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What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.
Abstract
Summary: The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. This paper analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity. Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary. A large proportion of resilience research is routed within the discipline of developmental psychology, and has mainly been developed with children and adolescents. A major contribution to resilience research could be made through more multi-disciplinary studies that examine the dynamics of resilience across the lifespan, its role in healthy ageing and in managing loss, such as changes in cognitive functioning.
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“In addition to general trait resilience, several individual difference variables are known to facilitate positive adaptation to stressors and adversity, and these are often referred to as resiliency factors (Windle, 2011; Pangallo et al., 2015).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“Second, the resilience literature further suggests that these factors may also moderate the effects of a stressor on well-being, as they promote positive adaptation to adversity (Windle, 2011; Kalisch et al., 2017).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“First, previous research suggests a direct positive influence of trait resilience and protective and promotive resiliency factors on adaptation to stress and psychological well-being (Windle, 2011).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
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Resilience at University: the development and testing of a new measure
Turner, M., Holdsworth, S., & Scott‐Young, C. M. (2016) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2016.1185398 · Cited by 109
“However, despite the growing interest in resilience among researchers, research has been scattered and non-cumulative due to the absence of an agreed definition of the construct and the assets and resources which underpin the construct (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundMadewell, A. N., & Ponce‐Garcia, E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.036 · Cited by 90
Jin, Y., Bhattarai, M., Kuo, W., & Bratzke, L. C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16258 · Cited by 96
Promoting wellbeing at university: the role of resilience for students of the built environment
Turner, M., Scott‐Young, C. M., & Holdsworth, S. (2017) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2017.1353698 · Cited by 109
“These findings support the notion that resilience is contextual and will vary over the life course depending on the individual’s life circumstances (Windle 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWild, J., El-Salahi, S., & Esposti, M. D. (2020) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000402 · Cited by 102
Maurović, I., Liebenberg, L., & Ferić, M. (2020) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2020.1792838 · Cited by 114
“Windle (2011) notes that the term risk refers to experiences which significantly increase the probability of negative outcomes.”
BackgroundIzquierdo, M. G., Rísquez, M. I. R., García, C. C., & Sabuco‐Tebar, E. D. L. Á. (2017) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2017.1383073 · Cited by 88
“Resilience is seen as positive adaptation (Fergus & Zimmerman, 2005) and, therefore, it should lead to a beneficial adjustment; that is to say, to the maintenance of a moderate level of health in disadvantageous circumstances (Masten, 2001; Windle, 2011).”
Wu, L., Zhang, D., Cheng, G., & Hu, T. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.021 · Cited by 89
Cahir, C., Guinan, E., Dombrowski, S. U., Sharp, L., & Bennett, K. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.05.013 · Cited by 84
Etherton, K. C., Steele‐Johnson, D., Salvano, K., & Kovacs, N. (2020) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2020.1835800 · Cited by 125
“Although researchers still do not agree on a universal definition after 50 years of research (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000; Windle, 2011), most researchers agree that resilience reflects the ability to adapt positively when faced with adversity (e.g., Connor & Davidson, 2003; Prince-Embury &…”
BackgroundNakhostin-Khayyat, M., Borjali, M., Zeinali, M., Fardi, D., & Montazeri, A. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01843-1 · Cited by 84
“It involves the capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity, which is facilitated by assets and resources within the individual, their life, and environment [17].”
BackgroundKalaitzaki, A. E., Tsouvelas, G., & Koukouli, S. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3008 · Cited by 90
Acceptance and Strategic Resilience: An Application of Conservation of Resources Theory
Bardoel, A., & Drago, R. (2021) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011211022488 · Cited by 109
Loneliness, ageism, and mental health: The buffering role of resilience in seniors
Ribeiro-Gonçalves, J. A., Costa, P. A., & Leal, I. M. P. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100339 · Cited by 92
“That is, on the one hand can be integrated and adapted principles of resilience stimulation, namely the principles considered by Windle (2010) and the findings of Madsen and collaborators (2019), such as investment in sense of belonging and promoting a sense of agency, empowerment, and recognition…”
BackgroundWeber, S., Lorenz, C., & Hemmings, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02745 · Cited by 74
“…Wagnild and Young, 1993; Schumacher et al., 2005; Ong et al., 2006), or as a state, suggesting a dynamic process, in which individuals actively adapt to and recover from major difficulties (e.g., Luthar and Cicchetti, 2000; Connor and Davidson, 2003; Fergus and Zimmerman, 2005; Windle, 2010).”
