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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
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The process of problem posing: development of a descriptive phase model of problem posing
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“The activity of evaluation is closely related to the metacognitive activity of the regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
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The easily learned, easily remembered heuristic in children
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“In order to obtain some clues regarding the mechanism underlying the ELER principle in college students, Koriat (2008a) used only unrelated items to examine whether the ELER principle is entirely mediated by inter-item differences in normative difficulty.”
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Metacognition, Metalanguage and Metapragmatics
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“Regulation of cognition refers to active monitoring of cognitive processes and the actual use of strategies employed (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodMetacognitive strategies in the teaching and learning of mathematics
du Toit, S., & Kotzé, G. S. (2009) · Pythagoras · doi:10.4102/pythagoras.v0i70.39 · Cited by 61
McCombs, B. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2017.00006 · Cited by 82
“The origin of the term is credited to Flavell (1979) and later in 1987 distinguished between metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences or regulation.”
BackgroundThe Relationships Among Writing Skills, Writing Anxiety and Metacognitive Awareness
Balta, E. E. (2018) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v7n3p233 · Cited by 66
“It has two interrelated dimensions called as metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive control (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundHerawaty, D., Widada, W., Novita, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1088/1/012089 · Cited by 61
“[3] Widada W 2016a Profile of cognitive structure of students in understanding the concept of real analysis Infinity 5 83 [4] Polya G 1981 How to Solve It (Princenton University Press) [5] Widada W 2016b Sintaks model pembelajaran matematika berdasarkan perkembangan kognitif peserta didik Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika…”
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The General Assessment of Problem Solving Processes and Metacognition in Physics Education
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“In order to make such adjustments while reading, however, individuals must be metacognitive, meaning that successful readers must be able to monitor their cognitive processing and must maintain control over it (Flavell, 1979; Flavell & Wellman, 1977).”
BackgroundNegretti, R. (2015) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amv051 · Cited by 68
“Theoretical framework and previous research The concept of metacognition (Flavell 1979) denotes humans’ ability to strategically invoke, monitor and control knowledge in a goal-oriented fashion.”
BackgroundMethodEntrepreneurship pedagogies in lifelong learning: Emergence of criticality?
Kakouris, A. (2015) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2015.04.004 · Cited by 60
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Redish, A. D., Kepecs, Á., Anderson, L. M., Calvin, O. L., Grissom, N. M., Haynos, A. F., Heilbronner, S. R., Herman, A. B., Jacob, S., Ma, S., et al. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0525 · Cited by 63
“Historically, confidence judgements have been taken to be a prime example of a uniquely human cognitive capacity, metacognition, which would make confidence unsuitable for translational studies [181 – 183].”
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The future of metacognition research: Balancing construct breadth with measurement rigor
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“Flavell (1979) went on to propose a distinction between metacognitive knowledge (or metacognitive beliefs) e “ everything you could come to believe about the nature of yourself and other people as cognitive processors ” e and metacognitive experience e online feelings or other conscious experiences…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYan, W., Nakajima, T., & Sawada, R. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14040433 · Cited by 90
“Therefore, this study indicates greater effort should be placed on helping students maintain a higher degree of independence and leadership in their interactions with Gen AI.”
BackgroundMapping Mathematics Classroom Discourse and Its Implications for Models of Teaching
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Cognitive Strategies and Motor Performance in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
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If you Fight with Me, I'll Get Mad! A Social Model of Entrepreneurial Affect
Breugst, N., & Shepherd, D. A. (2015) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12211 · Cited by 70
Catalyzing Learner Engagement using Cutting-Edge Classroom Response Systems in Higher Education
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Bozorgian, H., & Alamdari, E. F. (2017) · ReCALL · doi:10.1017/s0958344016000240 · Cited by 60
“…knowledge: person knowledge (the cognitive knowledge an individual has about oneself and others), task knowledge (the knowledge source an individual finds for doing a task), and strategy knowledge (the knowledge of strategies an individual uses to accomplish the purpose of a task) (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundZeng, Y., & Goh, C. C. M. (2018) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.2.2 · Cited by 70
“cognition and involves monitoring and control functions (Dinsmore, Alexander, & Loughlin, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Schunk, 2008).”
