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Affective and emotional dysregulation as pre-dementia risk markers: exploring the mild behavioral impairment symptoms of depression, anxiety, irritability, and euphoria
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BACKGROUND: Affective and emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety, euphoria, and irritability are common neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in pre-dementia and cognitively normal older adults. They comprise a domain of Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI), which describes their emergence in later life as an at-risk state for cognitive decline and dementia, and as a potential manifestation of prodromal dementia. This selective scoping review explores the epidemiology and neurobiological links between affective and emotional symptoms, and incident cognitive decline, focusing on recent literature in this expanding field of research. METHODS: Existing literature in prodromal and dementia states was reviewed, focusing on epidemiology, and neurobiology. Search terms included: "mild cognitive impairment," "dementia," "prodromal dementia," "preclinical dementia," "Alzheimer's," "depression," "dysphoria," "mania," "euphoria," "bipolar disorder," and "irritability." RESULTS: Affective and emotional dysregulation are common in preclinical and prodromal dementia syndromes, often being harbingers of neurodegenerative change and progressive cognitive decline. Nosological constraints in distinguishing between pre-existing psychiatric symptomatology and later life acquired NPS limit historical data utility, but emerging research emphasizes the importance of addressing time frames between symptom onset and cognitive decline, and age of symptom onset. CONCLUSION: Affective symptoms are of prognostic utility, but interventions to prevent dementia syndromes are limited. Trials need to assess interventions targeting known dementia pathology, toward novel pathology, as well as using psychiatric medications. Research focusing explicitly on later life onset symptomatology will improve our understanding of the neurobiology of NPS and neurodegeneration, enrich the study sample, and inform observational and clinical trial design for prevention and treatment strategies.
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“Cognitive decline encompasses mental health conditions like anxiety [45,46].”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Experiential avoidance seeks to control the way or frequency of aversive private experiences [37] and has been associated with anxiety [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54].”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
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Cites
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“Conversely, Cooper et al. (2015) provided mixed results, identifying only one higher quality epidemiological study that showed anxiety to predict AD (Palmer et al., 2007), while in three clinical studies (Robert et al., 2006; Rozzini et al., 2007; Devier et al., 2009) anxiety was found not to…”
ResultWoolley, J. D., Khan, B. K., Murthy, N. K., Miller, B. L., & Rankin, K. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06382oli · Cited by 549 · cited 2×
“…nosology with insufficient attention given to their late life onset and consequently their frequent misclassification as idiopathic psychiatric illness (Woolley et al., 2011), potentially exposing patients to inappropriate medications or delays in dementia diagnosis (Jalal et al., 2014).”
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Ismail, Z., for the NPS Professional Interest Area of the International Society of to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment (NPS-PIA of ISTAART), Agüera-Ortiz, L., Brodaty, H., Cieslak, A., Cummings, J., Fischer, C. E., Gauthier, S., Geda, Y. E., Herrmann, N., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160979 · Cited by 530
Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Before Diagnosis of Dementia: A 28-Year Follow-up Study
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Midlife vs Late-Life Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Dementia
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“This is true for both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia and all-cause dementia (Barnes et al., 2012; Steenland et al., 2012; Geda et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPredictors of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease
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Glucocorticoid regulation of diverse cognitive functions in normal and pathological emotional states
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“Further, cortisol-induced overstimulation of glucocorticoid receptors in the medial temporal lobe have also been linked to hippocampal atrophy (Sapolsky, 2000; Erickson et al., 2003), and stress has been postulated as a mechanism for hippocampal injury and volume loss (Sheline et al.”
BackgroundNeuropsychiatric Manifestations in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of the Literature
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BackgroundAnxiety as a Predictor for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gulpers, B., Ramakers, I., Hamel, R., Köhler, S., Oude Voshaar, R., & Verhey, F. (2016) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.015 · Cited by 409 · cited 5×
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are less conclusive, however, with some providing support for anxiety as a risk factor for dementia (Gulpers et al., 2016), while others provide mixed results (Cooper et al.”
