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What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.
Abstract
Summary: The complexities of defining what appears to be the relatively simple concept of resilience are widely recognized. This paper analyses the concept of resilience from a range of disciplinary perspectives and clarifies a definition in order to inform research, policy and practice. The work takes a life course approach to resilience, examining evidence derived from research across the lifespan. It incorporates the methods of systematic review, concept analysis and consultation through face-to-face meetings. The synthesis of methodological approaches enables a clear identification of the antecedents, defining attributes and consequences of resilience, validated with stakeholder partners. Through this process, resilience is defined as the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and ‘bouncing back’ in the face of adversity. Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary. A large proportion of resilience research is routed within the discipline of developmental psychology, and has mainly been developed with children and adolescents. A major contribution to resilience research could be made through more multi-disciplinary studies that examine the dynamics of resilience across the lifespan, its role in healthy ageing and in managing loss, such as changes in cognitive functioning.
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“In addition to general trait resilience, several individual difference variables are known to facilitate positive adaptation to stressors and adversity, and these are often referred to as resiliency factors (Windle, 2011; Pangallo et al., 2015).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“Second, the resilience literature further suggests that these factors may also moderate the effects of a stressor on well-being, as they promote positive adaptation to adversity (Windle, 2011; Kalisch et al., 2017).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
In the citing paper
“First, previous research suggests a direct positive influence of trait resilience and protective and promotive resiliency factors on adaptation to stress and psychological well-being (Windle, 2011).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Windle, 2011
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The Development of the Scale of Protective Factors: Resilience in a Violent Trauma Sample
Ponce‐Garcia, E., Madewell, A. N., & Kennison, S. M. (2015) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00163 · Cited by 65
“Measuring both social-interpersonal and cognitive-individual protective factors provides better assessment of overall resilience (Burns & Anstey, 2010; Dyer & McGuinness, 1996; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychological and Physiological Predictors of Resilience in Navy SEAL Training
Ledford, A. K., Dixon, D. P., Luning, C. R., Martin, B. J., Miles, P. C., Beckner, M. E., Bennett, D., Conley, J., & Nindl, B. C. (2020) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2020.1712648 · Cited by 60
Agarwal, S., Ramadani, V., Dana, L., Agrawal, V., & Dixit, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jeee-08-2020-0313 · Cited by 55
Drach‐Zahavy, A., Goldblatt, H., Admi, H., Blau, A., Ohana, I., & Itzhaki, M. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14951 · Cited by 55
“…2009; Hodges et al., 2005), whereas others regard resilience as a more flexible process of bouncing back in the face of adversity (Laschinger & Grau, 2012; Reyes et al., 2015; Sanderson & Brewer, 2017; Windle, 2011), or as an outcome of successful adaptation post- adversity (Vella & Pai, 2019).”
BackgroundYing, L., Wang, Y., Lin, C., & Chen, C. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.048 · Cited by 62
Validity and reliability of the German versions of the CD-RISC-10 and CD-RISC-2
Wollny, A., & Jacobs, I. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01670-2 · Cited by 61
“Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary” (Windle 2011, p. 163).”
BackgroundPeker, A., & Cengiz, S. (2021) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1937656 · Cited by 55
“In this way, psychological resilience could help to protect mental health under stressful conditions (Windle 2011).”
BackgroundPhillips, S. P., Auais, M. A., Bélanger, E., Alvarado, B., & Zunzunegui, M. V. (2016) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.09.007 · Cited by 62
Hayas, C. L., Izco-Basurko, I., Fullaondo, A., Gabrielli, S., Zwiefka, A., Hjemdal, O., Gudmundsdóttir, D., Knoop, H., Olafsdottir, A. S., Donisi, V., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7759-0 · Cited by 44
Individual resilience in adult cancer care: A concept analysis
Luo, D., Eicher, M., & White, K. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103467 · Cited by 60
Hiebel, N., Kriegsmann-Rabe, M., Maus, K., Peusquens, F., Radbruch, L., & Geiser, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659395 · Cited by 82
“For instance, Windle (2011) published a concept analysis of how resilience could be defined.”
BackgroundInfluentialUrsu, A., & Măirean, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912631 · Cited by 61
“According to this approach, resilience may contribute to optimal mental health during times of stress and has a positive effect on a variety of mental health and well-being outcomes [19].”
