Overall glycaemic index and glycaemic load of habitual diet and risk of heart disease
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that diets with high glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) increase the risk of heart disease. Design: Overall GI and GL were assessed from 7 d diet records or diet history interviews. Setting: Information on hospitalization and death due to CVD and CHD was obtained from the National Register of Cause of Death and the National Register of Patients. Subjects: In total 3959 adult Danes were – depending on time of entry – followed for 6–25 years until 31 December 1999. Results: Overall GI was inversely associated with heart disease in men. The hazard ratios (95 % CI) for the 10th and 90th GI percentiles compared with the median were 1·38 (1·13, 1·68) and 0·90 (0·76, 1·07) for CVD morbidity, 1·45 (1·05, 1·99) and 0·81 (0·62, 1·06) for CVD mortality, and 1·31 (0·97, 1·76) and 0·65 (0·51, 0·84) for CHD morbidity. In male subjects GL was not associated with either outcome. In women no clear association between overall GI and heart disease was found, whereas positive non-linear associations were found for GL: at very high levels of GL, increase in GL was associated with increasing CVD and CHD morbidity. Conclusions: In men low-GI diets were associated increased risk of heart disease and GL was not associated with heart disease. In women there was no clear association between GI and heart disease, but to some extent a positive association between GL and heart disease was observed as hypothesized.
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The one study43 of men in the present analysis that showed a near-significant deleterious effect of low-GI diets was also responsible for the heterogeneity in the analysis.
“Furthermore, the 1 study43 of men in the present analysis that showed a near-significant deleterious effect of low-GI diets was also responsible for the heterogeneity in the analysis.”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
Study 43 differed from other studies of men: the proportion of smokers was 54%, almost twice that of other studies, and BMI was lower (25.3 versus 26.1 kg/m2).
“This study differed from the other studies of men in several respects. The proportion (54%) of smokers was almost twice that of the other studies, and BMI was somewhat lower (25.3 versus 26.1 kg/m2)”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
No change was found in the overall conclusions with post hoc sensitivity analyses removing the reports with food diaries and interviews.
“Although no change was found in our overall conclusions with post hoc sensitivity analyses removing the 429,35,43 reports with food diaries and interviews”
From Associations of Glycemic Index and Load With Coronary Heart Disease Events: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohorts (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Grau, K., Tetens, I., Bjørnsbo, K. S., & Heitman, B. L.
- Affiliations
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Glostrup Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Grau, Katrine
- ORCID
- Tetens, Inge
- Venue
- Public Health Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-06-25
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-118
- ISSN
- 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2727
- OpenAlex
- W2151273201
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- glycemic index, glycemic load, heart disease, cardiovascular mortality, coronary artery disease, diet, sex differences, nonlinear relationship, habitual diet
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Dietary Carbohydrates, Feeding Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Diseases, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Cohort Studies, Diet Records, Glycemic Index
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