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What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.
Abstract
Summary: The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. This paper analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity. Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary. A large proportion of resilience research is routed within the discipline of developmental psychology, and has mainly been developed with children and adolescents. A major contribution to resilience research could be made through more multi-disciplinary studies that examine the dynamics of resilience across the lifespan, its role in healthy ageing and in managing loss, such as changes in cognitive functioning.
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“In addition to general trait resilience, several individual difference variables are known to facilitate positive adaptation to stressors and adversity, and these are often referred to as resiliency factors (Windle, 2011; Pangallo et al., 2015).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“Second, the resilience literature further suggests that these factors may also moderate the effects of a stressor on well-being, as they promote positive adaptation to adversity (Windle, 2011; Kalisch et al., 2017).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“First, previous research suggests a direct positive influence of trait resilience and protective and promotive resiliency factors on adaptation to stress and psychological well-being (Windle, 2011).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
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Ryan, A. K., Pakenham, K. I., & Burton, N. W. (2020) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12429 · Cited by 24
Branca, E., Intenza, M., & Doni, F. (2024) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-024-01023-y · Cited by 28
“Assets and resources within the individual , their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity ” (Windle, 2011, p. 1).”
InfluentialKira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Kucharska, J., Alhuwailah, A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2019) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000411 · Cited by 25
Understanding the Parental Stress Scale With a Foster Carer Cohort
Harding, L. F., Murray, K. E., Shakespeare‐Finch, J., & Frey, R. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12483 · Cited by 25
Room, J., Boulton, M. G., Dawes, H., Archer, K., & Barker, K. L. (2021) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2021.06.001 · Cited by 24
Oldfield, J., & Ainsworth, S. (2021) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2021.2011139 · Cited by 24
Interconnected social convoys: Understanding health and well-being through linked personal networks
Koehly, L. M., & Manalel, J. A. (2023) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2023.100541 · Cited by 24
Positive Psychology at Work: Psychological Capital and Thriving as Pathways to Employee Engagement
Levene, R. A. (2015) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 24
Shifting the burden: childhoods, resilience, subjecthood
Beier, J. M. (2015) · Critical Studies on Security · doi:10.1080/21624887.2015.1114459 · Cited by 24
“…also engages an idea (or, more accurately, a field of ideas) already very well established in, among others, various scholarly, professional, vocational, and clinical settings: resilience (see, for example, Folke 2006; Windle 2011; Zolkoski and Bullock 2012; Panter-Brick and Leckman 2013).”
BackgroundPinheiro, M. D. R., & Matos, A. P. (2012) · The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/futureacademy/ejsbs(2301-2218).2012.2.5 · Cited by 28
“Moreover, “resilience could be the key to explain resistance to risk across the lifespan and how people bounce back and deal with various challenges” (Windle, 2011, p.1) presented in different stages of life.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe effect of social support on resilience growth among women in the Red Hat Society
Chang, P.-J., & Yarnal, C. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1374442 · Cited by 24
“Resilience is defined as the ability to bounce back from adversity (Smith et al., 2008; Windle, 2011), risk (Ong, Bergeman, & Boker, 2009), and loss and hardship (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004).”
BackgroundTowards a Higher-Order Model of Resilience
Kunicki, Z. J., & Harlow, L. L. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02368-x · Cited by 25
Halstead, E. J., Leavitt, V. M., Fiore, D., & Mueser, K. T. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/2055217320941250 · Cited by 25
“This new intervention utilized a resilience framework to guide the intervention content.(20) The framework identifies four levels at which resilience can be enhanced: individual (e.”
MethodResilience in family caregivers of persons with acquired brain injury.
