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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 10,404
Morgan, A. (2007) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/13502930701320933 · Cited by 74
“It has been defined as ‘knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’ (Flavell, 1979 , p.”
BackgroundThe Role of Metacognition in the Development of EFL Learners’ Listening Skill
Bozorgian, H. (2014) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2013.861303 · Cited by 87
“Teachers can help learners to develop and revise metacognitive knowledge by giving them opportunities to reflect on their metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979; Wenden, 1991).”
BackgroundThe Ambiguity Tolerance Interface: A Modified Social Cognitive Model For Leading Under Uncertainty
Lane, M. S., & Klenke, K. (2004) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/107179190401000306 · Cited by 73
Georghiades, P. (2004) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/0950069032000070333 · Cited by 74
“Metacognition: general versus situated Metacognition is defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell 1979: 906).”
BackgroundTeng, M. F. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2019.1595712 · Cited by 82
“Metacognition, initially coined by Flavell (1979), touches upon an awareness and understanding of one’s thought and cognitive processes, along with controlled management of cognition through various strategies including organizing, monitoring, and adapting.”
BackgroundHow classroom teachers approach the teaching of thinking
Marzano, R. J. (1993) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405849309543591 · Cited by 89
Metacognition as a Mediator of the Effect of Test Anxiety on a Surface Approach to Studying
Spada, M. M., Nikčević, A. V., Moneta, G. B., & Ireson, J. (2006) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410500390673 · Cited by 77
“Evidence has shown that test anxiety and metacognition (which refers to the psychological structures, beliefs, and events that are involved in the control, modification, and interpretation of thinking itself; Flavell, 1979) are intimately related.”
BackgroundMotivational Orientations and Metacognitive Abilities of Intellectually Gifted Students
Chan, L. K. S. (1996) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698629604000403 · Cited by 73
Students’ Metacognitive Knowledge about Writing
Raphael, T. E., Englert, C. S., & Kirschner, B. W. (1989) · Research in the Teaching of English · doi:10.58680/rte198915507 · Cited by 74
Steindorf, L., & Rummel, J. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01214-4 · Cited by 74
“Instead, we decided to focus on metacognitive awareness, the knowledge about one’s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979), as one possible underlying factor of mind-wandering adjustment.”
BackgroundAbdellah, R. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.707 · Cited by 73
Raising L2 listeners’ metacognitive awareness: a sociocultural theory perspective
Cross, J. (2010) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2010.519033 · Cited by 82
“This view primarily acknowledges, and is underpinned by, the early theoretical insights and empirical research with respect to this phenomenon in learning situations by Flavell (1976, 1979) and, in the field of L2 learning particularly, by Wenden (1998).”
BackgroundNaug, H. L., Colson, N., & Donner, D. G. (2011) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.228 · Cited by 73
Lysaker, P. H., Gumley, A. I., & Dimaggio, G. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2010.02007.x · Cited by 73
Rieber, L. P., & Parmley, M. W. (1995) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/m8vx-68bc-1tu2-b6dv · Cited by 73
Leippe, M. R., & Romanczyk, A. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6338-5_9 · Cited by 72
The logic of wikis: The possibilities of the Web 2.0 classroom
Glassman, M., & Kang, M. (2011) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-011-9107-y · Cited by 77
“This is the view shared by cognitive theorists as disparate as Chomsky (1986), Piaget and Inhelder (1969), Vygotsky (1987) and Flavell (1979). The only things that can keep these deductive structures from dominating our thinking are “non-cognitive” issues such as “emotions.”
MethodBiculturals as natural bridges for intercultural communication and collaboration
Brannen, M. Y., García, D., & Thomas, D. C. (2009) · International Workshop on Intercultural Collaboration (IWIC) · doi:10.1145/1499224.1499257 · Cited by 70
“Thus, metacognitive thoughts are deliberate, planned, intentional, goal-directed, and future-oriented mental behaviors that can be used to accomplish cognitive tasks [7].”
Garber, J., Frankel, S. A., & Herrington, C. G. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112836 · Cited by 72
“Three types of metacognitive knowledge are relevant to children’s ability to engage in CBT: 1) person, 2) task, and 3) strategy (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialBecoming a bartender: The role of external memory cues in a work‐directed educational activity
Beach, K. (1993) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350070304 · Cited by 73
Metacognitive Strategies for Making Sense of Cross-Cultural Encounters
Sieck, W. R., Smith, J. L., & Rasmussen, L. J. (2013) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022113492890 · Cited by 72
“Metacognition refers to knowledge about ones’ own thinking and learning (Flavell, 1979; Kuhn, 2000), and generally subsumes a variety of self-regulatory processes and strategies for coordinating and controlling deliberate attempts to explain phenomena and solve problems (Gourgey, 2001).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Immersive Personalized Training Environment for Construction Workers
Jeelani, I., Han, K. K., & Albert, A. (2017) · ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering (i3CE) · doi:10.1061/9780784480830.050 · Cited by 74
Vogan, V. M., Leung, R. C., Safar, K., Martinussen, R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01774 · Cited by 80
“Another cognitive skill important for developing cognitive abilities and executive functions, is metacognition, the knowledge and monitoring of one’s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMaladaptive Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Mediator of Vulnerability and Outcome in Psychopathology
Luca, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8030314 · Cited by 83
“In the S-REF model, the key for the persistence of ruminative thinking lies in the executive control, which is largely driven by self-knowledge, the latter influencing metacognitive experiences [41], consisting in the “conscious cognitive or affective experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual enterpri…”
BackgroundKOZİKOĞLU, İ. (2019) · Journal of Social Studies Education Research · Cited by 72
Concina, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01583 · Cited by 104
“More specifically, Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as a cognitive monitoring process characterized by four main aspects: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, individual goals, and strategies.”
