Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry

“The distinction I want to keep clear here is similar to the one John Pittard (2015) makes between belief and reasoning.”

“…conceived as something of a hydra-headed phenomenon, the edifice of metacognition scholarship pivots on two major paradigms, Brown (1978) and Flavell (1979), which together posit that metacognition consists of three substantial building blocks: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive…”

“However, a broader definition of metacognition should include regulatory skills, as well as knowledge of cognition—such as knowledge of task demands and one’s self as a learner ( Flavell 1979 ).”

“Flavell’s seminal work ( Flavell 1976, 1979 ) has generated continued interest in and research regarding how educators can develop, enhance, and measure students’ metacognition.”

“(p. 544) Metacognition has to do with knowledge about cognition and about oneself as a learner, including goal setting, planning, implementing strategies, monitoring, reflection on learning and learning by gaining experience in how to learn (Flavell 1979).”

“The results of the current research are consistent with the theorising of Johnson (2006) and the attribution approach outlined by Higham and Vokey (2004). Writing in the context of laboratory studies, the latter authors suggest that judgements about memory experience reflect the processes employed in the service of th…”

“Metacognition has been broadly defined as ‘thinking about thinking’ (Flavell, 1979), and includes the processes involved in the control, modification and interpretation of thought (Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004).”

“The outcomes of teachers’ two-way feedback interaction (RI) outcomes (Table 2) were coded according to two themes within metacognition: Knowledge of cognition, and regulation of cognition (Flavell 1979).”

“Flavell [14] distinguishes between Metacognitive knowledge and Metacognitive regulation.”

“Metacognition One area that hasn’t been discussed, but that deserves attention is metacognition, or “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”

“Email: r.filippi@ucl.ac.uk as well as more passive monitoring was also subsequently incorporated within a broader concept of metacognition by Flavell (1979) to describe the monitoring and control of all declarative cognitive activity.”

“Metacognition in reading is the conscious awareness and knowledge about reasoning, cognitive processes, and strategies used during reading [Baker & Brown, 1984; Flavell, 1979; Jacobs & Paris, 1987].”

“Metacognitive experiences can influence the metacognitive knowledge base by adding, removing, or revising them (Flavell, 1979).”

“The meaning of human thought and memory is based on the evaluation of cognitive experience (Flavell, 1979; Johnson, 2006).”

“Flavell (1979) originally proposed that metacognitive knowledge reflects learners’ understanding of the interactions among person, task, and strategy use.”

“DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02039.x Metacognition is defined as an individual’s knowledge of and beliefs about their own cognitive system, put simply it is ‘thinking about thinking’ (Flavell, 1979).”

“In my study, children’s metacognitive knowledge regarding comprehension strategies (Baker and Brown, 1984; Brenna, 1995a,b; Flavell, 1979) was explicitly explored in relationship to the classroom sets of graphic novel texts and the manner in which students responded to these texts.”

“Flavell first used this term to define the cognitive process that relate to “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”

“In response to research on memory strategies, Flavell and Salatas coined the term ’meta memory’ in 1971 (Salatas & Flavell, 1976), which Flavell further elaborated as ‘metacognition’ (Flavell, 1979).”

“Many of the limitations of metacognitive knowledge and “production deficiencies” attributed to young children by earlier research (Flavell, 1979; Kreutzer, Leonard, & Flavell, 1975) may well have been, at least to some extent, methodological artefacts.”

“Drawing on insights from these views, this study argues that the classifications developed by Sinclair (2000a) and Cotterall (2009) are consistent with the influential definition of metacognitive knowledge offered by Flavell (1979).”

“It has been suggested that young children may not have gained the ability to reflect on messages as cognitive objects [4] and may not understand that messages can refer to more than one thing at a time [ 12, 131 .”

“ub-symbolic. As most existing cognitive architectures represent a continuum from purely symbolic to connectionist, the same may be true for the human cognition as well. 10 Metacognition Metacognition [161], intuitively defined as ”thinking about thinking”, is a set of abilities that introspectively monitor internal pro…”

“Metacognition reflects the experience and knowledge of an individual has about his/her own cognitive processes [41, 42].”

“Metacognitive skills enable the learner to know how and when to apply previously acquired knowledge or skills that are crucial to their performance in learning tasks (Flavell, 1980).”