Hayas, C. L., de Arroyabe, E. L., & Calvete, E. (2015) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000040 · Cited by 24
Psychological resilience: Connecting contemporary psychology to ancient practical philosophy
Owen, J. (2023) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593543231153820 · Cited by 28
“However, the conviction that resilience relates to doing well in the context of significant adversity remains a central point of connection that runs throughout almost all definitions of the phenomenon (Denckla et al., 2020; Luthar et al., 2000; Ungar, 2021; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundIzquierdo, M. G., Rísquez, M. I. R., García, C. C., & Sabuco‐Tebar, E. D. L. Á. (2015) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2015.1044944 · Cited by 23
“The obtained results can be explained with help from some of the proposals made by Windle (2011), who suggests three possible actions of resilience: as compensation, as a challenge and as protection.”
BackgroundResultRetractedThe role of Resilience between Workplace Bullying and Health: A Mediational Analysis
de Pedro, M. M., Izquierdo, M. G., Fernández-Valera, M.-M., & Sánchez, M. I. S. (2019) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2019a16 · Cited by 23
“We can find a possible explanation for this result in the work of Windle (2011), who suggested that resilience could cause a reduction of discomfort at all levels of adversity, regardless of the level perceived by the exposed person.”
ResultScheffers, F., Moonen, X., & van Vugt, E. (2020) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629520961942 · Cited by 23
“The three core concepts which are found among most definitions of resilience are: 1) the occurrence of adversity, 2) the presence of assets and resources to counter the effects of adversity and 3) the positive adaptation to or avoidance of a negative outcome (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPauley, E., & Walsh, T. (2021) · Journal of the Intensive Care Society · doi:10.1177/17511437211034701 · Cited by 17
“It can be viewed as: a trait, process, or outcome, and exists on a continuum which can vary across multiple life domains, and change over time.(11) The nature of this complexity has led to substantial variation in the literature in how it is defined and measured.”
BackgroundReliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Brief Resilience Scale
Kim, J., Jeong, H., Lee, M., Lee, S., Jeon, S. W., & Han, C. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1049 · Cited by 27
“Initially, resilience was considered a fixed personality attribute [7].”
BackgroundBamber, M. D., Mahony, H., & Spratling, R. G. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.06.003 · Cited by 28
Yap, M. C., Wu, F., Huang, X., Tang, L., Su, K., Tong, X., Kwok, S. C., Wu, C., Wang, S., He, Z., et al. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdad144 · Cited by 23
Interorganisational Relationships in Times of Decline: Implications for Organisational Resilience
Brueller, D., Brueller, N. N., Brueller, R., & Carmeli, A. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12185 · Cited by 25
Analysis of China's industrial network structure and its resilience from the sectoral perspective
Feng, X., Meihai, X. U., Li, J., & Gao, Z. (2024) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2024.103192 · Cited by 22
Resilience and Recovery in the Context of Psychological Disorders
Echezarraga, A., Hayas, C. L., de Arroyabe, E. L., & Jones, S. H. (2019) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167819851623 · Cited by 26
“The positive consequences of both resilience and recovery are a better level of health, improved social functioning, and greater well-being (Davidson et al., 2005; Haase, Heiney, Ruccione, & Stutzer, 1999; Leamy et al., 2011; Luthar et al., 2000; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialRomero, M. P. A., Flujas-Contreras, J. M., Fernández-Torres, M., Becerra, I. G., & Sánchez-López, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647645 · Cited by 25
“…supporting the idea that resilience is not a static trait, but rather a dynamic process modifiable throughout the life cycle (Villalba Quesada, 2003; Windle, 2011; García Renedo et al., 2013; Sánchez-Teruel and Robles-Bello, 2014; Fernandes de Araújo et al., 2015; Jiménez Pina, 2016; García-León…”
BackgroundQureshi, A., Hargest, C., Swain, N., Aldabe, D., & Hale, L. A. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2063419 · Cited by 22
Thomson, G., Cook, J., Nowland, R. A., Donnellan, W. J., Topalidou, A., Jackson, L., & Fallon, V. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.13087 · Cited by 24
“Windle [18] defines resilience as: The process of negotiating, managing, and adapting to significant sources of stress or trauma.”