BackgroundLópez-Fuentes, I., & Calvete, E. (2015) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000070 · Cited by 62
Doi, S. K., Fujiwara, T., Ochi, M., Isumi, A., & Kato, T. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.12.015 · Cited by 55
Lulli, L. G., Giorgi, G., Pandolfi, C., Foti, G., Finstad, G. L., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132413869 · Cited by 59
“In this optic, investing in peer support programs may increase social support and develop resilience, which is a key factor in managing significant sources for stress or trauma [76].”
BackgroundLife satisfaction, resilience and coping mechanisms among medical students during COVID-19
Haider, S. I., Ahmed, F., Pasha, H., Pasha, H., Farheen, N., & Zahid, M. T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275319 · Cited by 64
“Resilience is the ability to cope mentally or emotionally with a crisis or to return to pre-crisis status quickly [16].”
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Burnout syndrome and wellbeing in anesthesiologists: the importance of emotion regulation strategies
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Resilience in the face of adversity in adults with an intellectual disability: A literature review
Scheffers, F., van Vugt, E., & Moonen, X. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12720 · Cited by 59
“From the conceptualizations of Masten (2018) and Windle (2011), it becomes clear that resilience is a dynamic process and should be observed in the overall context of a system.”
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Resilience in inpatient palliative care nursing: a qualitative systematic review
Powell, M. J., Froggatt, K., & Giga, S. (2020) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-001693 · Cited by 49
Rochat, S., Masdonati, J., & Dauwalder, J.-P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66954-0_8 · Cited by 50
Scheffers, F., Moonen, X., & van Vugt, E. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103889 · Cited by 50
“The process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress and trauma is called resilience (Windle, 2011).”
Finding a path in a methodological jungle: a qualitative research of resilience
Zelčāne, E., & Pipere, A. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2164948 · Cited by 86
“Assets and resources within the individual, their life and environment facilitate this capacity for adaptation and “bouncing back” in the face of adversity (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundWells, M., Avers, D., & Brooks, G. (2011) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0b013e318237103f · Cited by 51
Resilience, not frailty: A qualitative study of the perceptions of older adults towards “frailty”
Pan, E., Bloomfield, K., & Boyd, M. L. (2019) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12261 · Cited by 54
Multifaceted changes and mortality in older people: A longitudinal study in Taiwan
Tzeng, H., & Lee, M. (2016) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12819 · Cited by 50
Does Resilience Predict Suicidality? A Lifespan Analysis
Liu, D. W. Y., Fairweather‐Schmidt, A. K., Roberts, R., Burns, R. A., & Anstey, K. J. (2014) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.833881 · Cited by 49
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“On the other hand, children are equipped with such personal assets or individual resources as resilience, self-concept, and self-efficacy, that act as protective factors when they face difficulties or stressful situations (Garmezy, 1991; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundSoundy, A., Roskell, C., Elder, T., Collett, J., & Dawes, H. (2016) · Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.4236/ojtr.2016.41003 · Cited by 48
Supervisor undermining and submissive behavior: Shame resilience theory perspective
Fatima, T., Majeed, M., & Jahanzeb, S. (2019) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2019.07.003 · Cited by 50
“Tough Times Have Become Good Times”: Resilience in Older Adults With a Low Socioeconomic Position
Kok, A. A. L., van Nes, F., Deeg, D. J. H., Widdershoven, G. A. M., & Huisman, M. A. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny007 · Cited by 51
“Second, our findings provide a better understanding of how personality traits that are often included in resilience measurement scales, such as competence, self-esteem, and optimism (Windle, 2011), manifest themselves in the experience of resilient older adults with a low SEP.”
BackgroundInfluentialSystem models for resilience in gerontology: application to the COVID-19 pandemic
Klasa, K., Galaitsi, S., Wister, A., & Linkov, I. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01965-2 · Cited by 52
“(2014) Different health fields show considerable diversity in the methods for modeling or quantifying resilience [19, 20].”
BackgroundLiu, J., Lou, Y., Wu, B., & Mui, A. C. Y.-S. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1793900 · Cited by 47
“Across the life course, the experience of resilience will vary” (Windle, 2011, p. 163).”
