windle, G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Windle, Gill
- ORCID
- Windle, Gill
- Venue
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-21
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 152-169
- ISSN
- 0959-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9036
- OpenAlex
- W1992046328
- Semantic Scholar
- 520183eefb37770d6249ca717e53d90b6e0059b0
- Cited by
- 1,761
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 14.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, conceptual analysis, life course, lifespan development, stress and trauma, adaptation, bouncing back, adversity, healthy aging, loss, cognitive decline, developmental psychology, interdisciplinary perspectives
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