BackgroundBe resilient today to be sustainable tomorrow: Different perspectives in global supply chains
Paola, N. D., Cosimato, S., & Vona, R. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135674 · Cited by 29
Chen, X., Rong, F., & Li, S. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020813 · Cited by 22
Measuring resilience in palliative care workers using the situational judgement test methodology
Pangallo, A., Zibarras, L., & Patterson, F. (2016) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13072 · Cited by 22
Spiritual Coping: A Focus of New Nursing Diagnoses
Cabaço, S. R., Caldeira, S., Vieira, M. M. D. S., & Rodgers, B. (2017) · International Journal of Nursing Knowledge · doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12171 · Cited by 22
“Research based on concept analysis is important for the development of the knowledge base of nursing (Windle, 2011), particularly when there are ambiguities about the nature or the components of the concept or in competition with others concepts (Rodgers, 2000).”
Vågerö, D., Aronsson, V., & Modin, B. (2017) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.11.006 · Cited by 22
“Cassel’s (1976) concept of host resistance forebodes the recent psychological discourse on resilience, defined as the capacity of a human being to “bounce back” in the face of adversity (Rutter, 2006; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundToledano‐Toledano, F., de la Rubia, J. M., McCubbin, L. D., Liebenberg, L., Jiménez, J. A. V., Rivera-Rivera, L., Hart, A., Barajas-Nava, L. A., García, M. S., Valverde, S. M., et al. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0817-3 · Cited by 22
Tyler, C. M., Henry, R. S., Perrin, P. B., Watson, J. D., Villaseñor, T., Lageman, S. K., Smith, E. R., Curiel, G. R., Avila, J., Jiménez-Maldonado, M., et al. (2020) · Neurology Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/7906547 · Cited by 23
“For the purposes of the current study, Windle’s [19] definition of resilience will be used.”
MethodJordan, K. P., Sim, J., Croft, P. R., & Blyth, F. (2018) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001374 · Cited by 22
Developing resilience: examining the protective factors of early career construction professionals
Turner, M., & Holdsworth, S. (2023) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2023.2208238 · Cited by 28
“Importantly, Windle (2011) contends that protective resources are the defining attributes of resilience.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialResilience-based interventions in the public sector workplace: a systematic review
Hollaar, M. H. L., Kemmere, B., Kocken, P., & Denktaş, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21177-2 · Cited by 49
Mapping the multidimensional factors of medical student resilience development: A scoping review
Azim, S. R., Yusoff, M. S. B., & Roslan, N. S. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07290-9 · Cited by 21
“Resilience is a vital capability for students at university, as it underpins their capacity to manage academic demands, enable positive progress, and manage the pressure of work, life, and study [15].”
Enhancing resilience in the transition to parenthood: a thematic analysis of parents’ perspectives
Young, C., Roberts, R., & Ward, L. (2020) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2020.1724916 · Cited by 21
“Resilience has been defined as ‘the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma’ (Windle, 2011, p. 152) and there is a large and heterogeneous literature surrounding the concept itself (see for example Fletcher & Sarkar, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodAdelian, H., Shahraki, S. K., Miri, S., & Farokhzadian, J. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01390-6 · Cited by 21
“Windle (2011) defined resilience as the ability to negotiate, adapt to, or manage considerable sources of stress or trauma.”
BackgroundHindering resilience in the transition to parenthood: a thematic analysis of parents’ perspectives
Young, C., Roberts, R., & Ward, L. (2020) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2020.1757630 · Cited by 21
“Resilience has been described as ‘the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma’ (Windle, 2011, p. 152).”