BackgroundMcKenna, O. J., Fakolade, A. O., Cardwell, K. L., Langlois, N., Jiang, K. J.-R., & Pilutti, L. A. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13374 · Cited by 93
McGarry, S., Girdler, S. J., McDonald, A., Valentine, J. P., Lee, S., Blair, E. M., Wood, F. M., & Elliott, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12260 · Cited by 82
Factors influencing the resilience of carers of individuals with dementia
Cherry, M. G., Salmon, P., Dickson, J. M., Powell, D. J., Sikdar, S., & Ablett, J. (2013) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259813000130 · Cited by 83
Joling, K. J., Windle, G., Dröes, R., Meiland, F. J. M., van Hout, H. P. J., Vroomen, J. L. M., van de Ven, P. M., Moniz-Cook, E. D., & Woods, B. T. (2016) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000449131 · Cited by 81
Self-citationDeveloping a novel peer support intervention to promote resilience after stroke
Sadler, E., Sarre, S., Tinker, A., Bhalla, A., & McKevitt, C. (2016) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12336 · Cited by 85
“It has been proposed that resilience mediates between adversity and psychosocial adjustment following illness, which may explain why some people ‘bounce back’ following an adverse event or do ‘better than expected’ in adverse circumstances (Luthar & Brown 2007, Windle 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSorkkila, M., Tolvanen, A. J., Aunola, K., & Ryba, T. V. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13422 · Cited by 80
Kirby, J. S., Butt, M., Esmann, S., & Jemec, G. B. E. (2017) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3596 · Cited by 79
Cyberbullying in Adolescents: Resilience as a Protective Factor of Mental Health Outcomes
Santos, D., Mateos-Pérez, E., Cantero, M.-J., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2020) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0337 · Cited by 79
“15 Resilience is defined as a positive adaptation or recovery from adverse situations or experiences.”
Emerson, D. J., Hair, J. F., & Smith, K. J. (2022) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-022-09704-9 · Cited by 77
Delhom, I., Satorres, E., & Meléndez, J. C. (2020) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2020a8 · Cited by 101
“Resilience can be conceptualized as a dynamic process where individuals experience positive adaptation despite adversity or trauma (Luthar et al., 2006) and is facilitated by the use of personal resources and the environment (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundResilience in older persons: A systematic review of the conceptual literature
Angevaare, M. J., Roberts, J. R., van Hout, H. P. J., Joling, K. J., Smalbrugge, M., Schoonmade, L. J., Windle, G., & Hertogh, C. M. P. M. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101144 · Cited by 90
“Two comprehensive reviews have described resilience from a more conceptual angle within specific domains such as psychological resilience across the lifetime (Windle, 2011), and physical resilience in older persons (Whitson et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationJakobsen, I. S., Madsen, L. M. R., Mau, M., Hjemdal, O., & Friborg, O. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00493-3 · Cited by 96
Human Capital Creation: A Collective Psychological, Social, Organizational and Religious Perspective
Abbas, A., Ekowati, D., Suhariadi, F., & Anwar, A. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01665-8 · Cited by 121
“Resilience is a distinctive attribute generated from the self-efficacy idea for consideration (Vieno et al., 2007; Windle, 2011).”
What makes leaders resilient? An exploratory interview study
Förster, C., & Duchek, S. (2017) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/2397002217709400 · Cited by 89
“focused on the underlying protective mechanisms and processes (Rutter, 2006; Wang and Deater-Deckard, 2013; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMcEwen, K., & Boyd, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001223 · Cited by 96
Culturally sensitive conceptualization of resilience: A multidimensional model of Chinese resilience
Xie, Q., & Wong, D. F. K. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520951306 · Cited by 80
“In general, the Western notion of resilience is more closely linked to personal competence and to taking action to gain control over one’s circumstances (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundWei, W., & Taormina, R. J. (2014) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12067 · Cited by 74
Chen, H., & Qi, R. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-08-2021-1016 · Cited by 89
Mizuno, Y., Hofer, A., Suzuki, T., Frajo-Apor, B., Wartelsteiner, F., Kemmler, G., Saruta, J., Tsukinoki, K., Mimura, M., Fleischhacker, W. W., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.047 · Cited by 73
“Historically, resilience has received much interest in the field of developmental psychopathology, with studies focusing on children experiencing adverse life circumstances (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundDonnellan, W. J., Bennett, K. M., & Soulsby, L. K. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1209734 · Cited by 73
“Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation or “bouncing back” in the face of adversity’ (Windle, 2011, p. 163).”