“Garner (1987) asserts that students with sufficient knowledge of vocabulary and decoding skills also have problems while comprehending a text, which is due to lack of strategic knowledge.”

“Flavell (1979) posited that individuals stored knowledge about cognition much in the same way they stored knowledge about things or ideas.”

“J Med Humanit 2006 Winter;27(4):231-44.”

“The process of reflective reasoning by nature is a metacognitive activity which requires thinkers to contemplate or monitor their own cognition, knowledge and experiences related to the encountered tasks (Brown 1987; Flavell 1979; Kuhn 1999; Olson and Astington 1993; Perkins et al. 1991).”

“The two components: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation Metacognition as a theoretical construct originates from the work of Flavell (1979, 1987) and Brown (1987) who describe it as a composite of knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition.”

“Formally defined by Flavell (20), metacognition is more simply defined as thinking about how we think.”

“Indeed Flavell (1979) asserted that cognitive monitoring is trainable, and that it should be promoted more widely: “I am absolutely convinced that there is, overall, far too little rather than enough or too much cognitive monitoring in this world” (p. 910).”

“Metacognitive CQ reflects higher-order cognitive processes used to acquire and understand cultural knowledge (Flavell, 1979).”

“Metacognitions are defined as information and beliefs about cognition and ways of controlling it (Flavell, 1979).”

“In this regard, it can be identified as the knowledge involved in the evaluation of thinking and cognitive processes (Flavell 1979, 1987).”

“The assimilation model has substantial resonance with metacognitive perspectives (Flavell, 1979; Moses & Baird, 1999); the model’s core mechanism of building meaning bridges between voices (Stiles, 2011) can be understood as developing metacognitive resources*one part of a person becoming aware of other parts, on the…”

“Theoretical notions of metacognition stem from the intellectual work of Flavell (1979), who developed a model of cognitive monitoring that focuses on strategies as actions consciously employed to achieve a task or goal.”

“The process of monitoring and evaluation involves both knowledge and regulation of cognition (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Pressley & McCormick, 1987).”

“Flavell (1979) considered that metacognition included both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences or regulation.”

“Flavell (1979) RESEARCH REPORT *Correspondence to: Dr. Valerie Dean O’Loughlin, Indiana University School of Medicine – Bloomington, Medical Sciences Program, 1001 East Third Street.”

“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition describes “ knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena ” (p. 906), which roughly means thinking about thinking .”

“Metacognitive factors have been described as the awareness and control of mental thoughts (Flavell, 1979).”

“The metacognitive processes that the reader learns are those involved in monitoring understanding, selecting what to remember, and regulating strategy use (Flavell, 1979).”

“Reflection as metacognition is a concept that arose in cognitive psychology and is based on the idea that we can become aware of our own cognitive processes (Flavell 1979).”

“The most significant one relates to the relationship between teachers ’ reflective and analytical skills as triggered by their being confronted with unexpected situations, also identified in previous research as conducive to people ’ s greater reflectivity (Flavell 1979).”

“In this study, we focus on metacognition or the ability to evaluate one’s own cognitive performance (Flavell, 1979).”

“This approach involves the two aspects of metacognition distinguished by Flavell (1979): knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition.”

“It coincided with the models presented in this study, such as Beyer (1988), Flavell (1979) and Schoenfeld (1985), who explains that metacognitive processes are one important aspect to ensure that we are in control in problem solving.”

“Human judgment is influenced not only by the information content but also by the metacognitive experience of processing that information [8, 9].”

“Metacognitive knowledge (MK) includes the thoughts and beliefs about an individual’s cognitive capabilities; it is the general knowledge about one’s own cognition (Efklides 2006; Flavell 1979).”

“our regulation of the cognitive process” [24].”

“Metacognition, a term introduced in the 1970s by John Flavell (see Flavell, 1971, 1979, 1987 ), is often defined as one’s knowledge, awareness and control of the domain of cognition (Brown, Bransford, Ferrara, & Campione, 1983), or as thinking about one’s own thinking.”

“Key theoretical foundations include metacognitive theories focusing on awareness and the control of cognition [4]; Zimmerman’s cyclical phases model (forethought, performance, self-reflection) [5]; Pintrich’s model emphasizing motivation [6]; Bandura’s social cognitive theory highlighting…”