BackgroundZhou, M., & Lam, K. K. L. (2019) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-019-09646-7 · Cited by 63
“These skills are well captured by the notion of metacognition, which is generally understood to refer to the knowledge required and activities undertaken to monitor and control individual cognitive processes (Brown et al. 1983; Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundThought for food: Cognitive influences on chemosensory perceptions and preferences
White, T. L., Thomas‐Danguin, T., Olofsson, J., Zucco, G. M., & Prescott, J. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103776 · Cited by 66
“Metacognition is essentially “knowing that you know” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundLeat, D., & LIN, M. (2003) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/01411920301853 · Cited by 62
Bakračevič, K. (2005) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-005-7089-6 · Cited by 60
Designing metacognitive maps for web-based learning
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Test validation and cognitive psychology: some methodological considerations
Grotjahn, R. (1986) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/026553228600300205 · Cited by 60
“to Flavell (1984), a cognitive strategy is used to reach a cognitive goal while a metacognitive strategy is used in order to check whether one actually reached the goal (see also Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHannafin, M. J., & Rieber, L. P. (1989) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02298293 · Cited by 61
Teng, M. F., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211008798 · Cited by 71
“Flavell (1979) identified three domains of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, and metacognitive strategies.”
BackgroundInfluentialvan der Graaf, J., Lim, L., Fan, Y., Kilgour, J., Moore, J. D., Gašević, D., Bannert, M., & Molenaar, I. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09308-9 · Cited by 75
“Metacognition is the knowledge one has of their own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979) and includes activities such as, planning, orientation, monitoring, and evaluation (e.”
BackgroundMargulieux, L. E., Prather, J. E., Reeves, B. N., Becker, B. A., Uzun, G. C., Loksa, D., Leinonen, J., & Denny, P. C. (2024) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3649217.3653621 · Cited by 82
“Metacognitive knowledge is difficult to achieve in domains about which the learner has little content knowledge [17].”
BackgroundRelationship Between Metacognition, Goal Orientation and Academic Achievement
Gul, F., & Shehzad, S. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.914 · Cited by 71
Interaction and e-learning: the student experience
Thorpe, M., & Godwin, S. (2006) · Studies in Continuing Education · doi:10.1080/01580370600947330 · Cited by 59
“In general, there is evidence that interpersonal interaction stimulates meta-cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPatterns in elementary school students′ strategic actions in varying learning situations
Malmberg, J., Järvenoja, H., & Järvelä, S. (2013) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-012-9262-1 · Cited by 75
“cedural (what the strategies are), declarative (why they should be used) and conditional (when they should be used) knowledge (Flavell 1979; Paris and Paris 2001; Winne and Hadwin 1998).”
BackgroundMetamemory in children with autism: Exploring “feeling-of-knowing” in episodic and semantic memory.
Wojcik, D. Z., Moulin, C. J. A., & Souchay, C. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0030526 · Cited by 57
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Students as teachers: effectiveness of a peer-led STEM learning programme over 10 years
Drane, D. L., Micari, M., & Light, G. J. (2014) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2014.895388 · Cited by 60
“They are also witnessing other students’ problem-solving strategies, which can promote their own metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, Crippen, & Hartley, 2006), or understanding of and ability to monitor their own thinking and learning processes (Iiskala, Vauras, Lehtinen, & Salonen, 2011).”
