Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Landfill Leachate: Patterns, Time Trends, and Sources
Abstract
Concentrations and isomer profiles for 24 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were monitored over 5 months (February-June, 2010) in municipal landfill leachate. These data were used to assess the role of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursor degradation on changes in PFAA concentrations over time. The influence of total organic carbon, total suspended solids, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), leachate flow rates, and meteorological data (precipitation, air temperature) on leachate PFAS concentrations was also investigated. Perfluoropentanoate and perfluorohexanoate were typically the dominant PFASs in leachate, except for March-April, when concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoate, and numerous PFAA-precursors (i.e., (N-alkyl) perfluorooctane sulfonamides and fluorotelomer carboxylic acids) increased by a factor of 2-10 (~4 μg/L to ~36 μg/L ΣPFASs). During this time, isomer profiles of PFOA became increasingly dominated by the linear isomer, likely from transformation of linear, telomer-manufactured precursors. While ΣPFAA-precursors accounted for up to 71% of ΣPFASs (molar basis) in leachate from this site, leachate from a second landfill displayed only low concentrations of precursors (<1% of ΣPFASs). Overall, degradation of PFAA-precursors and changes in leachate pH, EC, and 24-h precipitation were important factors controlling PFAS occurrence in leachate. Finally, 8.5-25 kg/yr (mean 16 kg/yr) of ΣPFASs was estimated to leave the landfill via leachate for subsequent treatment at a wastewater treatment plant.
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PFAS can be released from consumer products to result in high levels of PFAS in landfill leachates.
“Studies have shown that PFAS can be released from these consumer products to result in high levels of PFAS in landfill leachates (Benskin et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2022; Hamid et al., 2018; Podder et al., 2021; Solo-Gabriele et al., 2020).”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills (2023) · cites this paper as Benskin et al., 2012
This change can be explained by the dilution from rainfall.
“This change can be explained by the dilution from rainfall”
From Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills (2023) · cites this paper as Benskin et al., 2012
Major pollution pathways or identifiable emission points include industrial facilities, wastewater treatment plants, sludge application, AFFF use, and landfills.
“Major pollution pathways or identifiable emission points include certain industrial facilities, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the use of sludge generated from PFAS-contaminated WWTPs, the application of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for firefighting-related activities, and landfills [8,16,41,85,100].”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
PFAS and pharmaceuticals are known to co-occur in sources associated with human-waste disposal (e.g., septic-system/landfill leachate and wastewater treatment plants).
“PFAS and pharmaceuticals, however, are known to co-occur in sources associated with human-waste disposal (e.g., septic-system/landfill leachate and wastewater treatment plants).10,54−56”
From Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
The overall dataset appears to be consistent with at least some PFAS in the samples with co-occurring PFAS and pharmaceutical detections being associated with septic/landfill leachate, wastewater effluent, or stormwater runoff.
“The overall dataset also appears to be consistent with at least some PFAS in the samples with co-occurring PFAS and pharmaceutical detections being associated with septic/landfill leachate, wastewater effluent, or stormwater runoff.52,54,56,57”
From Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Benskin, J. P., Li, B., Ikonomou, M. G., Grace, J. R., & Li, L. Y.
- Affiliations
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Benskin, Jonathan P.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-10-23
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 11532-11540
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2324583584
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Landfill Environmental Impact Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, landfill leachate, PFAS degradation, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, fluorotelomer carboxylic acids, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, precipitation effects, municipal solid waste landfill
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Refuse Disposal, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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