The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Worldwide Distribution of Novel Perfluoroether Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids in Surface Water
Abstract
Driven by increasingly stringent restrictions on long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), novel fluorinated compounds have emerged on the market. Here we report on the occurrences of several perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic and sulfonic acids (PFECAs and PFESAs), including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer and trimer acids (HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA), ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3 H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA), chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), and its hydrogen-substituted analogue (6:2 H-PFESA) in surface waters from China ( n = 106), the United States ( n = 12), the United Kingdom ( n = 6), Sweden ( n = 10), Germany ( n = 14), The Netherlands ( n = 6), and Korea ( n = 6). Results showed that HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA (median = 0.95, 0.21, and 0.31 ng/L, respectively) were frequently detected in all countries, indicating ubiquitous dispersal and distribution in global surface waters. The presence of 6:2 H-PFESA was widely detected in China (detection rate > 95%) but not in any other country. Only trace levels of ADONA (0.013-1.5 ng/L) were detected in the Rhine River flowing through Germany. The estimated total riverine mass discharges of HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, and ΣPFESAs reached 2.6, 6.0, and 4.3 ton/year in five of the major river systems in China. Our results indicated that novel PFECAs and PFESAs might become global contaminants, and future investigations are warranted.
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In the citing paper
“Pan et al. [38] quantified ADONA in surface water samples from major Chinese river systems. Reported concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 1.5 ng/L, with a low detection frequency (9%).”
From Integrated Targeted and Suspect Screening Workflow for Identifying PFAS of Concern in Urban-Impacted Serbian Rivers (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“For PFAS identified and semi-quantified through SSA, method quantification limits were estimated based on the lowest PFAS concentration in river waters, producing a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 10 (Table S8) [38].”
From Integrated Targeted and Suspect Screening Workflow for Identifying PFAS of Concern in Urban-Impacted Serbian Rivers (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“Pan et al. [132] conducted a study examining the concentrations of PFCA and PFSA in 160 surface water samples collected from countries such as South Korea, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, China, and the United States. The results indicated that various PFAS compounds were consistently detected across these regions, highlighting their global presence in surface waters.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [132]
In the citing paper
“As a PFOA alternative, HFPO-TA has been widely reported in surface water from China and other countries”
From Molecular characteristics of emerging perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters around fluorine-related industries in a Chinese Megacity (2025) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This compound was a transformation product of 6:2Cl-PFESA (Lin et al., 2017) and had been detected in river water (Lin et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2018) and wastewater (Wang et al., 2020).”
From Molecular characteristics of emerging perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters around fluorine-related industries in a Chinese Megacity (2025) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“As replacement compounds for PFOA, ADONA and GenX have been detected in surface waters in China, Europe, and North America [96].”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [96]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, both ADONA and GenX have been more closely associated with industrial sources [11,96] and are detected in nearly all bank-filtered samples, but in less than 15% of the groundwater samples.”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [96]
In the citing paper
“Similar structures have been reported in numerous locations worldwide, indicating that emerging PFAS are every bit as ubiquitous as their PFOA/PFOS antecedents.(64,65)”
From Identification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Cape Fear River by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontargeted Screening (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Other sulfonated fluoroether species have begun to be detected by other groups, but they exhibit different structural elements and likely have different origins that need to be examined independently.(64,72)”
From Identification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Cape Fear River by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Nontargeted Screening (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, other studies have shown that high PFOS and PFOA concentrations were detected in Huangpu River, Yangtze River estuary, and Pearl River Delta located in China’s southern and eastern regions, and in rivers near industrial cities in several regions of China (So et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2009; Pan et al., 2018).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The occurrence of novel PFAS such as PFBS, PFECA, and PFESA has also been reported in surface water and groundwater in China, the USA, the UK, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, and Korea (Bräunig et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2018; Marchiandi et al., 2021).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This is mainly because legacy PFAS were phased out long ago in North America and Europe, whereas the developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are still using legacy PFAS to some extent (Pan et al., 2018).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This is mainly because legacy PFAS were phased out long ago in North America and Europe, whereas the developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are still using legacy PFAS to some extent (Pan et al., 2018).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Pan et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The worldwide distribution of PFESAs and PFECAs in surface water was investigated using 160 samples collected between September and December 2016.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“The hydrogen-substituted analogue of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (6:2 H-PFESA) was only detected in China with a high detection rate (>95%) [54].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were widely detected in all countries including China (n ¼ 106), the United States (n ¼ 12), the United Kingdom (n ¼ 6), Sweden (n ¼ 10), Germany (n ¼ 14), the Netherlands (n ¼ 6) and South Korea (n ¼ 6), with median values of 0.95, 0.21 and 0.31 ng/L, respectively.”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“Recent PFAS studies have revealed that numerous PFAS are continuously used and discharged into the global environment [10,54,90].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Cui, Q., Sheng, N., Yeung, L. W. Y., Sun, Y., Guo, Y., & Dai, J.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Örebro University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Dai, Jiayin
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2018-05-11
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 7621-7629
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2801936321
- Cited by
- 679
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 23.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21737004, 31320103915)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB14040202)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- HFPO-DA, surface water contamination, global distribution, Rhine River, China
- MeSH terms
- China, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Sulfonic Acids, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Republic of Korea
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