BackgroundA Cross-Country Network Analysis of Resilience Systems in Young Adults
Jefferies, P., Höltge, J., Fritz, J., & Ungar, M. T. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221090039 · Cited by 23
“More recently, resilience has been conceptualised as a dynamic process of positive adaptation following the experience of significant adversity (Bonanno et al., 2015; Bonanno & Diminich, 2013; Egeland et al., 1993; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundKütük, H., Hatun, O., Eksı, H., & Ekşi, F. (2022) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00468-w · Cited by 30
“Psychological resilience is the ability to cope with difficulties, to show resistance against stressful life events, and to develop a positive perspective (Kobasa, 1979; Luthar et al., 2000; Vergili, 2018; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundPsikolojik Sağlamlık: Sağlık Çalışanları Açısından Bir Değerlendirme
Çetintürk, K. A., & Erdem, R. (2023) · Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.47097/piar.1254928 · Cited by 26
Zheng, J., Cheung, K., & Sit, P. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11908-0 · Cited by 29
“Derived from this definition, academic resilience is made up of adversity and positive adaptation (Windle, 2011).”
Rustamov, E., Musayeva, T., Xalilova, X., İsmayılova, G., & Nahmatova, U. (2023) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00080-8 · Cited by 21
“Increased resilience leads to better well-being in people [17, 49].”
BackgroundPeer support as a resilience building practice with men
Robinson, M., Raine, G., Robertson, S., Steen, M., & Day, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-04-2015-0015 · Cited by 21
“Individual mental health ‘resilience’ involves negotiating, managing and adapting to stress or trauma (Windle, 2011) to create a new balance (or worldview) (Mind, 2012).”
BackgroundLower cortisol response in high‐resilient caregivers of people with autism: the role of anger
Ruiz‐Robledillo, N., Romero‐Martínez, Á., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2016) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2713 · Cited by 23
“Resilience conceptualized as a psychological trait represents a group of personal characteristics that allow individuals to face with the challenges they encounter in life (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundRetirement Planning Among Hispanics: In God’s Hands?
Blanco, L. R., Aguila, E., Gongora, A., & Duru, O. K. (2016) · Journal of Aging & Social Policy · doi:10.1080/08959420.2016.1272161 · Cited by 21
“We refer to resilience as the ability to face adversity and return to equilibrium following adverse episodes (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundExtending the Comfort Zone: Building Resilience in Older People With Long-Term Conditions
Robinson, M., Hanna, E. S., Raine, G., & Robertson, S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464817724042 · Cited by 24
Wang, H., Xu, Y., Lu, S., Ren, Y., & Xiang, W. (2017) · Urban Planning International · doi:10.22217/upi.2017.128 · Cited by 21
Resiliency and Adolescent Motherhood in the Context of Residential Foster Care
Bermea, A. M., Forenza, B., Rueda, H. A., & Toews, M. L. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-018-0574-0 · Cited by 21
“…* Autumn M. Bermea bermeaa1@montclair.edu 1 Montclair State University, University Hall 4034, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA 2 The University of Texas at Austin, San Antonio, TX, USA 3 Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA 1 3 sources of stress or trauma” (Windle, 2011, p. 1).”
BackgroundVos, L., Poritz, J. M. P., Ngan, E., León‐Novelo, L., & Sherer, M. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1658132 · Cited by 29
“Most simply, resilience is the ability to adapt positively in the face of trauma, risk, or adversity (9).”
BackgroundLiving alone vs. living with someone as a predictor of mortality after a bone fracture in older age
Koivunen, K., Sillanpää, E., von Bonsdorff, M. B., Sakari‐Rantala, R., Pynnönen, K., & Rantanen, T. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01511-5 · Cited by 23
“Resilience refers to the capacity to adapt or recover mentally and physically in the face of adversity [11, 12], and is likely to be one of the key factors supporting positive aging trajectories and survival when faced with stressful events in older age [13, 14].”
BackgroundPromoting Resilience through Technology, Art and a Child Rights-Based Approach
Tió, E. V., Monclús, A. U., & Mundet, A. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 21
Caregiver resilience and patients with severe musculoskeletal traumatic injuries
Heathcote, K., Sun, J., Horn, Z. B., Gardiner, P., Haigh, R., Wake, E., & Wullschleger, M. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1698662 · Cited by 20
“Resilience is universally described as positive adaptation, in the face of adversity [41] which can mean maintaining normal development and function (physical or psychological), or even having improved or “better than expected” function [41–45].”
