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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,401–1,500 of 10,404
Comprehension monitoring of written discourse across early-to-middle adolescence
Hacker, D. J. (1997) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1007989901667 · Cited by 48
“Monitoring of one’s thinking and the subsequent control that one exerts over his or her thoughts have been described as executive processes (Butterfield & Belmont 1977; Miller, Galanter & Pribram 1960) or metacognitive processes (Brown 1980; Butterfield, Albertson & Johnston 1994; Flavell 1979; Nelson & Narens”
BackgroundKankaraš, M. (2017) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/8a294376-en · Cited by 87
Metacognitive Capacity as a Predictor of Insight in First-Episode Psychosis
Vohs, J. L., Lysaker, P. H., Liffick, E., Francis, M. M., Leonhardt, B. L., James, A., Buck, K. D., Hamm, J. A., Minor, K. S., Mehdiyoun, N., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000291 · Cited by 47
“Originally used in the education literature to describe awareness of learning style (Flavell, 1979), metacognition has since come to refer to a spectrum of activities.”
BackgroundLysaker, P. H., Kukla, M., Dubreucq, J., Gumley, A., McLeod, H., Vohs, J. L., Buck, K. D., Minor, K. S., Luther, L., Leonhardt, B. L., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.015 · Cited by 47
“Metacognition was originally used within the educational literature (Flavell, 1979) and since has been applied to numerous fields of study, including attachment, psychopathology, humandevelopment, and cognitive psychology (Main, 1991; Bacon and Izaute, 2009; Tarricone, 2011).”
MethodCervin-Ellqvist, M., Larsson, D., Adawi, T., Stöhr, C., & Negretti, R. (2020) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-020-00635-x · Cited by 56
“Metacognition can be described as thinking about one’s own thinking (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundFactors influencing health anxiety: the stimulus–organism–response model perspective
Yang, X., Gu, D., Wu, J., Liang, C., Ma, Y., & Li, J. (2021) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-10-2020-0604 · Cited by 46
Yılmaz, F. G. K., & Yılmaz, R. (2025) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2025.2484613 · Cited by 52
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognitive awareness, which is defined as monitoring, controlling, and regulating one’s own learning process, can enable one to improve one’s own learning process and results and can enable the development of one’s strategic thinking and SRLS skills.”
Effectiveness of feedback for enhancing English pronunciation in an ASR‐based CALL system
Wang, Y., & Young, S. S. (2014) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12079 · Cited by 47
Relating self reports of writing behaviour and online task execution using a temporal model
Tillema, M., van den Bergh, H., Rijlaarsdam, G., & Sanders, T. J. M. (2011) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-011-9072-x · Cited by 47
“They are, in other words, measures of what Flavell (1979) calls metacognitive knowledge about strategy, or what Zohar and David (2009) call Meta-strategic Knowledge: “an awareness of the type of thinking strategies being used in specific instances”. secondary education.”
BackgroundReutebuch, C. K., Zein, F. E., Kim, M. K., Weinberg, A. N., & Vaughn, S. R. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.002 · Cited by 47
“The reader is taught metacognitive strategies that are involved in monitoring understanding, selecting what to remember, and regulating strategy use (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundCognitive Stimulation in a-MCI
Moro, V., Condoleo, M. T., Sala, F., Pernigo, S., Moretto, G., & Gambina, G. (2012) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317512441386 · Cited by 51
Metacognition in the Classroom: Motivation and Self-Awareness of Mathematics Learners
Karaali, G. (2015) · PRIMUS · doi:10.1080/10511970.2015.1027837 · Cited by 50
Leadership Development: Exploring, Clarifying, and Expanding Our Understanding of Learning Agility
Meuse, K. P. D., Dai, G., Swisher, V. V., et al. (2012) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01445.x · Cited by 47
Reingold, R., Rimor, R., & Kalay, A. (2008) · Cited by 47
Metacognitive function poststroke: a review of definition and assessment
Banna, M. A., Redha, N. A., Abdulla, F., Nair, B., & Donnellan, C. (2015) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2015-310305 · Cited by 46
Karlen, Y., & Compagnoni, M. (2016) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725716682887 · Cited by 57
“Metacognitive strategy knowledge refers to the knowledge component of metacognition (Flavell, 1979) and describes verbalizable knowledge and awareness of memory, comprehension, and learning processes.”
BackgroundAlvi, E., & Gillies, R. M. (2015) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.04.008 · Cited by 48
Visual short-term memory through the lifespan: Preserved benefits of context and metacognition.