BackgroundInfluentialSeufert, T. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09574-6 · Cited by 93
“While all these aspects of metacognition refer to the skills of metacognitive regulation, there is one additional factor, Wirth et al. (this issue) raise in reference to Flavell (1979), namely, learner’s metacognitive knowledge.”
BackgroundMetacognition: History, measurements, and the role in early childhood development and education
Chen, S., & McDunn, B. A. (2022) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101786 · Cited by 95
Carruthers, P., & Williams, D. M. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105117 · Cited by 71
“Metacognition is defined in the field as “ thinking about thinking ” (Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
BackgroundThe negative cascade of incongruent generative study-test processing in memory and metacomprehension
Thomas, A. K., & McDaniel, M. A. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193305 · Cited by 71
“This introspective process requires that we, as learners, consciously evaluate various components of learning to decide whether we have successfully mastered the material (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundIs It the Clicker, or Is It the Question? Untangling the Effects of Student Response System Use
Anthis, K. S. (2011) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628311411895 · Cited by 72
“One aspect of metacognitive activity is the ability to monitor one’s comprehension of information (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMindreading underlies metacognition
Carruthers, P. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000831 · Cited by 71
Roebers, C. M., & Spiess, M. (2017) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2016.1157079 · Cited by 85
“This study seems to confirm the assumption that metacognition is a driving force for cognitive development (Flavell, 1979; Kuhn, 2000).”
BackgroundMaftoon, P., & Alamdari, E. F. (2016) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2016.1250632 · Cited by 94
“As it concerns listening, it is the listeners’ awareness of the five types of strategies (planning and evaluation, problem-solving, directed-attention, mental translation, and person knowledge) used in the process of listening to the language input (Goh & Hu, 2013). In the same vein, Vandergrift, Goh, Mareschal, and T…”
BackgroundInfluentialChinese university EFL teachers’ beliefs and practices of classroom writing assessment
Lu, W., Lee, I., & Park, M. (2020) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100890 · Cited by 82
The Role of Metacognition in Business Education
Tempelaar, D. T. (2006) · Industry and Higher Education · doi:10.5367/000000006778702292 · Cited by 72
“For metacognitive knowledge, these subcomponents are based on the types of knowledge identified by Flavell (1979): about people, about strategies and about study tasks.”
MethodInfluentialMerkebu, J., Veen, M., Hosseini, S., & Varpio, L. (2024) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-023-10310-2 · Cited by 88
“Metacognitive experiences are the conscious cognitive or affective experiences that accompany any intellectual activity (Flavell, 1979); they interact with metacognitive knowledge to inform and shape cognitive or metacognitive goals.”
BackgroundSolem, S., Myers, S. G., Fisher, P., Vogel, P. A., & Adrian Wells, A. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.08.009 · Cited by 71
Family and child influences on early academic and emotion regulatory behaviors
Supplee, L. H., Shaw, D. S., Hailstones, K., & Hartman, K. (2004) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2004.02.001 · Cited by 77
“Mothers with more formal schooling have greater exposure to multiple learning strategies and styles (Flavell, 1979; Kuhn & Angelev, 1976) and more practice with diverse problem-solving tasks.”
BackgroundEmpathy in depression: egocentric and altercentric biases and the role of alexithymia
Hoffmann, F., Banzhaf, C., Kanske, P., Gärtner, M., Bermpohl, F., & Singer, T. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.007 · Cited by 71
Marulis, L. M., Palincsar, A. S., Berhenke, A. L., & Whitebread, D. (2016) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-016-9157-7 · Cited by 70
“An example given in this seminal paper was that of a Bchild's acquired belief that, unlike many of her friends, she is better at arithmetic than at spelling^ (Flavell 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Overview: Metacognition in Education
Mahdavi, M. (2014) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research · Cited by 93
Domain-specific and domain-general processes underlying metacognitive judgments
Fitzgerald, L. M., Arvaneh, M., & Dockree, P. M. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.011 · Cited by 70
“Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Consciousness and Cognition journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate /concog everyday decision making (Flavell, 1979; Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
If only cultural chameleons could fly too
Blasco, M., Egholm, L., & Jakobsen, M. (2012) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595812439872 · Cited by 74
Thewes, B., Bell, M. L., & Butow, P. N. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3252 · Cited by 70
“Metacognitions have been defined as ‘knowledge or cognitive processes that are involved in the appraisal, monitoring or control of thinking’ [13], and they are postulated to guide responses to distressing cognitive or physical intrusions (pain, images, etc.”