BackgroundCharacteristics of Resilience Among Disaster Rescue Workers: A Systematic Review
Mao, X., Fung, O. W., Hu, X., & Loke, A. Y. (2020) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.192 · Cited by 24
Jia, J., Jenkins, A. J., Quintiliani, L. M., Truong, V., & Lasser, K. E. (2020) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2020.1849566 · Cited by 21
Decoding the link between personality traits and resilience. Self-determination is the key
Burtăverde, V., Ene, C. A., Chiriac, E., & Avram, E. (2021) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.107337 · Cited by 20
“Re-silience reflects individual difference in how an individual mobilizes his personal and external resources to overcome stressors and trauma (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialWilson, C. A., Plouffe, R. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2021) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980821000155 · Cited by 24
“positive adaptation (e.g., Gillespie, Chaboyer, & Wallis, 2007; Niitsu et al., 2017; Windle, 2011).”
Young, T., Pakenham, K. I., Chapman, C. M., & Edwards, M. R. (2021) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12517 · Cited by 25
Resilience in the Perinatal Period and Early Motherhood: A Principle-Based Concept Analysis
Hannon, S., Daly, D., & Higgins, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084754 · Cited by 20
“The concept of resilience has been promoted as a perspective on health and wellbeing, which assists in shifting research foci away from ‘deficit’ models of illness and psychopathology [7,8], towards a better understanding of the processes, assets, or protective factors that enable mental health to be regained or maint…”
BackgroundSani, D. S., Heidari, M. T., Moghaddam, H. T., Shorabeh, S. N., Yousefvand, S., Karmpour, A., & Arsanjani, J. J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148304 · Cited by 20
“From the viewpoints of the researchers studying resilience of urban communities, the basis of resilience and sustainability of a whole society against natural hazards, lies in the extent of its social resilience [3,94,95].”
BackgroundAsanjarani, F., Aneesh Kumar, P., & Kalani, S. (2022) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-022-09963-z · Cited by 32
“Social resources are considered essential in mental health, as researchers emphasize that healthy adaptation is a process (Luthar & Cicchetti, 2000; Windle, 2011; Windle et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResilience in relation to older adults with multimorbidity: A scoping review
Seong, H., Lashley, H., Bowers, K., Holmes, S., Fortinsky, R. H., Zhu, S., & Corazzini, K. (2022) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.08.017 · Cited by 21
Lteif, L., Rubin, D., Ball, J., & Lamberton, C. P. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21856 · Cited by 20
Franks, K. H., Bransby, L., Cribb, L., Buckley, R. F., Yassi, N., Chong, T. T. ‐., Saling, M. M., Lim, Y. Y., & Pase, M. P. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad131 · Cited by 20
“The conceptualization of psychological resilience varies, but it is typically viewed as a trait (i.e., a broadly stable personality trait) or process (i.e., a response to adversity or stress that is dynamic; MacLeod et al., 2016; Windle, 2011).”
Background“To tell or not to tell?” Managing a concealable identity in the workplace
Flett, R. A. (2012) · Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion · doi:10.3402/vgi.v3i0.16145 · Cited by 20
“The literature on resilience and psychological flexibility (Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010; Newman, 2005; Windle, 2011) indicates that people do have, or with appropriate supports can develop, the resources to ‘‘bounce back’’”
BackgroundStabilität von häuslichen Versorgungsarrangements für Menschen mit Demenz
von Kutzleben, M., Köhler, K., Dreyer, J., Holle, B., & Roes, M. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-015-0990-0 · Cited by 19
Validation of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents in Norwegian adolescents 13–18 years
Moksnes, U. K., & Haugan, G. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.12444 · Cited by 20
The role of the visual arts in the resilience of people living with dementia in care homes
Newman, A., Goulding, A., Davenport, B., & Windle, G. (2018) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x18000594 · Cited by 20
“Connected Communities Programme.3 The definition of resilience adopted for this study is ‘the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma’ (Windle 2011: 152).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationHow Does Apprentice Resilience Work?