Mitchell, D. J., Cam-CAN, & Cusack, R. (2018) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000265 · Cited by 51
“The second factor that might be used to ameliorate age-related reductions in VSTM is metacognition - awareness of how well one is performing a mental task, and the consequent regulation of strategy to improve performance (Flavell, 1979; Borkowski et al., 1987).”
Course and stability of cognitive and metacognitive beliefs in depression
Faissner, M., Kriston, L., Moritz, S., & Jelinek, L. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22834 · Cited by 47
“Many authors understand metacognitions as beliefs concerning cognitive functions associatedwithmonitoring and controlling thoughts (Flavell, 1979; Moritz, Veckenstedt, Bohn, Köther, & Woodward, 2013; Wells, 2001), but other definitions differ somewhat (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialFiliz, S. B., & Yıldırım, N. (2019) · İlköğretim Online · doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2019.632521 · Cited by 48
Mindfulness and Coaching to Improve Learning Abilities in University Students: A Pilot Study
Corti, L., & Gelati, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17061935 · Cited by 57
Medical and psychology students’ self-assessed communication skills: A pilot study
Tiuraniemi, J., Läärä, R., Kyrö, T., & Lindeman, S. M. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.05.013 · Cited by 48
Sungur, S. (2007) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803610701234898 · Cited by 47
“Actually, according to Flavell ( 1992 ), such strategies as planning, monitoring, and evaluating are important in reading comprehension, writing, attention, memory, problem-solving, social cognition, and various types of self-control and self-instruction.”
BackgroundShamir, A., Zion, M., & Spektor‐Levy, O. (2008) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-008-9108-4 · Cited by 50
“It has previously been shown that metacognitive competencies such as monitoring and controlled learning (Brown 1987; Flavell 1979) are not only expressed but also enhanced in the process of peer tutoring (Shamir and Lazerovitz 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialToward a New Paradigm for Multicultural Counseling
Hanna, F. J., Bemak, F., & Chung, R. C. (1999) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02432.x · Cited by 47
Tsai, M.-J., Wu, A.-H., Bråten, I., & Wang, C.-Y. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104544 · Cited by 47
Explicit nonconceptual metacognition
Carruthers, P. (2020) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-020-01557-1 · Cited by 46
The effects of self-monitoring on strategy use and academic performance: A meta-analysis
Guo, L. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101939 · Cited by 59
Metacognition and Reading Comprehension
Karbalaei, A. (2011) · Íkala Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura · doi:10.17533/udea.ikala.9913 · Cited by 46
Synthetic metacognition as a link between brain and behavior in schizophrenia
Lysaker, P. H., Bob, P., Pěč, O., Hamm, J. A., Kukula, M., Vohs, J., Popolo, R., Salvatore, G., & Dimaggio, G. (2013) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-013-0131-4 · Cited by 45
The effects of power on prosocial outcomes: A self-validation analysis
DeMarree, K. G., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2012.07.005 · Cited by 44
“Research on metacognition distinguishes between primary thoughts and secondary thoughts (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDivided attention at encoding: Effect on feeling-of-knowing
Sacher, M., Taconnat, L., Souchay, C., & Isingrini, M. L. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.04.001 · Cited by 45
Using technology for enhancing reflective writing, metacognition and learning
Mair, C. (2011) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2011.590583 · Cited by 50
“This is metacognition (Flavell 1979), an inherent part of re fl ective practice and a strong predictor of academic success (Dunning et al. 2003; Coutinho 2007).”
BackgroundGallo, D. A., Cramer, S. J., Wong, J. T., & Bennett, D. A. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.06.005 · Cited by 43
“Metacognition is knowledge about cognition (Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1994), including the ability to think about one’s own basic cognitive abilities (such as episodic memory or executive functions).”
BackgroundCognitive Stimulation of Executive Functions in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Moro, V., Condoleo, M. T., Valbusa, V., Broggio, E., Moretto, G., & Gambina, G. (2014) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317514539542 · Cited by 54
Ÿz, H. (2016) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.035 · Cited by 48
“Flavell (1976, p. 232) defines metacognitive knowledge as “one's knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them” and also as one’s awareness of his/her own cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialRats show adaptive choice in a metacognitive task with high uncertainty.