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“Vascular mania has been suggested as a subtype of secondary mania, when it occurs in the presence of co-morbid cerebrovascular disease or cognitive impairment (Steffens and Krishnan, 1998; Sajatovic et al., 2015).”
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The association of neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI with incident dementia and Alzheimer disease
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“Increasing evidence in both cognitively normal (CN) older adults (without objective cognitive impairment) and in MCI suggests that emergent depression is a risk factor for dementia (Rosenberg et al., 2013) and may constitute a prodrome (Ismail et al.”
BackgroundResultAnxiety and new onset of cardiovascular disease: critical review and meta-analysis
Batelaan, N. M., Seldenrijk, A., Bot, M., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156554 · Cited by 362 · cited 1×
“There has been a growing body of research supporting an association between anxiety and reduced cognitive function in older adults, indicating clinically elevated anxiety symptoms to be associated with poorer global cognition, episodic memory, and executive functioning (Beaudreau and O’Hara, 2008).”
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“Anxiety symptoms are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and prevalence estimates range between 8% and 71% (Seignourel et al., 2008).”
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Castrén, E., & Kojima, M. (2017) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.010 · Cited by 337 · cited 3×
“…the same progranulin mutation and one case of FTLD with a C9ORF72 gene hexanucleotide expansion mutation developed symptomatology meeting criteria for a bipolar disorder diagnosis prior to clinical presentation of Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) (Cerami et al., 2011; Floris et al., 2013).”
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Late-Life Anxiety and Cognitive Impairment: A Review
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“Patients who develop their first manic episode after age 58 have higher rates of cognitive impairment, which is variably reversible (Young and Klerman, 1992; Brooks and Hoblyn, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: what might be associated brain circuits?
Rosenberg, P. B., Nowrangi, M. A., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2015) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2015.05.005 · Cited by 302 · cited 2×
“even with AD, associations have been made with deficits in frontal, anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate cortices as well as the amygdala and hippocampus (Rosenberg et al., 2015).”
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Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and the Risk for Dementia: The Framingham Heart Study
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Mechanism of disinhibition after brain lesions.
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Mild Behavioral Impairment and Risk of Dementia
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“While the early presentation of NPS in the course of neurodegenerative disease has traditionally raised suspicion of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), evidence also suggests that NPS can emerge in advance of any dementia syndrome (Taragano et al., 2009).”
BackgroundHippocampal Morphology and Distinguishing Late-Onset From Early-Onset Elderly Depression
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Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia
Almeida, O. P., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., Golledge, J., & Flicker, L. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.90 · Cited by 212 · cited 9×
“…and case-control epidemiological studies has highlighted the need for a determination of the age of onset of symptoms and of the timewindow between onset of symptoms and decline in cognition to properly ascertain risk (Almeida et al., 2017; Singh-Manoux et al., 2017; Tapiainen et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential“Noncognitive” symptoms of early Alzheimer disease
Masters, M. C., Morris, J. C., & Roe, C. M. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001238 · Cited by 208 · cited 3×
“Additionally, the authors described a three-phase progression of NPS within those with cognitive decline: first, irritability, depression, and nighttime behavior changes; next, anxiety, appetite changes, agitation, and apathy; and last, elation, motor disturbances, hallucinations, delusions, and disinhibition, suggest…”
BackgroundBalthazar, M. L. F., Pereira, F., Lopes, T. M., da Silva, E. L., Coan, A. C., de Campos, B. M., Duncan, N. W., Stella, F., Northoff, G., Damasceno, B. P., et al. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22248 · Cited by 207
Anxiety and Alzheimer's Disease
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“While the manifestations of anxiety in prodromal patients are still under investigation, worried appearance, fearfulness, tension, restlessness and fidgeting are all common manifestations of anxiety in people with dementia (Ferretti et al., 2001).”