BackgroundGroup-Metacognitive Support for Online Inquiry in Mathematics with Differential Self-Questioning
Kramarski, B., & Dudai, V. (2009) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/ec.40.4.a · Cited by 59
“…that metacognition should be viewed as an essential part of a group’s work when cognitive processes are regulated advantageously (Salonen et al., 2005) and should not be considered only in the context of the individual’s knowledge and regulation of cognitive processes (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundCella, M., Swan, S., Medin, E., Reeder, C., & Wykes, T. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001189 · Cited by 57
“…of cognitive problems can be thought of as a form of metacognitive knowledge that can effectively guide the deployment of cognitive resources to a specific task and can provide the necessary knowledge for individuals to access the relevant resources to perform at maximal efficiency (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundReframing academic literacy: re-examining a short-course for 'disadvantaged' tertiary students
Henderson, R., & Hirst, E. (2007) · Cited by 59
Alsamadani, H. A. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 59
Kinnebrew, J. S., Segedy, J. R., & Biswas, G. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2015.2513387 · Cited by 67
“Metacognition describes the ability to reason about and explicitly manage one’s own cognitive processes [23].”
BackgroundGenerative Learning: Principles and Implications for Making Meaning
Lee, H. W., Lim, K. Y., & Grabowski, B. L. (2007) · doi:10.4324/9780203880869.ch10 · Cited by 61
“Metacognition regulates one’s cognitive activities in learning processes and therefore surrounds the three generative learning processes shown in Figure 10.1 (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialYerdelen, S., & Sungur, S. (2018) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-018-9921-z · Cited by 69
Phenomenology as a methodology for Scholarship of Teaching and Learning research
Webb, A. S., & Welsh, A. (2019) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.7.1.11 · Cited by 88
“Flavell (1979) refers to metacognitive experiences as metacognitive knowledge that has entered consciousness; a cognitive realization that the learner does or does not know how to approach a learning task.”
BackgroundMetacognition: Students in charge of their thinking
Dirkes, M. (1985) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783198509552944 · Cited by 57
An analysis of Turkish high school students' metacognition and motivation
Sungur, S., & Şenler, B. (2009) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803610802591667 · Cited by 62
“Parallel to this framework, Flavell ( 1992 ), who first introduced the concept of metacognition, suggested that metacognitive knowledge includes knowledge of person, task, and strategy variables.”
BackgroundDifferential effects of instructional support on learning in simultation environments
Veenman, M. V. J., & Elshout, J. J. (1995) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00891961 · Cited by 59
Colbert, C. Y., Graham, L., West, C., White, B. A., Arroliga, A. C., Myers, J. D., Ogden, P. E., Archer, J., Mohammad, Z. T. A., & Clark, J. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.11.001 · Cited by 59
Theoretical Framework for the Design of STEM Project-Based Learning
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HUMAN ACTION RECOGNITION USING META-COGNITIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM
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Nicholson, T., Williams, D. M., Grainger, C., Lind, S. E., & Carruthers, P. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.013 · Cited by 57
“1 Metacognition has always been defined by cognitive and developmental psychologists as “thought about thought” or “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990; Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009).”
Epistemic Emotions and Metacognitive Feelings
Vogl, E., Pekrun, R. H., & Stockinger, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51673-4_3 · Cited by 75
Sato, M., & Lam, C. D. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211004639 · Cited by 72
“Metacognitive experiences interact with metacognitive knowledge ‘by adding to it, deleting from it, or revising it’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 908).”
BackgroundHuerta, M. V., Carberry, A. R., Pipe, T. B., & McKenna, A. F. (2021) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20407 · Cited by 74
Carruthers, P., & Williams, D. M. (2019) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.26451/abc.06.04.08.2019 · Cited by 63
“For in that literature a metacognitive process is said to be not just above, but about, other processes (Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
BackgroundChen, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021101 · Cited by 104
“An intervention was categorized as a metacognitive intervention if it focused on metacognitive strategies (e.g., planning, motoring, and evaluating) or metacognitive theories (e.g., Flavell, 1979) underpinned its instructional design (cf. Nguyen and Gu, 2013).”
BackgroundMcWilliams, A., Bibby, H., Steinbeis, N., David, A. S., & Fleming, S. M. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105389 · Cited by 64
“Metacognition refers to the capacity to reflect on and control other cognitive processes, or “ think about thinking ” (Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMotivation and metacognition when learning a complex system
Vollmeyer, R., & Rheinberg, F. (1999) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172978 · Cited by 58
“The broadest of these concepts is metacognitive experience as defined by Flavell (1979). It includes all conscious emotional and cognitive feelings which arise while undertaking cognitive activities.”