Yuki, S., & Okanoya, K. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000130 · Cited by 47
White, M. R., Braund, H., Howes, D. W., Egan, R. G., Gegenfurtner, A., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Szulewski, A. (2018) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.03.005 · Cited by 48
Deng, Y., Zhang, B., Zheng, X., Liu, Y., Wang, X., & Zhou, C. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.020 · Cited by 47
On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Flow
Moneta, G. B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_2 · Cited by 50
Murtadho, F. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.17509/ijal.v10i3.31752 · Cited by 85
Kleitman, S., & Moscrop, T. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_14 · Cited by 54
“Metacognition refers to the executive processes involved in reflecting on one’s own thinking; that is, “thinking about thinking” ( Flavell, 1979 ) or “knowing about knowing” (Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994).”
BackgroundUsing ‘HOCS-Centered Learning’ as a Pathway to Promote Science Teachers' Metacognitive Development
Leou, M., Abder, P., Riordan, M., et al. (2006) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-005-3916-9 · Cited by 46
“Knowledge, control and awareness of one’s and others’ thinking processes has been termed metacognition ( Flavell, 1971, 1979; Kluwe, 1982).”
BackgroundEthics and leadership skills in the public service
Haq, S. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.190 · Cited by 46
Hong, E., & Peng, Y. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.10.002 · Cited by 46
Strategies to read and learn: overcoming learning by consumption
McNamara, D. S. (2010) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03550.x · Cited by 47
How is knowledge generated about memory encoding strategy effectiveness?
Hertzog, C. K., Price, J., & Dunlosky, J. T. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.12.002 · Cited by 45
“In principle, predictions can also be influenced by an individual’s knowledge about strategies that could be used on a task, as well as self-knowledge, in the form of knowing how well one has done with specific strategies in the past (e.g., Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundCognitive Therapy for Depression
Hollon, S. D., & Garber, J. (1990) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167290161005 · Cited by 50
Understanding processes and problems in student writing
Nightingale, P. (1988) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075078812331377720 · Cited by 46
Learning Disabilities and Memory
Swanson, H. L., Cooney, J. B., & McNamara, J. K. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012762533-1/50005-6 · Cited by 50
Toward a Metatheory of Learning Disabilities
Swanson, H. L. (1988) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221948802100403 · Cited by 46
Racial differences in intelligence: The importance of the executive system
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The Moral Metacognition Scale: Development and Validation
McMahon, J. M., & Good, D. J. (2015) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2015.1028548 · Cited by 50
“Metacognition, which is commonly referred to as “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979) and “knowing about knowing” (Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994), includes both knowledge about, and regulation of, cognitive activity (Moses & Baird, 1999).”
BackgroundSafa, M. A., & Motaghi, F. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211021821 · Cited by 47
“In other words, metacognition is ‘thinking about thinking’ and a form of higher-order thinking process (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialSocially shared metacognition in a project-based learning environment: A comparative case study
Lobczowski, N. G., Lyons, K., Greene, J. A., & McLaughlin, J. E. (2021) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2021.100543 · Cited by 63
Supporting strategic and meta-strategic development of argument skill: the role of reflection
Iordanou, K. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-021-09289-1 · Cited by 59
“Metacognition as a competence refers to one’s knowledge of strategies and the ability to control their effective application in the context of a particular task in order to achieve specific goals (Barzilai, & Ka’adan, 2017; Flavell, 1979; Metcalfe, 2009).”
BackgroundThe interplay between uncertainty monitoring and working memory: Can metacognition become automatic?
Coutinho, M. V. C., Redford, J. S., Church, B. A., Zakrzewski, A. C., Couchman, J. J., & Smith, J. D. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0527-1 · Cited by 45
“…to accurately identify these feelings and to respond to them adaptively are the focus of the research literature on metacognition (e.g., Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz 1998; Flavell, 1979; Koriat & Goldsmith, 1994; Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994; Nelson, 1992; Scheck & Nelson, 2005; Schwartz, 1994).”
BackgroundSocial barriers to meaningful engagement in biology field trip group work
Anderson, D. P., Thomas, G. P., & Nashon, S. M. (2008) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.20304 · Cited by 45
The Relationship Between Locus of Control, Metacognition, and Academic Success
Hrbáčková, K., Hladík, J., & Vávrová, S. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.130 · Cited by 53
“For example, Flavell (1979) defined metacognitive knowledge as knowledge about one’s own cognitive strengths and limitations, including the factors (internal and external) that may interact to affect cognition.”