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“Levenson et al. (2014) conclude that there is strong evidence to support the latter, based on findings of heightened intrinsic connectivity in the salience networks in AD (Balthazar et al., 2013) and hypometabolism in the medial temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus and insula (Hashimoto et al.,…”
BackgroundSilent Cerebral Infarctions in Patients With Late-Onset Mania
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“The pathophysiology of late onset bipolar disorder is thought to be different from early onset bipolar disorder with the late onset group having higher rates of neurologic and vascular brain abnormalities (Young and Klerman, 1992; Tohen et al., 1994; Fujikawa et al., 1995; Sami et al., 2015).”
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“been linked to cognitive decline in older adults (Sinoff and Werner, 2003; DeLuca et al., 2005; Gallacher et al., 2009), leading some to conclude that anxiety symptoms may predict cognitive decline in older adults without dementia (Pietrzak et al.”
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“This is true for both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia and all-cause dementia (Barnes et al., 2012; Steenland et al., 2012; Geda et al., 2014).”
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“Anxiety symptoms are common in MCI (Apostolova and Cummings, 2008; Spalletta et al., 2010), and co-morbid presentation of anxiety in MCI has been shown to increase the risk of progressing to AD (Palmer et al.”
BackgroundNeuroinflammatory pathways in anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders
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“…another related causal hypothesis, in which elevated cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor are observed in stress-related states such as anxiety, and in turn shown to be linked to negative effects on cognitive functioning (Furtado and Katzman (2015); Reichenberg et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPeters, M. E., Rosenberg, P. B., Steinberg, M., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Hayden, K. M., Breitner, J., Tschanz, J. T., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2013) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.049 · Cited by 167
Clinical-pathologic study of depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in old age
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Teixeira, A. L., Barbosa, I. G., Diniz, B. S., & Kümmer, A. (2010) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.10.111 · Cited by 164 · cited 1×
“BDNF is needed for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and neuronal repair and is decreased in AD and MCI (Teixeira et al., 2010).”
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First-episode mania in late life
Tohen, M. F., Shulman, K. I., & Satlin, A. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.1.130 · Cited by 159 · cited 1×
“The pathophysiology of late onset bipolar disorder is thought to be different from early onset bipolar disorder with the late onset group having higher rates of neurologic and vascular brain abnormalities (Young and Klerman, 1992; Tohen et al., 1994; Fujikawa et al., 1995; Sami et al., 2015).”
BackgroundComorbid anxiety disorder in late life depression: association with memory decline over four years
DeLuca, A. K., Lenze, E. J., Mulsant, B. H., Butters, M. A., Karp, J. F., Dew, M. A., Pollock, B. G., Shear, M. K., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1366 · Cited by 155
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“Findings from the ADNI have further provided mechanistic evidence linking NPI-Q measured anxiety symptoms in amnestic MCI and conversion to AD (Mah et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialMood Changes in Cognitively Normal Older Adults are Linked to Alzheimer Disease Biomarker Levels
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Secondary Mania in Older Adults
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“A survival analysis of 11,453 CN individuals from the NACC database showed that positive ε4 carrier status and symptoms of elation, among other NPS, conferred greater risk of development of AD (Burke et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMania in late life: focus on age at onset
Young, R. C., & Klerman, G. L. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.7.867 · Cited by 143 · cited 2×
“The pathophysiology of late onset bipolar disorder is thought to be different from early onset bipolar disorder with the late onset group having higher rates of neurologic and vascular brain abnormalities (Young and Klerman, 1992; Tohen et al., 1994; Fujikawa et al., 1995; Sami et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPomara, N., Bruno, D., Sarreal, A. S., Hernando, R. T., Nierenberg, J. J., Petkova, E., Sidtis, J. J., Wısnıewskı, T., Mehta, P. D., Praticò, D., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11081153 · Cited by 143