BackgroundRusso, C. F. (2004) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698620404800303 · Cited by 60
“From a metacognitive perspective, Flavell (1979) hypothesized that divergent thinking is necessary for students to categorize strategic knowledge.”
BackgroundMetacognitive Control: Children's Short-Term Versus Long-Term Study Strategies
Son, L. K. (2005) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.132.4.347-364 · Cited by 59
Animal Metacognition: Problems and Prospects
Smith, J. D., Beran, M. J., Couchman, J. J., Coutinho, M. V. C., & Boomer, J. B. (2009) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2009.40004 · Cited by 64
“Their responses to doubt and uncertainty ground research on metacognition, or thinking about thinking (Benjamin et al., 1998; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1995; 2007; Koriat et al., 2006; Metcalfe, 2000; Nelson, 1992; Schwartz, 1994; Serra & Dunlosky, 2005).”
Boruchovitch, E. (2014) · Psicologia Escolar e Educacional · doi:10.1590/2175-3539/2014/0183759 · Cited by 72
“A metacognição refere-se à autoconsciência dos próprios processos cognitivos (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBell, H. H., Andrews, D. H., Wulfeck, W. H., Villachica, S. W., Stone, D. L., Clark, R. E., Yates, K. A., Early, S. D., Moulton, K., Mayer, R. E., et al. (2009) · Cited by 57
Hong, E., Greene, M. T., & Hartzell, S. (2011) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986211418107 · Cited by 63
“Metacognition concerns awareness of monitoring and control of one’s own learning processes through activities such as planning, checking, and strategy selection and use (e.g., Borkowski & Burke, 1996; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAn, Y., & Cao, L. (2014) · Cited by 58
Collaborative Learning in Problem Solving: A Case Study in Metacognitive Learning
Wismath, S. L., & Orr, D. (2015) · The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2015.3.10 · Cited by 63
“Usually loosely described as “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979), metacognition includes knowledge about strategies for learning and problem solving, as well as knowledge of different thinking and learning styles and their strengths and weaknesses, both in general and with respect to one’s…”
Textual and graphical refutations: Effects on conceptual change learning
Masón, L., Baldi, R., Ronco, S. D., Scrimin, S., Danielson, R., & Sinatra, G. M. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.03.007 · Cited by 64
“Of note is that metacognition is a general umbrella term referring to various aspects of cognition about cognition (Flavell, 1979), including metacognitive knowledge, experiences, and skills (Efklides, 2006; Reber & Greifeneder, 2016).”
BackgroundPopolo, R., Smith, E., Lysaker, P. H., Lestingi, K., Cavallo, F., Melchiorre, L., Santone, C., & Dimaggio, G. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.022 · Cited by 63
Teacher Cognition of Engaging Children in Scientific Practices
Crawford, B. A., & Capps, D. K. (2017) · Innovations in science education and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66659-4_2 · Cited by 68
Tornare, E., Czajkowski, N. O., & Pons, F. (2015) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.05.011 · Cited by 65
“…of difficulty or feeling of difficulty (Efklides, 2001) arises during the processing of tasks that require “careful and highly conscious thinking” (Flavell, 1979, p. 908), when a lack of fluency, interruptions (obstacles) and conflict in responses are experienced (Efklides, 2002, 2006;…”
Wells, A., & Carter, K. E. P. (2009) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2009.2.3.224 · Cited by 57
Goal pursuit and eudaimonic well-being among university students: Metacognition as the mediator.
Kiaei, Y. A., & Reio, T. G. (2014) · Behavioral Development · doi:10.1037/h0101085 · Cited by 57
“Metacognition, by definition, is cognition about cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979; Lin & Zabrucky, 1998; McCromick, 2003) and involves metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation (Brown 1977, 1987).”
BackgroundZarestky, J., Bigler, M., Brazile, M., Lopes, T., & Bangerth, W. (2022) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100085 · Cited by 77
“Metacognition and self-regulated learning are inextricably linked to critical thinking, problem-solving, and other human-dimension skills (e. g., comprehension, memory, oral communication, and language acquisition), see Flavell [31], Loksa and Ko [48], Lumpkin [49].”