BackgroundInfluence of Resilience on Burnout Syndrome of Faculty Professors
Rivera, B. R. G., Mendoza-Martínez, I. A., García-Alcaráz, J. L., Tiznado, J. E. O., Wilson, C. C., Araníbar, M. F., & Alcaraz, P. G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020910 · Cited by 51
Influence of Psychological Factors on the Success of the Ultra-Trail Runner
Méndez-Alonso, D., Saborit, J., Bahamonde, J. R., & Arberas, E. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052704 · Cited by 46
“Windle [31], based on a review of 270 research articles, conceptualizes resilience as the process of negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress through diverse internal psychosocial resources and contextual aspects that facilitate this capacity for adaptation and flexibility in such adverse si…”
BackgroundDistelberg, B. J., Martin, A. S., Borieux, M., & Oloo, W. A. (2015) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2014.988320 · Cited by 45
Risky and resilient life with dementia: review of and reflections on the literature
Bailey, C., Clarke, C. L., Gibb, C. E., Haining, S. A., Wilkinson, H. A., & Tiplady, S. (2013) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2013.821460 · Cited by 45
“Windle (2010) in a recent review suggested that resilience focuses on strengths rather than weaknesses.”
BackgroundYing, L., Lin, C., Wu, X., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., & An, Y.-Y. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0031964 · Cited by 45
“Conceptually, an important debate diverges on whether resilience should be conceptualized as either a personality trait or a process [24,26].”
BackgroundDevelopment of Resilience Scale for Nurses
Park, M. M., & Park, J.-W. (2016) · Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing · doi:10.7739/jkafn.2016.23.1.32 · Cited by 45
Improvements in Resilience, Stress, and Somatic Symptoms Following Online Resilience Training
Smith, B., Shatté, A. J., Perlman, A. I., Siers, M., & Lynch, W. D. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001142 · Cited by 45
IJntema, R. C., Burger, Y. D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2019) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000147 · Cited by 45
“Adversity should be included in any definition of resilience because it is the antecedent needed to trigger the process of psychological resilience (Ayed, Toner, & Priebe, 2019; Fisher et al., 2018; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialMao, X., Loke, A. Y., & Hu, X. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13049-020-0700-9 · Cited by 52
Reframing Resilience Concept: Insights from a Meta-synthesis of 21 Resilience Scales
Wadi, M., Nordin, N. I., Roslan, N. S., Tan, C., & Yusoff, M. S. B. (2020) · Education in Medicine Journal · doi:10.21315/eimj2020.12.2.2 · Cited by 51
“Despite this overlapping, various literature has concluded that resilience is not mere toughness, but also characterised by dynamic process of effective negotiation, adaptation and management of stressors (5, 13).”
BackgroundPapadopoulos, R. K. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003154822 · Cited by 56
Longitudinal associations between resilience and quality of life in eating disorders
Calvete, E., Hayas, C. L., & del Barrio, A. G. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.031 · Cited by 44
“Resilience factors are dynamic and can change throughout life (Luthar et al., 2000; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundPsychological Wellbeing in Later Life
Bennett, K. M., & Soulsby, L. K. (2014) · Well Being · doi:10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell082 · Cited by 44
Yetişkinlerde Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Olumlu Çocukluk Deneyimleri ve Algılanan Mutluluk
Doğan, T., & YAVUZ, K. (2020) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.750839 · Cited by 43
Wister, A., Lear, S. A., Schuurman, N., Mackey, D. C., Mitchell, B. A., Cosco, T. D., & Fyffe, I. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0851-y · Cited by 44
Üngüren, E., & Kaçmaz, Y. Y. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education · doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100369 · Cited by 48
“…and manage an individual’s E. Üngüren and Y.Y. Kaçmaz Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 30 (2022) 100369 psychological and physiological health against negative, severe, threatening, devastating situations and to adapt to these situations (Bonanno, 2004; Windle, 2011).”
My Cat and Me—A Study of Cat Owner Perceptions of Their Bond and Relationship
Ines, M., Ricci-Bonot, C., & Mills, D. S. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11061601 · Cited by 54
“the owner’s everyday life but it can also potentially help the owner to cope with stressful situations [1] and thus increase the owner’s resilience [10].”
BackgroundResilience in a hostile workplace: the experience of women onsite in construction
Turner, M., Holdsworth, S., Scott‐Young, C. M., & Sandri, K. (2021) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2021.1981958 · Cited by 45
“In a work environment, employee resilience is described as the ability to manage the “everyday stress” of work and remain healthy, rebound and learn from unexpected setbacks and prepare for future challenges proactively (Windle 2011, McEwan 2018).”
BackgroundMethodResponding to stigmatization: How to resist and overcome the stigma of unemployment
Garcia‐Lorenzo, L., Sell-Trujillo, L., & Donnelly, P. (2021) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/01708406211053217 · Cited by 42
“Defined as ‘the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma. . .[to] “bounce back” after an adverse event’ (Windle, 2011, p. 163), resilience is presented as positive, dynamic and agenting.”
