Formation, characteristics, and applications of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars: A review

Ruan, Xiuxiu; Sun, Yuqing; Du, Weimeng; Tang, Yuyuan; Liu, Qiang; Zhang, Zhanying; Doherty, William; Frost, Ray L.; Qian, Guangren; Tsang, Daniel C.W.

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.105

Cited by 402Advanced oxidation water treatmentAdsorption and biosorption for pollutant removalEnvironmental remediation with nanomaterials

Formation, characteristics, and applications of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars: A review

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Ruan, Xiuxiu, Sun, Yuqing, Du, Weimeng, Tang, Yuyuan, Liu, Qiang, Zhang, Zhanying, Doherty, William, Frost, Ray L. +2 more·2019·Bioresource Technology

DOI 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.105

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Abstract

Due to abundant biomass and eco-friendliness, biochar is exemplified as one of the most promising candidates to mediate the degradation of environmental contaminants. Recently, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been detected in biochars, which can activate S 2 O 82- or H 2 O 2 to generate reactive oxygen species for effective degradation of organic and inorganic contaminants. Comprehending the formation mechanisms of EPFRs in biochars and their interactions with contaminants is indispensable to further develop their environmental applications, e.g., direct and indirect EPFR-mediated removal of organics/inorganics by biochars. With reference to the information of EPFRs in environmental matrices, this article critically reviews the formation mechanisms, characteristics, interactions, and environmental applications of EPFRs in biochars. Synthesis conditions and loading of metals/organics are considered as key parameters controlling their concentrations, types, and activities. This review provides new and important insights into the fate and emerging applications of surface-bound EPFRs in biochars.

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Biochar surface area, pore distribution and volume, and hydrophobicity are still limited compared with activated carbon or nanocarbon materials.
“Irrespective of the convenient accessibility and modification for biochar, its surface area, pore distribution and volume, as well as hydrophobicity of biochar surface are still limited when compared with activated carbon or nanocarbon materials.52”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
Formation of EPFRs usually originates from initial physisorption, elimination of water or hydrogen chloride, and subsequent electron transfer from substituted aromatic units to adsorbed transition metals.
“In comparison, the formation of EPFRs usually originates from a series of reactions including initial physisorption, elimination of water or hydrogen chloride, and subsequent electron transfer from substituted aromatic units to adsorbed transitions metals.”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
EPFRs with unpaired electrons, as by-products formed after incomplete thermal decomposition under catalysis of transition metals with half-lives in ambient air from hours to months, possess highly active redox properties to catalyse peroxides to generate ROS via single-electron transfer.
“EPFRs with unpaired electrons, as the by-products formed after the incomplete thermal decomposition under the catalysis of transition metals with half lives in ambient air from hours to months, have been reported to possess highly active redox properties to catalyse peroxides (e.g., H2O2, PMS, and PDS) to generate ROS via a single-electron transfer process.52,122,123”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [52]

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Mobilization of Iron from Urban Particulates Leads to Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Vitro and Induction of Ferritin Synthesis in Human Lung Epithelial Cells
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Dependence of Gas-Phase Crotonaldehyde Hydrogenation Selectivity and Activity on the Size of Pt Nanoparticles (1.7–7.1 nm) Supported on SBA-15
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Removal of emerging contaminants (ECs) from aqueous solutions by modified biochar: A review
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Upgrading from batch to continuous flow process for the pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: Structural characterization of the biochars produced
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Generation Mechanism of Persistent Free Radicals in Lignocellulose-Derived Biochar: Roles of Reducible Carbonyls
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Magnetic biochar derived from biosolids via hydrothermal carbonization: Enzyme immobilization, immobilized-enzyme kinetics, environmental toxicity
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Environmental behavior of engineered biochars and their aging processes in soil
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Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter
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Intrinsic properties of biochar for electron transfer
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Application of Biochar as Functional Material for Remediation of Organic Pollutants in Water: An Overview
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Efficient degradation of anthracene in soil by carbon-coated nZVI activated persulfate
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A Critical Review of an Environmental Risk Substance Induced by Aging Microplastics: Insights into Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals
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Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Biochar: Environmental Context and Future Research Needs
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Occurrence, formation, environmental fate and risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars
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Authors: Ruan, X., Sun, Y., Du, W., Tang, Y., Liu, Q., Zhang, Z., Doherty, W., Frost, R. L., Qian, G., & Tsang, D. C. W.
Affiliations: Shanghai University (CN)
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
Queensland University of Technology (AU)
Corresponding author: Tsang, Daniel C.W.
ORCID: Ruan, Xiuxiu
Sun, Yuqing
Tang, Yuyuan
Liu, Qiang
Zhang, Zhanying
Doherty, William
Qian, Guangren
Tsang, Daniel C.W.
Venue: Bioresource Technology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-06
Volume: 281
Pages: 457-468
ISSN: 0960-8524 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.105
OpenAlex: W2917129004
Cited by: 402
References: 138
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 27
FWCI: 2.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
eprints.qut.edu.au
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Bioresource Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (21577085)
Natural Science Fund Projects of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (14ZR1415600)
Innovative Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (10YZ07)
Key Subject of Shanghai Municipality (S30109)
Hong Kong Research Grants Council (E-PolyU503/17 and PolyU 15217818)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
Keywords: environmentally persistent free radicals, biochar, reactive oxygen species, sulfate radicals, hydrogen peroxide, pollutant degradation, formation mechanism, metal loading, biomass-derived carbon, organic pollutant removal, inorganic pollutant removal
MeSH terms: Charcoal, Free Radicals, Hydrogen Peroxide

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Formation, characteristics, and applications of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars: A review

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