Schwarze, J., & Wosnitza, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76690-4_3 · Cited by 24
A longitudinal exploration of mental health resilience, cognitive impairment and loneliness
Windle, G., Hoare, Z., Woods, B. T., Huisman, M. A., & Burholt, V. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5504 · Cited by 22
“Contemporary research recognises that an evaluation of resilience should take into account both the adversity and the outcome of interest, and that assets and resources both within the individual and within their social context are important for enabling a good outcome despite adversity.(11) This is often described as…”
BackgroundSelf-citation18 Away from Delinquency and Crime: Resilience and Protective Factors
Glowacz, F., & Born, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08720-7_18 · Cited by 23
Resilience in caregivers of people with mild-to-moderate dementia: findings from the IDEAL cohort
Martyr, A., Rusted, J. M., Quinn, C., Gamble, L. D., Collins, R., Morris, R. G., & Clare, L. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04549-y · Cited by 19
“An individual’s level of resilience therefore derives from the resources available to enable an adaptive response to challenging circumstances, including social and inter-personal relationships, and personal attributes [17].”
BackgroundSchoors, M. V., Lierde, E. V., Steeman, K., Verhofstadt, L., & Lemmens, G. M. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243784 · Cited by 19
“In other words, in the presence of adversity, protective factors supersede the risk of developing mental problems or other difficulties, and provide a more positive outcome than might be expected in the context of such adversity (Windle, 2011; Fletcher and Sarkar, 2013).”
BackgroundBennett, K. M., & Windle, G. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001459 · Cited by 19
Self-citationConstas, M. A., Mattioli, L., & Russo, L. (2020) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.12518 · Cited by 19
Revisioning the Concept of Resilience: Its Manifestation and Impact on Black Americans
Bryant, C. M., Anderson, L. A., & Notice, M. R. (2021) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-021-09621-6 · Cited by 23
“Such a stance is likely inaccurate as resilience more arguably exists on a continuum; where one falls on that continuum may differ across various spheres of life (Pietrzak & Southwick, 2011; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundWindle, G., MacLeod, C. A., Algar-Skaife, K., Stott, J. C. H., Waddington, C., Camic, P. M., Sullivan, M. P., Brotherhood, E., & Crutch, S. J. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-022-01747-x · Cited by 22
Self-citationAlsharaydeh, E., Alqudah, M., Lee, R., & Chan, S. W. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15551 · Cited by 19
Bennett, K. M., Panzeri, A., Derrer‐Merk, E., Butter, S., Hartman, T. K., Mason, L., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M. E., Miller, J. G., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283254 · Cited by 22
“We utilise Windle’s [14] large scale concept analysis, and employ her definition of resilience: “Resilience is the process of negotiating, managing and adapting to significant sources of stress or trauma.”
MethodEffect of Perceived Parent–Child Relationship in Childhood on Resilience in Japanese Youth
Tamura, T. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118762504 · Cited by 19
“Recent studies have focused on strengths, well-being, and health as factors contributing to the development of resilience (Pearce, 2011; Windle, 2011; Zolkoski & Bullock, 2012).”
BackgroundTeng, Y., Brannick, M., & Borman, W. (2020) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2019.1709069 · Cited by 16
“Perhaps the most well-known conceptualization of resilience is “the ability to bounce back from adversity” (Grossman, 2014; Luthans, 2002; Pangallo, 2014; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialAngevaare, M. J., Monnier, A. A., Joling, K. J., Smalbrugge, M., Schellevis, F., Hertogh, C. M. P. M., & Huisman, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00365 · Cited by 19
“In general, within the scientific literature, a stressor is seen as essential to the portrayal of resilience (3).”