BackgroundAsthana, S., & Gibson, A. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab130 · Cited by 49
Chen, X., Wang, Y., & Yan, Y. (2016) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2659 · Cited by 39
“The paradigm shift from pathological focus to the positive aspect has contributed to the burgeoning studies in various disciplines, including psychology, health behaviour, health promotion, disease prevention and treatment (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundRichardson, J. C., & Chew-Graham, C. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29492-6_2 · Cited by 41
“[ 18 ] and Windle [ 28 ] above) means being able to accommodate and adapt to physical changes and fl uctuations in health and well-being in order to sustain what is important in life and for a valued sense of self.”
BackgroundInfluentialCaycho‐Rodríguez, T., Ventura‐León, J., Cadena, C. H. G., Tomás, J. M., Domínguez-Vergara, J., Daniel, L., & Gallegos, W. L. A. (2018) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2018a6 · Cited by 52
Conceptualising and operationalising resilience in older adults
Cosco, T. D., Kok, A. A. L., Wister, A., & Howse, K. (2019) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2019.1593845 · Cited by 45
“Individuals that respond more positively to adversity than would be expected, given the level of adversity that they have experienced are described as demonstrating ‘resilience’ (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundFaccio, F., Gandini, S., Renzi, C., Fioretti, C., Crico, C., & Pravettoni, G. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024670 · Cited by 41
“The second version of the questionnaire was composed of 60 items referring to six aspects: (1) family communication and problem solving, (2) social and economic resources, (3) maintaining a positive outlook, (4) family connectedness, (5) family spirituality and (6) ability to make meaning from adversity.”
BackgroundInfluentialMorote, R., Hayas, C. L., Izco-Basurko, I., Anyan, F., Fullaondo, A., Donisi, V., Zwiefka, A., Guðmundsdóttir, D. G., Ledertoug, M. M., Ólafsdóttir, A. S., et al. (2020) · European Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1177/1474904120947890 · Cited by 41
“As a result, individuals experience positive adaptation in the face of adversity (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundKourou, K. D., Manikis, G. C., Poikonen-Saksela, P., Mazzocco, K., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Sousa, B., Oliveira-Maia, A., Mattson, J., Roziner, I., Pettini, G., et al. (2021) · Comput. Biol. Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104266 · Cited by 38
Diaz‐Martinez, J., Tamargo, J. A., Delgado‐Enciso, I., Liu, Q., Acuña, L., Laverde, E. E., Barbieri, M. A., Trepka, M. J., Campa, A. L., Siminski, S. M., et al. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03292-y · Cited by 42
“In a systematic review of literature, Windle defined resilience as “the process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma” [12].”
BackgroundRural older adults’ resilience in the context of COVID-19
Herron, R., Lawrence, B. C., Newall, N. E. G., Ramsey, D., Waddell-Henowitch, C. M., & Dauphinais, J. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115153 · Cited by 41
“In sum, resilience involves navigating and negotiating access to valued resources across a range of settings, systems, and timeframes (Ungar, 2012; Wiles et al., 2012; Windle, 2011).”
Ness, T. M., Hellzèn, O., & Enmarker, I. (2014) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v9.25217 · Cited by 40
“Sense of coherence is a dimension of resilience that can be seen in people facing adversities throughout the lifespan (Windle, 2011), and Söderhamn, Dale, and Söderhamn (2011) found that older people who live in rural areas and have a strong sense of coherence experience adversity (e.g., loss of…”
BackgroundUn análisis crítico del concepto de resiliencia en psicología
López, J. A. P. (2015) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.31.3.185631 · Cited by 40
“…a campos como los del desarrollo, la personalidad, la educación y la salud, principalmente (Becoña, 2006; Fernández-Lansac y Crespo, 2011; Gaxiola et al., 2012; Windle, 2011), entre los diferentes autores hay preguntas que no han sido respondidas satisfactoriamente; mención especial merecen: 1.”
BackgroundModifying and Validating a Measure of Chronic Stress for People With Aphasia
Pompon, R. H., Amtmann, D., Bombardier, C. H., & Kendall, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-18-0173 · Cited by 42
Wister, A., Cosco, T. D., Mitchell, B. A., & Fyffe, I. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219000486 · Cited by 40
“Over the last few decades, we have witnessed a growing interest in understanding how individuals respond to illness-related adversities to maintain and regain a sense of wellness in their lives, termed resilience—the ability and resources needed to adapt andnavigate stress-inducing experiences (Wiles et al., 2012; Win…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWambua, G. N., Kilian, S., Ntlantsana, V., & Chiliza, B. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113374 · Cited by 48
Genetic Variants Associated With Resilience in Human and Animal Studies
Cahill, S., Chandola, T., & Hager, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840120 · Cited by 52
“controls, age range, sex, adult or child population, important characteristics), (2) resilience measurement, (3) candidate gene, (4) resilient allele (if any), (5) environmental risk factor (if any), (6) key findings.”