BackgroundLiu, Y.-M., Chang, H., Wang, R.-H., Yang, L.-K., Lu, K., & Hou, Y. (2018) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s152273 · Cited by 81
“Resilience (RES), defined as the process of adapting appropriately in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress or “bouncing back” from difficult experiences, is a personal trait or an adaptive process that can be developed.(21,22) When chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses to…”
BackgroundFrailty, inequality and resilience
Hale, M. D., Shah, S., & Clegg, A. P. (2019) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-219 · Cited by 74
Resilience, stressful life events, and depressive symptomatology among older Chinese adults
Lim, M. L., Lim, D. Y., Gwee, X., Nyunt, M. S. Z., Kumar, R., & Ng, T. P. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.995591 · Cited by 72
“Based on an extensive review of literature and concept analysis, Windle (2011) has defined resilience as the ‘process of negotiating, managing and adapting to significant sources of stress or trauma’.”
BackgroundArias, V. B., Sierra, M. T. C., Martínez, B. A., Martínez‐Molina, A., & Ponce, F. P. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0345-y · Cited by 76
“Despite the importance of the study of Windle et al [7], we note that the criteria for the psychometric quality of the instruments were based on classical test theory; on the other hand, the source of these criteria does follow some logic, insofar as all of the instruments were developed under its postulates.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe student resilience survey: psychometric validation and associations with mental health
Lereya, S. T., Humphrey, N., Patalay, P., Wolpert, M., Boehnke, J. R., MacDougall, A. M., & Deighton, J. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0132-5 · Cited by 71
“Identifying protective factors that promote resilience to mental health problems could lead to improved intervention strategies [1].”
BackgroundNeurocognitive Mechanism of Human Resilience: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Review
Yao, Z., & Hsieh, S. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16245123 · Cited by 84
“The nature of the adversity can guide the strength of resilience, including severe to catastrophic events, as well as whether the near-average function is maintained [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialRecovery, risk and resilience: Post-disaster tourism experiences in Kaikōura, New Zealand
Fountain, J., & Cradock-Henry, N. A. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100695 · Cited by 71
Family Resilience in the Oncology Setting: Development of an Integrative Framework
Faccio, F., Renzi, C., Giudice, A. V., & Pravettoni, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00666 · Cited by 78
“A recent concept analysis of resilience suggests that there are three requirements for resilience to happen: a situation of significant adversity, the presence of a number of resources that can face the adversity and facilitate adaptation and the avoidance of a negative outcome or a successful adaptation to the new si…”
BackgroundInfluentialMay the force be with you: Looking for resources that build team resilience
Vera, M., Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. M., & Salanova, M. (2017) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2017.1329629 · Cited by 70
“Several authors (i.e., Friborg et al., 2003; Salanova et al., 2012; Windle, 2011) have proposed many more resilience antecedents, and this study has studied four of them.”
BackgroundLiu, D. W. Y., Fairweather‐Schmidt, A. K., Burns, R. A., & Roberts, R. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9452-z · Cited by 68
“and environmental resources in order to adapt to, or manage, significant daily life-stress or trauma (Windle 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialConsumer views about aging-in-place
Kennedy, K., Grimmer, K. A., Foot, J., Pastakia, K., & Kay, D. (2015) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s90672 · Cited by 83
Resilience: synthesis of concept analyses and contribution to nursing classifications
Caldeira, S., & Timmins, F. (2016) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12268 · Cited by 73
Challenges and resilience related to aging in the United States among older Chinese immigrants
Li, J., Xu, L., & Chi, I. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1377686 · Cited by 68
“Based on the ecological nature of resilience, protective factors for resilience are defined as ‘assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity’ (Windle, 2011, p. 163).”
BackgroundGupta, P., & Srivastava, S. (2020) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-12-2019-1993 · Cited by 92
Gupta, S., & McCarthy, P. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.611261 · Cited by 79
“Phase I screening was conducted using the Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008), in line with recommendations from Windle (2011) regarding its satisfactory reliability and validity.”
