Cited by 1,343Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Disorders
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Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory.
Abstract
Descriptive epidemiological studies are reviewed, showing that the female preponderance in depression begins to emerge around age 13. A developmentally sensitive, elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress model of depression is proposed to explain the "big fact" of the emergence of the gender difference in depression. The elaborated causal chain posits that negative events contribute to initial elevations of general negative affect. Generic cognitive vulnerability factors then moderate the likelihood that the initial negative affect will progress to full-blown depression. Increases in depression can lead transactionally to more self-generated dependent negative life events and thus begin the causal chain again. Evidence is reviewed providing preliminary support for the model as an explanation for the development of the gender difference in depression during adolescence.
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“Further, from early adolescence onward, females are affected by depressive symptoms such as negative affect significantly more often than males (Hankin & Abramson, 2001; Rutter, 2007; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008), yet gender differences are not commonly observed for loneliness”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Hankin & Abramson, 2001
In the citing paper
“This is in line with previous findings on differences in the development of internal symptoms such as negative affect (e.g., Hankin & Abramson, 2001; Gomez-Baya et al., 2017; Pierce et al., 2020).”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Hankin & Abramson, 2001
In the citing paper
“The large number of common variants involved 262-264 entails that every individual carries some risk variants for depression, and a polygenic score (indexing the individual's load of risk variants) predicts the genetic liability to depression better than any specific genetic variant. 265”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [265]
In the citing paper
“Insufficient validation may then trigger consequences of this need threat, such as negative affect (e.g., feeling distressed, sad, anxious, or embarrassed), and negative self-relevant cognitions (viewing oneself as less worthy, or less likable), which are known risk factors for depression (Hankin & Abramson, 2001; Masten et al., 2011; Slavich, O’Donovan, Epel, & Kemeny, 2010).”
From Getting Fewer “Likes” Than Others on Social Media Elicits Emotional Distress Among Victimized Adolescents (2020) · cites this paper as Hankin & Abramson, 2001
In the citing paper
“Results did not change when controlling for gender (a known correlate of depression; Hankin & Abramson, 2001), b= 1.00, SE= 0.47, t(121)= 2.33, p= .022, β= 0.20 (Table 2 Model II).”
From Getting Fewer “Likes” Than Others on Social Media Elicits Emotional Distress Among Victimized Adolescents (2020) · cites this paper as Hankin & Abramson, 2001
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Hankin, Benjamin L.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 773-796
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1991073472
- Cited by
- 1,343
- References
- 283
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 22.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH43866, MH 52662)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- gender differences in depression, cognitive vulnerability, adolescence, negative affect, life events, female predominance, depression development
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, United States, Incidence, Sex Distribution
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