Care for the cancer caregiver: A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Informal caregivers (ICs) are relatives, friends, and partners who have a significant relationship with and provide assistance (i.e., physical, emotional) to a patient with a life- threatening, incurable illness. The multidimensional burden that results from providing care to a patient with cancer is well documented, and as a result, a growing number of psychosocial interventions have been developed specifically to address this burden. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the state of the science of psychosocial interventions for informal cancer caregivers. Method: A comprehensive systematic review of interventions for cancer caregivers was conducted via an electronic literature search of publications between 1980 and January 13, 2011. A final sample of 49 interventions was reviewed in detail. Results: The interventions, which varied in terms of modality and patient population, fell into the following eight categories: psychoeducation, problem-solving/skills building interventions, supportive therapy, family/couples therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, complementary and alternative medicine interventions, and existential therapy. Benefits and disadvantages of each of the categories are discussed, with special attention given to studies that produced null findings. Significance of results: Beyond specific techniques, structured, goal-oriented, and time-limited interventions that are integrative appear to be the most feasible and offer the greatest benefits for ICs of cancer patients. Future studies are needed to examine the specific benefits and challenges of delivering interventions in alternative modalities (Internet, Skype) so that the needs of a greater number of ICs may be addressed.
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Previous in-person therapy studies for caregivers have reported difficulty in reaching caregivers and had low attendance and high attrition rates.
“Previous in-person therapy studies for caregivers have reported difficulty in reaching caregivers and had low attendance and high attrition rates [26].”
From It is time to address fear of cancer recurrence in family caregivers: protocol for the feasibility and acceptability of a randomized pilot study of the online version of the Family Caregiver–Fear Of Recurrence Therapy (FC-FORT) (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Future Directions describes cancer caregivers as difficult to reach, and the Results and Discussion report high attrition in some supportive-therapy studies. The review does not establish low attendance rates for in-person therapy studies; its explicit attendance comparison says attendance was nearly perfect in two telephone-based studies. It also cautions that retention varied across delivery formats. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExisting values, patterns and roles may have been seriously threatened or challenged by cancer.
“This might especially be useful, as existing values, patterns and roles may have been seriously threatened or challenged by the cancer (e.g. Northouse et al. [4]; Applebaum and Breitbart [2]).”
From A web-based self-help intervention for partners of cancer patients based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: a protocol of a randomized controlled trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
The Caregiver Burden section says family members take on patients’ and household responsibilities alongside their own, supporting the claim about challenged roles. Future Directions identifies existential concerns and finding meaning as important, but the copy does not specifically say that existing values or patterns are threatened by cancer. Page numbers are unavailable in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPartners of cancer patients are often involved in the illness trajectory by providing informal care and emotional support and regularly take on responsibilities of their ill spouse and household in addition to their own.
“Partners are often involved in the illness trajectory by providing informal care and emotional support, and they regularly have to take on responsibilities of their ill spouse and the household, in addition to their own [1,2].”
A recent meta-analysis and two recent systematic reviews identified a variety of psychosocial interventions for partners of cancer patients.
“A recent meta-analysis [4] and two recent systematic reviews [5,2] identified a variety of psychosocial interventions for partners.”
In cancer, family members and friends are seldom prepared to be caregivers and are thrust into the role at the time when they are coming to terms with the diagnosis.
“In cancer, family members and friends are seldom prepared to be caregivers [11] and are thrust into the role at the time when they are coming to terms with the diagnosis.”
From Systematic review of caregiver burden, unmet needs and quality-of-life among informal caregivers of patients with pancreatic cancer (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
In a later narrative systematic review of 49 existing psychological intervention studies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer, the three interventions categorized as cognitive behavioral therapies all had a positive effect.
“In a later narrative, systematic review of 49 existing psychological intervention studies for ICs of patients with cancer, the three interventions categorized as CBTs all had a positive effect 19.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
The state of science of intervention development for informal caregivers of patients with cancer is in its infancy.
“Despite this fact, the state of science of intervention development for ICs of patients with cancer is in its infancy 18, 19.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
Categorizing interventions according to their 'primary focus' may instill arbitrary differences between interventions that use similar techniques.
“Likewise, categorizing interventions according to their ‘primary focus’ 19 may instill arbitrary differences between interventions that use similar techniques.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
Two reviews have specifically evaluated the effect of cognitive behavioral therapies on a number of different outcomes in informal caregivers such as quality of life and burden.
“Two reviews have specifically evaluated the effect of CBTs on a number of different outcomes in ICs such as quality of life and burden 19, 26.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Psychological distress is defined as “the unique discomforting, emotional state experienced by an individual in response to a specific stressor or demand that results in harm”([3]) which is usually conceptualized as anxiety, depression, and mood disturbance.([4,5]) Care giving burden is found to be associated with anx…”
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“Previous in-person therapy studies for FC have reported difficulty to reach FC and had low attendance and high attrition rates (26).”
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Acute Cancer Cognitive Therapy
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- Authors
- Applebaum, A. J., & Breitbart, W.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Applebaum, Allison J.
- Venue
- Palliative and Supportive Care
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 231-252
- ISSN
- 1478-9515 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-9523
- PMC
- PMC4973511
- OpenAlex
- W1972917862
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Palliative & Supportive Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA128134, R01CA128187, P30CA008748, T32CA009461)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Keywords
- informal caregivers, cancer caregivers, caregiver burden, psychosocial interventions, psychoeducation, problem-solving intervention, supportive therapy, family therapy, couple therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, complementary and alternative medicine, existential psychotherapy, caregiver support
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Complementary Therapies, Humans, Neoplasms, Psychotherapy, Social Support, Caregivers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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