BackgroundJones, D. (2007) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430701378977 · Cited by 46
“Metacognition refers to an individual’s awareness of his/her cognitive processes and strategies (Flavell, 1979 ; Flavell et al , 1995 ).”
BackgroundLam, W. Y. K. (2009) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168809103445 · Cited by 51
“According to Flavell (1979), to develop executive control over a learning task, the learner needs not only task knowledge, but also understandings of the nature and role of strategies that might be conducive to effective achievement of learning goals leading to successful task completion.”
BackgroundMetacognition: Examining the Components of a Fuzzy Concept
Scott, B. M., & Levy, M. (2013) · Educational Research eJournal · doi:10.5838/erej.2013.22.04 · Cited by 46
“The factor structure of metacognition is unclear due to the contradictions in the literature (e.g. Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 2001; Alexander, Carr & Schwanenflugel, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMetacognitive monitoring and learning gain in foundation chemistry
Mathabathe, K. C., & Potgieter, M. (2013) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c3rp00119a · Cited by 45
Effects of Explicit Instructions, Metacognition, and Motivation on Creative Performance
Hong, E., O’Neil, H. F., & Peng, Y. (2016) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2016.1125252 · Cited by 44
“The importance of metacognitive ability in learning has been discussed since the 1970s (Flavell, 1979), although its relation with creative thinking was not considered until much later (e.”
BackgroundAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulation
Brick, N., Campbell, M. J., Metcalfe, R. S., Mair, J. L., & Macintyre, T. E. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000843 · Cited by 45
“57 Metacognition can be defined as an individual’s insight into and control over their own 58 mental processes (15).”
BackgroundAn assessment of domain-general metacognitive responding in rhesus monkeys
Brown, E. K., Templer, V. L., & Hampton, R. R. (2016) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.12.004 · Cited by 44
“Metacognition, or thinking about thinking, can be controlled by multiple cues, both public and private (Flavell 1979; Hampton 2009a; Basile & Hampton 2014).”
BackgroundBehaviors speak louder than explicit reports: Implicit metacognition in 2.5‐year‐old children
Geurten, M., & Bastin, C. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12742 · Cited by 45
Metacognition and self-awareness in Multiple Sclerosis
Mazancieux, A., Souchay, C., Casez, O., & Moulin, C. J. A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.012 · Cited by 45
Metacognition and emotional regulation in children from 8 to 12 years old
Pennequin, V., Questel, F., Delaville, E., Delugre, M., & Maintenant, C. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12305 · Cited by 53
Tibken, C., Richter, T., von der Linden, N., Schmiedeler, S., & Schneider, W. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13640 · Cited by 70
The Neural Basis of Metacognitive Ability
Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2014) · The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4_11 · Cited by 50
Functional brain activation patterns of creative metacognitive monitoring
Rominger, C., Benedek, M., Lebuda, I., Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Schwerdtfeger, A. R., Papousek, I., & Fink, A. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108416 · Cited by 43
“Metacognition refers to cognition on cognition and involves monitoring and control processes to establish (complex) cognitive enterprises (Ackerman and Thompson, 2017; Efklides, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Rouault et al., 2018).”
BackgroundClarifying the role of self-efficacy and metacognition as predictors of performance
Moores, T. T., Chang, J., & Smith, D. K. (2006) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1161345.1161360 · Cited by 46
“Metacognition is the “executive” process that monitors and controls one’s cognitive processes, and is often defined in terms of metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences (Flavell, 1979; 1987).”
BackgroundHeiman, T. (2006) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/30035532 · Cited by 45
Harris, A., Yuill, N., & Luckin, R. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709907x267067 · Cited by 47
Theoretical and Pedagogical Issues in ESL/EFL Teaching of Strategic Reading
Phakiti, A. (2006) · Cited by 45
Speakers and doers : polyphony and agency in children's beliefs about language learning
Aro, M. (2009) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 46
Science diaries: a brief writing intervention to improve motivation to learn science
Bernacki, M. L., Nokes‐Malach, T. J., Richey, J. E., & Belenky, D. M. (2014) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2014.895293 · Cited by 55
The role of vocal self-stimulation in female responses to males: Implications for state-reading
Cheng, M.-F. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.08.007 · Cited by 43
Assessing Metacognitive Deficiencies and Effectively Instructing Metacognitive Skills
Veenman, M. V. J. (2017) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811711901303 · Cited by 47
Time perception and the experience of agency in meditation and hypnosis
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Falon, S. L., Kangas, M., & Crane, M. F. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1910676 · Cited by 51
“Insight is a specific form of metacognition, which refers to an individual’s awareness and consideration of the features or strategies that affect cognitive processes (e.g., learning; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundArono, A., Arsyad, S., Syahriman, S., Nadrah, N., State Islamic Istitute of Bengkulu, I., Villia, A. S., & Poltikes Kemenkes Bengkulu, I. (2021) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2022.15130a · Cited by 45
“It involves a person's knowledge/cognitive processes, active monitoring, consequent regulation, and unification (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundWill the Use of AI Undermine Students Independent Thinking?