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Does Anxiety Affect Risk of Dementia? Findings From the Caerphilly Prospective Study
Gallacher, J., Bayer, A., Fish, M., Pickering, J., Pedro, S., Dunstan, F., Ebrahim, S., & Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a6177c · Cited by 137
Mania in the Elderly: A 5–7 Year Follow‐Up
Dhingra, U., & Rabins, P. V. (1991) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03597.x · Cited by 133 · cited 1×
“There have also been case reports of bipolar disorder mimicking BvFTD, with failure to progress to “probable” BvFTD after 3–7 years of observation (Dols et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGerritsen, L., Comijs, H. C., van der Graaf, Y., Knoops, A. J. G., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Geerlings, M. I. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.029 · Cited by 132 · cited 3×
“proteinopathies and/or cerebrovascular lesions) (Ballmaier et al., 2008; Gerritsen et al., 2011; Pomara et al., 2012; Donovan et al., 2015; Babulal et al., 2016; Krell-Roesch et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGatchel, J. R., Donovan, N. J., Locascio, J. J., Schultz, A. P., Becker, J. A., Chhatwal, J. P., Papp, K. V., Amariglio, R. E., Rentz, D. M., Blacker, D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170001 · Cited by 129
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Depressive Symptoms and Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease in Cognitively Normal Older Adults
Donovan, N. J., Hsu, D. C., Dagley, A. S., Schultz, A. P., Amariglio, R. E., Mormino, E. C., Okereke, O. I., Rentz, D. M., Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-142940 · Cited by 122
Prospective Study of Anxiety and Incident Stroke
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Hermida, A. P., McDonald, W. M., Steenland, K., & Levey, A. I. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.127 · Cited by 112 · cited 4×
“Depressive symptoms may be more common in vascular dementia than in AD dementia (O’Brien, 2003), and depression has been associated with amnestic (Steenland et al., 2012; Geda et al., 2014) as well as both amnestic and non-amnestic MCI (Hermida et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialDepressive symptoms, clinical AD, and cortical plaques and tangles in older persons
Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Bienias, J. L., Arnold, S. E., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000092914.04345.97 · Cited by 109 · cited 3×
“, 2016) have not shown robust relationships between depressive symptoms and amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles (Wilson et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 2014; McCutcheon et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPatterns of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Risk of Dementia
Forrester, S., Gallo, J. J., Smith, G. S., & Leoutsakos, J. (2015) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.05.007 · Cited by 95 · cited 8×
“Clinicopathological correlates of depression in early Alzheimer’s disease in the NACC.”
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“…has now been shown that irritability is among the neurobehavioral symptoms which portends more rapid decline in several datasets including NACC (Leoutsakos et al., 2015; Forrester et al., 2016); the Spanish ZARADEMP cohort (Lobo et al., 2008) and the Mayo Clinic Study of aging (Geda et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRisk Factors for Behavioral Abnormalities in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Apostolova, L. G., Di, L. J., Duffy, E. L., Brook, J. K., Elashoff, D. A., Tseng, C., Fairbanks, L. A., & Cummings, J. L. (2014) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000351009 · Cited by 87
Risk of dementia and death in community-dwelling older men with bipolar disorder
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“Subgroups, who developed bipolar disorder over the age of 70 or within the past five years had the greatest risk for development of dementia (Almeida et al., 2016), very similar to the evidence for depressive symptoms (Almeida et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDepression, anxiety, and the cardiovascular system: the cardiologist's perspective.
Sheps, D. S., & Sheffield, D. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 80
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Prevalence of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in CIND and Its Subtypes: The Cache County Study
Peters, M. E., Rosenberg, P. B., Steinberg, M., Tschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Hayden, K. M., Breitner, J. C. S., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2011) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318211057d · Cited by 79
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“Evidence links NPS in advance of dementia to a greater likelihood of cognitive impairment (Mortby et al., 2017) and cognitive decline (Geda et al.”