BackgroundSocial Language Learning Spaces: Affordances in a Community of Learners
Murray, G. L., & Fujishima, N. (2013) · Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cjal-2013-0009 · Cited by 57
Assessing Reading Comprehension
Klingner, J. K. (2004) · Assessment for Effective Intervention · doi:10.1177/073724770402900408 · Cited by 57
“Metacognition, or the awareness and monitoring of one’s comprehension processes, is a critically important aspect of skilled reading (Baker, 2002; Flavell, 1979; Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002; Pressley, 2000).”
BackgroundTeaching engineering and technology: cognitive, knowledge and problem-solving taxonomies
Barak, M. (2013) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-04-2012-0020 · Cited by 57
“This term relates to cognition and to oneself as a learner, including goal setting, planning, implementing strategies, monitoring, reflection on learning and learning by gaining experience in how to learn (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDo Exam Wrappers Increase Metacognition and Performance? A Single Course Intervention
Soicher, R. N., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2017) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725716661872 · Cited by 57
“Metacognition, defined as ‘‘knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 906), consists of assessing task goals and requirements, evaluating status, planning a strategy, applying the strategy, and reflecting on and adjusting the strategy as needed (Ambrose, Bridges,…”
MethodWork Motivation: Theory, Practice, and Future Directions
Kanfer, R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0014 · Cited by 60
Esbjørn, B. H., Normann, N., Christiansen, B. M., & Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.002 · Cited by 59
“Research suggest that the metacognitive development begins in middle childhood and continues through adolescence and into adulthood (Flavell, 1979; Flavell, Green, & Flavell, 2000; Pillow, 2008).”
BackgroundThe impact of portfolio on EFL learners’ metacognition and writing performance
Farahian, M., & Avarzamani, F. (2018) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2018.1450918 · Cited by 69
“The theoretical framework for developing the questionnaire was based on the Flavell’s (1987) framework and Wenden’s (1998) exposition of the concept.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMetacognition-based process improvement practices
Cho, Y. S., & Linderman, K. (2019) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.01.030 · Cited by 57
Enhancing metacognitive awareness of undergraduates through using an e-educational video environment
Altıok, S., Başer, Z., & Yükseltürk, E. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.05.010 · Cited by 61
Lysaker, P. H., Kukla, M., Vohs, J. L., Martin, A. M. S., Buck, K. D., & Hasson‐Ohayon, I. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808718814992 · Cited by 57
“It has been a key variable in research in education (Flavell, 1979), cognition (Bacon, Danion, Kauffmann-Muller, & Bruant, 2001), development (Kurtz & Borkowski, 1987), attachment (Main, 1991), and psychopathology (Dimaggio, Montano, Popolo, & Salvatore, 2015; Lysaker & Klion, 2017).”
BackgroundContrast sensitivity function of preschool children.
Atkinson, J., French, J., & Braddick, O. (1981) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.65.8.525 · Cited by 57
Social influences on metacognition: Effects of colearner questioning on comprehension monitoring.
Karabenick, S. A. (1996) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.4.689 · Cited by 57
Depression, cognitive skill, and metacognitive skill in problem solving
Slife, B. D., & Weaver, C. A. (1992) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411055 · Cited by 57
Teaching Critical Thinking: Focusing on Metacognitive Skills and Problem Solving
Hanley, G. L. (1995) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top2201_21 · Cited by 57
“Metacognitiw skills refer to rhe strategies used t o monitor and control one's own state of knowledge (Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
MethodSocial and Communicative Anxiety: A Review and Meta-Analysis
Patterson, M. L., & Ritts, V. (1997) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.1997.11678944 · Cited by 57
Aksela, M. K. (2005) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 57
Mbato, C. L. (2013) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 57
Stebner, F., Schuster, C., Weber, X.-L., Greiff, S., Leutner, D., & Wirth, J. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09322-x · Cited by 57
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition refers to monitoring and regulation of cognitive processes.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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