Yavich, R. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15060669 · Cited by 48
Teaching Executive Functioning Processes: Promoting Metacognition, Strategy Use, and Effort
Meltzer, L. (2014) · Handbook of Executive Functioning · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_25 · Cited by 44
O’Bryan, A., & Hegelheimer, V. H. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 44
Spalletta, G., Piras, F., Piras, F., Caltagirone, C., & Orfei, M. D. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22507 · Cited by 44
“Metacognition is a high-order cognitive function which consists in one’s knowledge concerning one’s cognitive processes and products or anything related to them, such as perception, memory, problem solving and behavior (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEmbedding cognizance in intellectual development.
Spanoudis, G., Demetriou, A., Kazi, S., Giorgala, K., & Zenonos, V. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.12.003 · Cited by 35
Peng, Y., Hong, E., & Mason, E. (2014) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2014.966115 · Cited by 49
“The construct self-regulated learning is derived from earlier work by Flavell (1979) and Bandura (1986).”
MethodObsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Comparison of CBT and the Metacognitive Approach
Fisher, P. (2009) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2009.2.2.107 · Cited by 44
Chen, C., & Wu, I.-C. (2011) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.09.012 · Cited by 47
“Metacognitive knowledge is the individual’s declarative knowledge about the interactions between person, task and strategy characteristics (Flavell, 1979), whereas metacognitive strategies refer to the individual’s procedural knowledge for regulating his or her own problem-solving and learning…”
BackgroundReliability and Validity Analyses of a Newly Developed Test to Assess Learning Strategy Knowledge
Maag Merki, K., Ramseier, E., & Karlen, Y. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology · doi:10.1891/1945-8959.12.3.391 · Cited by 43
“According to Artelt, Beinicke, Schlagmüller, and Schneider (2009) and with reference to Flavell (1979), strategy knowledge is a component of declarative metamemory: “In this understanding, learning strategy knowledge encompasses both knowledge about the demands involved in a task, and knowledge…”
BackgroundPutting Students at the Centre of Classroom L2 Writing Assessment
Lee, I. (2016) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.2802 · Cited by 44
“Metacognition, also referred to as metacognitive knowledge or metacognitive awareness (Flavell, 1976, 1979, 1987), is “a person’s cognition about cognition” (Wellman, 1985, p. 1).”
BackgroundBeran, M. J., Perdue, B. M., & Smith, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000020 · Cited by 46
“A large research literature explores this capacity in humans (e.g., Balcomb & Gerken, 2008; Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Dunlosky & Bjork, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Koriat & Goldsmith, 1994; Nelson, 1992; Scheck & Nelson, 2005; Schwartz, 2008).”
Strategy Instruction Shifts Teacher and Student Interactions During Text‐Based Discussions
Boardman, A. G., Boelé, A. L., & Klingner, J. K. (2017) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.191 · Cited by 57
Karlen, Y. (2017) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2017.09.01.03 · Cited by 54
“Following Flavell (1979), metacognitive knowledge can be divided into knowledge about persons, tasks, and strategies.”
BackgroundShilo, A., & Kramarski, B. (2018) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-018-01016-6 · Cited by 62
“Metacognition is necessary for understanding the task, selecting the solution strategy, and evaluating the strategy’s effectiveness (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining the effects of different teaching strategies on metacognition and academic performance
Langdon, J. L., Botnaru, D., Wittenberg, M., Riggs, A. J., Mutchler, J., Syno, M., & Caciula, M. C. (2019) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00013.2018 · Cited by 57
“Flavell (12), originator of the term metacognition, described it as “the act of thinking about thinking.”
Bellon, E., Fias, W., & Smedt, B. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229932 · Cited by 44
“This monitoring of cognition is a facet of metacognition, a concept first introduced by Flavell [1].”
Hägg, G. (2021) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-07-2020-0496 · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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