BackgroundNeuropsychiatric symptoms predict hypometabolism in preclinical Alzheimer disease
Ng, K. P., Pascoal, T. A., Mathotaarachchi, S. S., Chung, C.-O., Benedet, A. L., Shin, M., Kang, M. S., Li, X., Ba, M., Kandiah, N., et al. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003916 · Cited by 76
The impact of anxiety on conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease
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“%) older adults with mania went on to develop cognitive impairment within 5–7 years (Dhingra and Rabins, 1991).”
BackgroundPredictors of progression to severe Alzheimer's disease in an incidence sample
Rabins, P. V., Schwartz, S., Black, B. S., Corcoran, C. D., Fauth, E. B., Mielke, M. M., Christensen, J., Lyketsos, C. G., & Tschanz, J. T. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.01.003 · Cited by 70
Li, X., & Li, Z. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4694 · Cited by 69 · cited 1×
“Nonetheless, a recent meta-analysis by Li and Li (2017) of 11 studies showed a pooled hazard ratio of conversion to dementia for co-morbid anxiety and MCI compared to those without anxiety (hazard ratio (HR): 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07–1.31, p = 0.002).”
BackgroundInfluentialWeissberger, G. H., Melrose, R. J., Narvaez, T. A., Harwood, D. G., Mandelkern, M. A., & Sultzer, D. L. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.01.017 · Cited by 65
Cerami, C., Marcone, A., Galimberti, D., Villa, C., Scarpini, E. A., & Cappa, S. F. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110788 · Cited by 64 · cited 1×
“…emotional dysregulation symptoms are among the most common NPS presenting in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (Peters et al., 2012), and are, along with other NPS, associated with poorer outcomes overall (Cerejeira et al., 2012) and higher conversion rates from MCI to dementia (Palmer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLópez‐Antón, R., Santabárbara, J., De‐la‐Cámara, C., Gracia‐García, P., Lobo, E., Marcos, G., Pírez, G., Saz, P., Haro, J. M., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., et al. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12297 · Cited by 64
Late onset mania as an organic syndrome: A review of case reports in the literature
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“The pathophysiology of late onset bipolar disorder is thought to be different from early onset bipolar disorder with the late onset group having higher rates of neurologic and vascular brain abnormalities (Young and Klerman, 1992; Tohen et al., 1994; Fujikawa et al., 1995; Sami et al., 2015).”
BackgroundManic‐like state after bilateral orbitofrontal and right temporoparietal injury
Bakchine, S., Lacomblez, L., Benoit, N. B., Parisot, D., Chain, F., & Lhermitte, F. (1989) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.39.6.777 · Cited by 63 · cited 2×
“Lesions in a number of different brain regions have been associated with the development of secondary mania, including bilateral orbitofrontal, right temporoparietal, right basal and medial temporal lobe, basal ganglia, thalamic and right frontotemporal (Bakchine et al., 1989; Danel et al., 1989; Turecki et al., 1993;…”
BackgroundTapiainen, V., Hartikainen, S. A., Taipale, H. T., Tiihonen, J., & Tolppanen, A. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.486 · Cited by 62 · cited 6×
“…and case-control epidemiological studies has highlighted the need for a determination of the age of onset of symptoms and of the timewindow between onset of symptoms and decline in cognition to properly ascertain risk (Almeida et al., 2017; Singh-Manoux et al., 2017; Tapiainen et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialLatent classes of neuropsychiatric symptoms in NACC controls and conversion to MCI or dementia
Leoutsakos, J., Forrester, S. N., Lyketsos, C., & Smith, G. S. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150421 · Cited by 60 · cited 9×
“Clinicopathological correlates of depression in early Alzheimer’s disease in the NACC.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialde Sousa, M. F. B., Santos, R. L., Garriga, O. T., Dias, R., Dourado, M. C. N., & Conde‐Sala, J. L. (2016) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610216000508 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“Irritability is common among neurobehavioral symptoms in neurodegenerative disease and causes increased burden on patients, caregivers, and the community alike (Sousa et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBurke, S. L., Maramaldi, P., Cadet, T. J., & Kukull, W. A. (2016) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.04.006 · Cited by 49
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Anxiety and regional cortical glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Psychiatric Phenomena in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
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“BDNF signaling is necessary for antidepressant response, and BDNF deletion attenuates this response (Castrén and Kojima, 2017).”