BackgroundFarina, E., Fioravanti, R., Pignatti, R., Alberoni, M., Mantovani, F., Manzoni, G. M., Chiavari, L., Imbornone, E., Villanelli, F., & Nemni, R. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Resilience and surgeons: train the individual or change the system?
Bolderston, H., Greville-Harris, M., Thomas, K., Kane, A., & TURNER, K. J. (2020) · Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England · doi:10.1308/rcsbull.2020.170 · Cited by 19
“It is now widely accepted that resilience is a dynamic process that can fluctuate with context, life circumstances and age.(2,4,6) This is important because it suggests that resilience may be malleable and might therefore be developed through intervention.”
BackgroundDemir, A., & Çifçi, F. (2020) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.739918 · Cited by 19
“Bu kapasite ancak süreç içerisinde değişebilir ve bireyin kendisi ya da çevrede var olan koruyucu faktörler ile gelişebilir (Ruther, 1999; Gizir, 2007; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundRasouli, O., Bø, M. A., Reinfjell, T., Moksnes, U. K., & Eilertsen, M. B. (2021) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2021.101929 · Cited by 19
Resilience and vision impairment in older people
Thetford, C., Bennett, K. M., Hodge, S., Knox, P. C., & Robinson, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2015.07.007 · Cited by 23
“Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity” (Windle, 2011: p. 163).”
BackgroundJohnson, K. M., Paley, F. M., Modest, A. M., Hacker, M. R., Shaughnessy, S., Ricciotti, H. A., & Scott, J. (2018) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.12358 · Cited by 18
Saad, S., & Ali, S. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06858-9 · Cited by 18
“In current accreditation bodies, resilience has been identified as a key capability to be mastered by medical graduates so that they can thrive in the ever-changing and complex real world [3].”
Profiles of Psychological Resilience in College Students With Disabilities
Ganguly, R., & Perera, H. N. (2018) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282918783604 · Cited by 23
Mantua, J., Brager, A. J., Alger, S. E., Adewale, F., Skeiky, L., Balkin, T. J., Capaldi, V. F., & Simonelli, G. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119899896 · Cited by 18
“…healthy levels of functioning following adversity and that it is a dynamic process, not a personality trait” (Johnston et al., 2015), while Windle (2011) defines resilience as “. . . the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or…”
BackgroundHow might creative learning through dance support resilience?
Buck, R., & Snook, B. H. (2020) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2019.1680474 · Cited by 18
“Windle (2011) provides a definition of resilience as The process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress and trauma.”
BackgroundLester, E. G., Macklin, E. A., Plotkin, S. R., & Vranceanu, A. (2020) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-020-03441-8 · Cited by 18
Carr, P., Goodman, S., Jowett, A., & Abell, J. (2021) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/09579265211013117 · Cited by 18
“Individuals who are not as economically active due to their lower levels of resilience are considered to have failed (Windle, 2010).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation and the late positive potential (LPP) in older adults
Meynadasy, M. A., Brush, C. J., Sheffler, J., Mach, R. J., Carr, D. C., Kiosses, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.013 · Cited by 18
Springfield, S., Qin, F., Hedlin, H., Eaton, C. B., Rosal, M. C., Taylor, H. A., Staudinger, U. M., & Stefanick, M. L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127089 · Cited by 20
“Our findings cohere with previous literature that suggests both non-psychological and psychological resources are essential to cultivating and maintaining resilience throughout the aging process [3,35,36], particularly control of beliefs and energy.”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Windle, G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Windle, Gill
- ORCID
- Windle, Gill
- Venue
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-21
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 152-169
- ISSN
- 0959-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9036
- OpenAlex
- W1992046328
- Semantic Scholar
- 520183eefb37770d6249ca717e53d90b6e0059b0
- Cited by
- 1,761
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 14.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, conceptual analysis, life course, lifespan development, stress and trauma, adaptation, bouncing back, adversity, healthy aging, loss, cognitive decline, developmental psychology, interdisciplinary perspectives
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