BackgroundDong, X., & Geng, L. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101995 · Cited by 42
Fernandez, A. C., Fehon, D. C., Padovano, H. T., Ng, R., & Sledge, W. H. (2015) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1029620 · Cited by 39
“…the resilience literature outlines three necessary components of resilience: (a) a significant adversity or risk, (b) the presence of assets or resources (within the individual) to offset the effects of adversity, and (c) positive adaptation or the avoidance of the negative outcome (Windle, 2010).”
BackgroundResilience amongst Older Colombians Living in Poverty: an Ecological Approach
Bennett, K. M., Reyes-Rodriguez, M. F., Altamar, P., & Soulsby, L. K. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-016-9303-3 · Cited by 38
“As part of this work, Windle (2011) conducted a conceptual review of resilience across the lifecourse.”
MethodResilience Among Language Learners: The Roles of Support, Self-Efficacy, and Buoyancy
Li, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854522 · Cited by 38
“…literature indicates that the concept of resilience is used in an extensive series of different domains, to express the perseverance of a system, a construction, or a public toward the disruption or disrupting fluctuations triggered by people or societal or ecological circumstances (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialResilience and Quality of Life in People with Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chuang, S. P., Wu, J. Y., & Wang, C. S. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s392332 · Cited by 55
“status of individuals.(41) Other studies indicated that interventions based on mindfulness or resilience reinforcement program can contribute to the strengthening of feelings in acceptance and competence.”
BackgroundHiyoshi, A., Udumyan, R., Osika, W., Bihagen, E., Fall, K., & Montgomery, S. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.057 · Cited by 38
A Concept Analysis of the Phenomenon of Resilience
Scoloveno, R. (2016) · Journal of Nursing & Care · doi:10.4172/2167-1168.1000353 · Cited by 38
“Windle [24] defined resilience as effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma.”
BackgroundSchwartz, C. E., Michael, W., & Rapkin, B. D. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1633-2 · Cited by 38
“Resilience is defined as the ‘process of effectively negotiating, adapting to, or managing significant sources of stress or trauma’ [1].”
BackgroundHo, G. W. K., Chan, A. C. Y., Shevlin, M. E., Karatzias, T., Chan, P. S., & Leung, D. Y. L. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519876034 · Cited by 38
“…is used to describe children who were exposed to considerable stress and trauma early in life (e.g. abuse and neglect), but were observed to withstand the negative effects of risk exposure and “bounce back” in the face of adversity, thus demonstrating positive growth and adjustment (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundOpsomer, S., Lepeleire, J. D., Lauwerier, E., & Pype, P. F. (2020) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2020.1784876 · Cited by 45
“During a resilient trajectory, positive adaptation to a PTE is achieved despite experienced difficulties or disruptive events [12,24,33,38].”
BackgroundListopad, I. W., Michaelsen, M. M., Werdecker, L., & Esch, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722862 · Cited by 52
“Besides health, resilience is related to factors such as coping style and optimism (Gillespie et al., 2007; Windle, 2010).”
BackgroundResilience and Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults: A Review of Recent Literature
Grigoraș, G., Ilie, A. C., Turcu, A.-M., Albişteanu, S.-M., Lungu, I.-D., Ștefăniu, R., Pîslaru, A. I., Gavrilovici, O., & Alexa, I. D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14217729 · Cited by 45
Toward a Model of Military Family Resiliency: A Narrative Review
Cramm, H. A., Norris, D., Venedam, S., & Tam‐Seto, L. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12284 · Cited by 37
Rasch calibration of the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Papini, N. M., Kang, M., Ryu, S., Griese, E. R., Wingert, T., & Herrmann, S. D. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320904769 · Cited by 37
“Several factors have been linked to successful long-term outcomes such as program adherence, weight loss expectations, and self-efficacy/social support (Elfhag and Rossner, 2005; Perri et al., 1993; Varkevisser et al., 2019; Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundLove, M. F., Wood, G. L., Wardell, D. W., & Beauchamp, J. E. S. (2020) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvaa008 · Cited by 40
What Are the Common Themes of Physician Resilience? A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies
Roslan, N. S., Yusoff, M. S. B., Morgan, K., Razak, A. A., & Shauki, N. I. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010469 · Cited by 41
“The word resilience is derived from the Latin “resilire,” which means to leap back or recoil [11,12].”