BackgroundTing, C., Rajji, T. K., Ismail, Z., Tang‐Wai, D. F., Apanasiewicz, N., Miranda, D., Mamo, D. C., & Mulsant, B. H. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010151 · Cited by 38
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“However, symptoms of elation, euphoria, and mania are relatively rare in AD type dementia as compared to FTD, with an estimated prevalence of 2.2–3.5% (Burns, 1992; Lyketsos et al., 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavioral Symptoms in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia
O'Brien, J. T. (2003) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610203009098 · Cited by 36 · cited 2×
“Depressive symptoms may be more common in vascular dementia than in AD dementia (O’Brien, 2003), and depression has been associated with amnestic (Steenland et al., 2012; Geda et al., 2014) as well as both amnestic and non-amnestic MCI (Hermida et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLate life bipolar disorder evolving into frontotemporal dementia mimic
Dols, A., Krudop, W. A., Moeller, C., Shulman, K. I., Sajatovic, M., & Pijnenburg, Y. A. L. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s99229 · Cited by 36
Depression versus dementia: is this construct still relevant?
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“, 2013) and may constitute a prodrome (Ismail et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGonzales, M. M., Insel, P. S., Nelson, C. J., Tosun, D., Mattsson, N., Mueller, S. G., Sacuiu, S. F., Bickford, D. D., Weiner, M. W., & Mackin, R. S. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.04.011 · Cited by 34
Cortisol and Self-report Measures of Anxiety as Predictors of Neuropsychological Performance
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“Cortisol levels are in turn related to symptom severity and poorer outcomes on neuropsychological tests (Erickson et al., 2003; Leininger and Skeel, 2012; Mantella et al. 2008; Rosnick et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTascone, L. D. S., & Bottino, C. M. D. C. (2013) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642013dn70300002 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“Disinhibition together with emotional lability in dementia has been associated with orbitofrontalsubcortical circuit dysfunction (Tascone and Bottino, 2013).”
BackgroundDepression and the risk of vascular dementia: a population‐based retrospective cohort study
Lin, W., Hu, L., Tsai, S., Yang, A. C., & Shen, C. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4493 · Cited by 32 · cited 1×
“In addition to AD, converging evidence supports depression as a risk factor and/or prodrome for vascular dementia (Barnes et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMood Disorders Secondary to Stroke.
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Clinicopathological correlates of depression in early Alzheimer's disease in the NACC
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Bipolar disorder following a left basal-ganglia stroke
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“Lesions in a number of different brain regions have been associated with the development of secondary mania, including bilateral orbitofrontal, right temporoparietal, right basal and medial temporal lobe, basal ganglia, thalamic and right frontotemporal (Bakchine et al., 1989; Danel et al., 1989; Turecki et al., 1993;…”
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“Cortisol levels are in turn related to symptom severity and poorer outcomes on neuropsychological tests (Erickson et al., 2003; Leininger and Skeel, 2012; Mantella et al. 2008; Rosnick et al., 2013).”
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“While the early presentation of NPS in the course of neurodegenerative disease has traditionally raised suspicion of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), evidence also suggests that NPS can emerge in advance of any dementia syndrome (Taragano et al., 2009).”
BackgroundCholinesterase-inhibitor Associated Mania: A Case Report and Literature Review
Jalal, H., Ganesh, A., Lau, R. W. M., Lysack, J. T., & Ismail, Z. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100016735 · Cited by 13 · cited 2×
“…nosology with insufficient attention given to their late life onset and consequently their frequent misclassification as idiopathic psychiatric illness (Woolley et al., 2011), potentially exposing patients to inappropriate medications or delays in dementia diagnosis (Jalal et al., 2014).”