MethodLawless, M., Tieu, M., Feo, R., & Kitson, A. A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114393 · Cited by 83
Russell, B. S., Tomkunas, A. J., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R. R., & Horton, A. L. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01243-1 · Cited by 80
Mindfulness in Schools: a Health Promotion Approach to Improving Adolescent Mental Health
Sapthiang, S., Gordon, W. V., & Shonin, E. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-0001-y · Cited by 70
“…low-risk individuals can reduce disease burden more effectively than targeting only high-risk cases), in recent years, there has been growing interest into broad-based adolescent mental health promotion interventions that seek to build resilience and augment protective factors (Windle 2011).”
BackgroundCaring Relationships: How to Promote Resilience in Challenging Times
Windle, G., & Bennett, K. M. (2012) · The Social Ecology of Resilience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0586-3_18 · Cited by 66
“A previous review of resilience research using systematic principles (Windle, 2011) established a database of research abstracts (1989–2009).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBaker, F. R. L., Baker, K. L., & Burrell, J. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12340 · Cited by 92
A qualitative study on resilience in adult refugees in Germany
Walther, L., Amann, J., Flick, U., Ta, T. M. T., Bajbouj, M., & Hahn, E. W. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10817-6 · Cited by 65
“Additionally, factors that promote successful adaptation, such as an individual’s characteristics and resources, are of particular interest in the study of resilience [14, 15, 18].”
BackgroundBrett, C. E., Mathieson, M. L., & Rowley, A. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03125-8 · Cited by 96
“Resilience is here conceptualised as a process by which an individual ‘bounces back’ from adversity (Fletcher and Sarkar, 2013; Windle, 2011), enabling them to respond to stressful situations in a positive way and both maintain their wellbeing and/or use the experience to flourish by developing…”
BackgroundKalaugher, E., Bornman, J. F., Clark, A., & Beukes, P. C. (2012) · Environmental Modelling & Software · doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.03.018 · Cited by 65
“Definitions of resilience vary and abound, particularly in the social literature (Windle, 2011), where the concept has long been applied to human response to adversity.”
BackgroundClarke, C. L., & Bailey, C. (2016) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301216639736 · Cited by 65
“People with dementia and their family members seek to preserve autonomy and identity as key features of citizenship (Clarke et al., 2010), and this has been equated with resilience (Braudy-Harris, 2008; Hildon, Smith, Netuveli, & Blane, 2008; Low, Keating, & Gao, 2009; Windle, 2011).”
Exploring the theoretical foundations of visual art programmes for people living with dementia
Windle, G., Gregory, S. E. A., Howson-Griffiths, T., Newman, A., O’Brien, D., & Goulding, A. (2017) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301217726613 · Cited by 65
“Achieving resilience is contingent upon protective factors that operate at the level of the individual (e.g. psychological resources) social (family and friends, participation) and wider society, such as services and environments (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAbdulkareem, M., & Elkadi, H. (2018) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.009 · Cited by 65
Resilience in Baccalaureate Nursing Students: An Exploration
Lekan, D. A., Ward, T. D., & Elliott, A. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20180619-06 · Cited by 65
Ng, R., Chahine, S., Lanting, B. A., & Howard, J. L. (2018) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.07.025 · Cited by 73
Janssens, K. M. E., van der Velden, P. G., Taris, R., & van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9298-5 · Cited by 79
“…al. 2016; Fletcher and Sarkar 2013; Johnston et al. 2015; Pangallo et al. 2015), and resilience being a dynamic process (Aburn et al. 2016; Johnston et al. 2015): resilience is defined as both a predictor and process variable (Cf. Britt et al. 2016; Hu et al. 2015; Olsson et al. 2003; Windle 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialApplication of resilience theories in the transition to parenthood: a scoping review
Young, C., Roberts, R., & Ward, L. (2018) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2018.1540860 · Cited by 66
“Composite scales (operationalising resilience as composed of a variety of factors and measuring these) should be of particular interest (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundUnderstanding context: A concept analysis
Squires, J. E., Graham, I. D., Bashir, K., Penno, L. N., Lavis, J. N., Francis, J., Curran, J., Grimshaw, J., Brehaut, J., Ivers, N. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14165 · Cited by 63
“Typically, concept analyses do not result in such a large number of attributes (e.g., Xyrichis and Ream (2008) and Windle (2011)).”
