Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity
Abstract
The authors tested a stress-sensitization version of a diathesis-stress approach to depression. In a 2-year longitudinal follow-up design, exposure to stressful life events was examined in young women in the transition to adulthood. The authors hypothesized that those who had experienced one or more significant childhood adversities would have a lower threshold for developing a depressive reaction to stressors. Results indicated that women with exposure to one or more childhood adversities--such as family violence, parent psychopathology or alcoholism, and others--were more likely to become depressed following less total stress than women without such adversity. The results could not be accounted for by chronic stress or prior depression. Both biological and psychological sensitization mechanisms may be speculated to play a role, but the actual mechanisms of stress sensitization remain to be explored.
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According to stress sensitization theory, early adversity can leave a lasting biological signature.
“according to the stress sensitization theory, such early adversity can leave a lasting biological signature (Hammen et al., 2000; Post, 1992).”
From Telomere trajectories from early adolescence to adulthood following early institutionalization: Protective effects of foster care in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Hammen et al., 2000
Stress sensitization theory posits that individuals exposed to early childhood adversity are more vulnerable to mental disorders from proximal stressors.
“The stress sensitization theory posits that among individuals experiencing a depressive reaction, those exposed to early childhood adversities would require lower episodic stress levels preceding the depression than those who did not experience early adversity (Hammen et al. 2000).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as Hammen et al. 2000
Previous investigations have focused on narrow classes of adversity such as sexual abuse or emotional abuse or have collapsed over broader classes into count variables.
“Previous investigations have focused on narrow classes of adversity such as sexual abuse or emotional abuse (Hammen et al. 2000; Kendler et al. 2004; Espejo et al. 2007; Shapero et al. 2014) or have collapsed over broader classes into count variables (McLaughlin et al. 2010a).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as Hammen et al. 2000
People with early life stress histories are more likely to develop a major depressive episode under lower levels of recent stress than people without such histories.
“individuals with an ELS history are more prone to developing an MDE under less amounts of recent life stress than those without an ELS history (54,55).”
From The Impact of Stress and Major Depressive Disorder on Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Morphology (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
Individuals with early adverse experience appear sensitized to the depressive effects of acute stress in adulthood.
“Individuals with early adverse experience appear to be sensitized to the depressive effects of acute stress in adulthood.37,38”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Hammen, C., Henry, R., & Daley, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 782-787
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2101291506
- Cited by
- 598
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- depression, stress sensitization, childhood adversity, diathesis-stress model, life events, young women, coming of age, domestic violence, parental psychopathology, parental alcoholism, chronic stress
- MeSH terms
- Adjustment Disorders, Adult, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Repression-Sensitization, Risk, Stress, Psychological, Odds Ratio, Child of Impaired Parents
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