Background[Mood disorders and right hemisphere infarction].
Danel, T., Comayras, S., Goudemand, M., Leys, D., Destée, A., Lauth, B., & Dupard, T. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 7
[White matter hyperintensities and cognitive function in patients with late onset mania].
Ramírez‐Bermúdez, J., Carrillo‐Mezo, R., Atriano, C., Sánchez, D., Marrufo, O., Berlanga, C., Guadamuz, A., Taboada, J., & Rı́os, C. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 4
New Insights Into Brain Mechanisms Underlying Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease
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“…to agitation (right temporal, right frontal, bilateral middle, and posterior cingulate gyri) but differed in specific regions (right insular, precentral, and postcentral gyri) (Weissberger et al., 2017), reflecting neurodegeneration in regions associated with core AD pathology (Rosenberg, 2017).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mild Behavioral Impairment as a Marker of Cognitive Decline in Cognitively Normal Older Adults
Creese, B., Brooker, H. J., Ismail, Z., Wesnes, K. A., Hampshire, A., Khan, Z., Megalogeni, M., Corbett, A., Aarsland, D., & Ballard, C. G. (2019) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.01.215 · Cited by 197
“dysregulation (mood and anxiety symptoms) (7); impulse dyscontrol/agitation/abnormal reward salience (changes in response inhibition and self-regulation); social inappropriateness (impaired social cognition) (8); and abnormal thoughts/perception (psychosis) (9), assessed individually and collectively for their”
BackgroundWise, E. A., Rosenberg, P. B., Lyketsos, C. G., & Leoutsakos, J. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2019.02.006 · Cited by 187
“Moreover, studying these individuals may help us identify the causal pathway between anxiety, depression, and other affective symptoms and cognitive impairment [34].”
BackgroundMild Behavioral Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline Predict Cognitive and Functional Decline
Ismail, Z., McGirr, A., Gill, S., Hu, S., Forkert, N. D., & Smith, E. E. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201184 · Cited by 175
Mallo, S. C., Ismail, Z., Pereiro, A. X., Facal-Mayo, D., Lojo‐Seoane, C., Campos‐Magdaleno, M., & Juncos‐Rabadán, O. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180131 · Cited by 155
“In the ISTAART-AA MBI criteria, symptoms are divided into the following domains: decreased motivation [46, 47], affective dysregulation [48, 49], impulse dyscontrol [4, 50], social inappropriateness [51, 52], and abnormal though or perception [53, 54].”
Magierski, R., Sobów, T., Schwertner, E., & Religa, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01168 · Cited by 129
“cognitive decline and dementia, biomarker of cognitive decline, or even a potential manifestation of prodromal dementia (Ismail et al., 2018; Taragano et al., 2018; Creese et al., 2019).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ismail, Z., Gatchel, J., Bateman, D. R., Barcelos-Ferreira, R., Cantillon, M., Jaeger, J., Donovan, N. J., Mortby, M. E., & Mortby, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Mortby, Moyra E.
- Mortby, Moyra Elizabeth
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-196
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7864664
- OpenAlex
- W2756173155
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2019-01-01)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association
- BrightFocus Foundation
- Consortium canadien en neurodégénérescence associée au vieillissement
- Rogers Family Foundation
- Alzheimer Society
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1102028)
- National Institute on Aging (K23AG058805)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH094612)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- mild behavioral impairment, neuropsychiatric symptoms, prodromal dementia, depression, anxiety, irritability, euphoria, dysphoria, mania, bipolar disorder, mild cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, dementia prevention, neurodegeneration, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Aged, Anxiety, Dementia, Depression, Emotions, Euphoria, Humans, Irritable Mood, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognitive Dysfunction, Symptom Assessment
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