BackgroundGiri, S. P., & Maurya, A. K. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110962 · Cited by 72
“…(Chen & Bonanno, 2020) and psychological resilience being largely a stable trait (Connor & Davidson, 2003), but it has also been conceptualized as a process that changes over time which shows that it varies according to situation's adversity and life span (Windle, 2011; Luthar et al., 2000).”
BackgroundYu, Y., Ma, D., & Wang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109172 · Cited by 64
Vicarious posttraumatic growth: A systematic literature review
Manning-Jones, S., de Terte, I., & Stephens, C. (2015) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v5i2.8 · Cited by 91
“The investigation of resilience itself is a complex area (Windle, 2011); its role in VPTG would be a fruitful area for further investigation.”
BackgroundGardiner, E., Mâsse, L. C., & Iarocci, G. (2019) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-019-1117-x · Cited by 63
Weber, M. C., Pavlacic, J. M., Gawlik, E. A., Schulenberg, S. E., & Buchanan, E. M. (2020) · Traumatology · doi:10.1037/trm0000210 · Cited by 62
A national study on the resilience of community pharmacists in Lebanon: a cross-sectional survey
Alameddine, M., Bou-Karroum, K., & Hijazi, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40545-022-00406-2 · Cited by 59
“Resilience has been defined as the ability to adapt to substantial sources of stress, using resources within the individual or environment to cope with adversity [10].”
BackgroundSorkkila, M., & Aunola, K. (2021) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807211027307 · Cited by 62
The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on Growth-Oriented SMEs: Building Entrepreneurial Resilience
Schepers, J., Vandekerkhof, P., & Dillen, Y. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13169296 · Cited by 75
Tommaso, M. R. D., Prodi, E., Pollio, C., & Barbieri, E. (2022) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2022.101448 · Cited by 63
Ni, C., Chow, M. C. M., Jiang, X., Li, S., & Pang, S. M. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121033 · Cited by 62
A Concept Analysis of Resilience Integrating Genetics
Niitsu, K., Houfek, J. F., Barron, C. R., Stoltenberg, S. F., Kupzyk, K. A., & Rice, M. J. (2017) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1350225 · Cited by 64
“…analysis on resilience identified one antecedent simply as “adversity” (Dyer & McGuinness, 1996; Earvolino-Ramirez, 2007; Felten & Hall, 2001; Garcia-Dia et al., 2013; Gillespie et al., 2007; Olsson, Bond, Burns, Vella-Brodrick, & Sawyer, 2003; Windle, 2011) or “life event” (Simmons & Yoder, 2013).”
Lundman, B. M., Aléx, L., Jonsén, E., Lövheim, H., Nygren, B., Fischer, R. S., Strandberg, G., & Norberg, A. (2011) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2011.11.001 · Cited by 61
Tierney, L. T., & Beattie, E. (2020) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12306 · Cited by 53
A Meta-Analysis Study on Gender Differences in Psychological Resilience Levels
Gök, A., & Koğar, E. Y. (2021) · doi:10.35365/ctjpp.21.2.15 · Cited by 73
“Examples of individual risk factors are chronic mental or physical illness and having an incompatible or shy temperament (Bradley, 1994; Masten, 1999; Windle, 2011).”
Joling, K. J., Windle, G., Dröes, R., Huisman, M. A., Hertogh, C. M. P. M., & Woods, B. T. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1124836 · Cited by 61
“psychological resources and coping styles), lifestyles, plus the social and environmental contexts, such as family and friends, formal service provision and the places in which we live (Donnellan, Bennett, & Soulsby, 2015; Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000; Wiles, Wild, Kerse, & Allen, 2012; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationvan der Meulen, E., van der Velden, P. G., Setti, I., & van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.014 · Cited by 61
Validation of the Polish version of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)
Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M., & Surżykiewicz, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237038 · Cited by 65
“Our results also confirm the documented psychometric properties [9], as well as similar results from numerous international validation studies [7,59,61,63] and meta-analyses [16,77].”
ResultSapthiang, S., Van Gordon, W., & Shonin, E. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01482-w · Cited by 60
“In addition to seeking to enhance mental illness treatment approaches for young people, there is growing awareness of the benefits of cultivating resiliency and protective traits (Sapthiang et al. 2019b; Schonert-Reichl and Lawlor 2010; Windle 2011).”