Grevenstein, D., Aguilar‐Raab, C., & Bluemke, M. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9901-y · Cited by 40
“This view of mindfulness partly overlaps with the concept of resilience or inner strength (Lindström 2001; Windle 2011), requiring an investigation of the unique aspects of mindfulness.”
BackgroundRelationship of resilience, anxiety and injuries in footballers: Structural equations analysis
Ortega, F. Z., Cuberos, R. C., Cofré-Bolados, C., Knox, E. C. L., & Muros, J. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207860 · Cited by 36
Anderson, M. I., Daher, M., & Simpson, G. K. (2019) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2019.1620787 · Cited by 36
Impact of Childhood Trauma and Attachment on Resilience in Remitted Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Citak, C., & Erten, E. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.025 · Cited by 42
Özcan, B., & Buluş, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02944-z · Cited by 47
“Although there is no consensual definition of resilience across different fields, most descriptions are based on two basic concepts: adversity and positive adaptation (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundFossion, P., Leys, C., Kempenaers, C., Braun, S., Verbanck, P., & Linkowski, P. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.924901 · Cited by 36
“Resilience, defined as the process of adapting to significant sources of stress or trauma (Luthar, 2006; Schoon, 2006; Windle, 2010), can be eroded by multiple traumas (Fossion et al.”
BackgroundThe strength of pursuing your values: Valued living as a path to resilience among college students
Ceary, C. D., Donahue, J. J., & Shaffer, K. (2019) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2886 · Cited by 35
Resilience on an emotional rollercoaster: Refugee entrepreneurship under adversity
Yeshi, T., Harima, A., & Freiling, J. (2022) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2022.12.009 · Cited by 35
Trajectories of resilience among widows: a latent transition model
Bennett, K. M., Morselli, D., Spahni, S., & Perrig-Chiello, P. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1647129 · Cited by 35
“Underpinning our work is the following definition derived from a large-scale concept analysis of more than 270 papers (Windle, 2011): Resilience is the process of negotiating, managing and adapting to significant sources of stress or trauma.”
BackgroundMethodRodríguez‐González, R., Facal-Mayo, D., Martinez‐Santos, A., & Gandoy‐Crego, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.588949 · Cited by 34
“It is worth noting the importance of resilience, understood as a self-regulating mechanism of protection against the emergence of possible difficult consequences at certain times in life (13, 14), which plays a key role in healthy aging (15).”
BackgroundIs COVID-19 Immune to Misinformation? A Brief Overview
Ali, S., Khalid, A., & Zahid, E. (2021) · Asian Bioethics Review · doi:10.1007/s41649-020-00155-x · Cited by 40
“Hence, resilience can play a significant role in overcoming adversity, even in the presence of greater risk (Windle 2011).”
BackgroundDropout and early unemployment
Ramsdal, G. H., Gjærum, R. G., & Wynn, R. (2013) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2013.06.011 · Cited by 41
“More precision may be gained by using terms to describe the nature of the resilience experience being studied, e.g. psychological resilience, educational resilience or cognitive resilience (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundBeyond “Bouncing”: Resilience as an Expansion–Contraction Dynamic within a Holonic Frame
Clark, J. N. (2020) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viaa048 · Cited by 33
Alshebami, A. S., & Murad, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954841 · Cited by 60
“It has to do with a person’s capacity to move on from a difficult situation (Windle, 2011).”
BackgroundYang, Y.-D., Zhou, C.-L., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331691 · Cited by 52
“…resilience, and resistance, represents the ability of an individual to adapt to adversity and setbacks through flexible adjustment, which takes the form of good adaptability on the part of the individual when facing adversity, trauma, or major stressful events (Lazarus, 1993; Windle, 2011).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Windle, G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Windle, Gill
- ORCID
- Windle, Gill
- Venue
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-21
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 152-169
- ISSN
- 0959-2598 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9036
- OpenAlex
- W1992046328
- Semantic Scholar
- 520183eefb37770d6249ca717e53d90b6e0059b0
- Cited by
- 1,761
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 171 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 14.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- resilience, conceptual analysis, life course, lifespan development, stress and trauma, adaptation, bouncing back, adversity, healthy aging, loss, cognitive decline, developmental psychology, interdisciplinary perspectives
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