BackgroundLee, J., Blackmon, B. J., Cochran, D. M., Kar, B., Rehner, T. A., & Gunnell, M. S. (2017) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2017.61 · Cited by 61
“The latter perspective suggests that the process of positive adaptation can be understood within the context of adversity (eg, severity) and environment (eg, family, neighborhood, and community) and the interaction between people and their environments.(5,18,20)”
BackgroundInfluentialThe European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences
Căpiță, L. E., Huijgen, T., & Căpiță, C. (2016) · Cited by 60
Bodas, M., Peleg, K., Stolero, N., & Adini, B. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.825985 · Cited by 59
“), (3) Social disruption (attacks), (4) Critical services dependencies (water, energy.”
BackgroundAdvancing empirical resilience research
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x15000023 · Cited by 63
An Examination of Resilience and Coping in the Oldest Old Using Life Narrative Method
Browne‐Yung, K., WALKER, R. B., & Luszcz, M. A. (2015) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnv137 · Cited by 65
“It has been variously described as a trait, a process or a phenomenon that develops over time and relies on the integration of biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors (Earvolino‐Ramirez, 2007; Flach, 1997; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundParenting style, resilience, and mental health of community-dwelling elderly adults in China
Zhong, X. B., Wu, D., Nie, X., Xia, J., Li, M., Lei, F., Lim, H. A., Kua, E. H., & Mahendran, R. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0308-0 · Cited by 59
“Windle [11] defined resilience as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma.”
BackgroundInterventions to improve resilience in physicians who have completed training: A systematic review
Venegas, C. L., Nkangu, M., Duffy, M. C., Fergusson, D. A., & Spilg, E. G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210512 · Cited by 60
Behrens, D. A., Rauner, M. S., & Sommersguter‐Reichmann, M. (2022) · Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1007/s41471-022-00132-0 · Cited by 63
Fossion, P., Leys, C., Kempenaers, C., Braun, S., Verbanck, P., & Linkowski, P. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.018 · Cited by 58
Bry, L. J., Mustanski, B. S., Garofalo, R., & Burns, M. N. (2017) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1375367 · Cited by 58
“Thus one can consider factors promoting resilience in terms of individual-level assets, environmental or contextual resources, and the interactions between such assets and resources (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIJntema, R. C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Burger, Y. D. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01813-5 · Cited by 74
“The outcome of the process of psychological resilience should be some type of positive adaptation, because only a successful or better-than-expected outcome after a stressful event implies resilience (Van Breda, 2018; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSouth African, urban youth narratives: resilience within community
Mosavel, M., Ahmed, R., Ports, K. A., & Simon, C. M. (2013) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2013.785439 · Cited by 57
“A wealth of research supports that protective factors contribute to resilient psychosocial outcomes including health, well-being and quality of life (Dass-Brailsford, 2005; King & Madsen, 2007; Werner & Smith, 1992; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundPsychological capital and happiness at the workplace: The mediating role of flow experience
Kawalya, C., Munene, J. C. K., Ntayi, J. M., Kagaari, J. R. K., Mafabi, S., & Kasekende, F. (2019) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2019.1685060 · Cited by 73
“The finding is consistent with Seligman (2011), Luthans and Lansons (2006) and Windle (2011) who noted that hopeful employees are happy at their workplace.”
ResultAutomation and Computers and Their Contribution to Human Well-being and Resilience
Filip, F. G. (2021) · Studies in Informatics and Control · doi:10.24846/v30i4y202101 · Cited by 58
Black, M. H., Helander, J., Segers, J., Ingard, C., Bervoets, J., de Puget, V. G., & Bölte, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102487 · Cited by 73
“Variable-focused approaches examine factors associated with particular outcomes within specific populations, while person-focused approaches divide groups based on certain characteristics and compare variables based on group membership (Luthar, 2006; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialPaediatric medical trauma: The impact on parents of burn survivors
McGarry, S., Girdler, S. J., McDonald, A., Valentine, J. P., Wood, F. M., & Elliott, C. M. (2013) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2013.01.009 · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Windle, G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Windle, Gill
- ORCID
- Windle, Gill
- Venue
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-21
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 152-169
- ISSN
- 0959-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9036
- OpenAlex
- W1992046328
- Semantic Scholar
- 520183eefb37770d6249ca717e53d90b6e0059b0
- Cited by
- 1,761
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 14.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, conceptual analysis, life course, lifespan development, stress and trauma, adaptation, bouncing back, adversity, healthy aging, loss, cognitive decline, developmental psychology, interdisciplinary perspectives
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