BackgroundZhang, L., Goh, C. C. M., & Kunnan, A. J. (2014) · Language Assessment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15434303.2013.853770 · Cited by 70
“As noted by Flavell (1979), metacognition plays an important role in many cognitive activities regarding language use (see Goh, 1998, 2008; Vandergrift et al.”
InfluentialScaffolding of small groups’ metacognitive activities with an avatar
Molenaar, I., Chiu, M. M., Sleegers, P. J. C., & van Boxtel, C. (2011) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-011-9130-z · Cited by 70
“Metacognition is defined as knowledge about and regulation of cognitive activities (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundDanielsen, A. G., Breivik, K., & Wold, B. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2011.587322 · Cited by 84
“The basic idea behind selfregulated learning is that the initiation of learning, the learning process itself and the subsequent evaluation are responsibilities of the individual learner (Creemers & Kyriakides, 2008; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundRhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) adaptively monitor uncertainty while multi-tasking
Smith, J. D., Redford, J. S., Beran, M. J., & Washburn, D. A. (2009) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0249-5 · Cited by 71
“Humans are metacognitive ( Flavell 1979; Koriat 1993, 2007; Koriat et al. 2006; Metcalfe 2000; Nelson 1992; Schwartz 1994).”
BackgroundJackson, S., & Kleitman, S. (2013) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-013-9110-y · Cited by 65
“One popular approach is to ask an individual how confident they are in the accuracy of their judgement as a percentage (e.g., Allwood et al. 2006; Costermans et al. 1992; Efklides 2008; Flavell 1979; Schraw and Dennison 1994; Stankov 1999, 2000).”
BackgroundA complex-valued neuro-fuzzy inference system and its learning mechanism
Subramanian, K. R., Savitha, R., & Suresh, S. (2013) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2013.06.009 · Cited by 70
Rinne, L. F., & Mazzocco, M. M. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098663 · Cited by 69
“Recently, several researchers [4], [5] have connected calibration to ‘‘metacognition,’’ a broader concept that encompasses monitoring and regulation of cognitive processes [6].”
BackgroundOPT: Transformation of nursing process for contemporary practice
Pesut, D. J., & Herman, J. (1998) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/s0029-6554(98)90022-7 · Cited by 70
Listening: the most difficult skill to teach
Walker, N. (2014) · e_Buah · Cited by 70
Boardman, A. G., Vaughn, S. R., Buckley, P. R., Reutebuch, C. K., Roberts, G., & Klingner, J. K. (2016) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402915625067 · Cited by 82
“, 2012) is a multicomponent reading comprehension instructional model theoretically grounded in cognitive psychology (Flavell, 1979) with a focus on explicit instruction for struggling learners.”
BackgroundCarving Metacognition at Its Joints: Protracted Development of Component Processes
O'Leary, A., & Sloutsky, V. M. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12644 · Cited by 76
“Metacognition has been a subject of study for decades, with two complementary approaches emerging since Flavell (1979) coined the term.”
Training Auditors to Perform Analytical Procedures Using Metacognitive Skills
Plumlee, R. D., Rixom, B. A., & Rosman, A. J. (2014) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-50856 · Cited by 62
“Knowing how to think divergently and convergently can help auditors find solutions in APs by allowing them to control and direct their thinking (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundSuccessful instructional methods: A cognitive information processing approach
Bovy, R. C. (1981) · ECTJ · doi:10.1007/bf02766716 · Cited by 70
Holding on to false beliefs: The bias against disconfirmatory evidence over the course of psychosis
Eisenacher, S., & Zink, M. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.015 · Cited by 69
Boulton, M. J., Boulton, L., Down, J., Sanders, J., & Craddock, H. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.009 · Cited by 69
“Adolescence brings increasing social-cognitive capacities (Flavell, 1979; Paris & Newman, 1990) and experiences that foster self-generated solutions (Altshuler & Ruble, 1989; Putallaz & Sheppard, 1992).”
BackgroundThinking Aloud with a Tutoring Robot to Enhance Learning
Ramachandran, A., Huang, C., Gartland, E., & Scassellati, B. M. (2018) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3171221.3171250 · Cited by 75
“Metacognitive strategies are important for effective learning and academic success [12]; however, they are difficult for young children to successfully use without support [3, 31].”
BackgroundMetacognitive approaches to the treatment of psychosis: a comparison of four approaches.
Lysaker, P. H., Gagen, E., Moritz, S., & Schweitzer, R. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s146446 · Cited by 70
“First, in the tradition of Flavell, 9 they were careful to note that metacognitive acts can be distinguished from one another on the basis of whether the acts are focused on self, others, or the use of that knowledge, and disturbance in different forms might result in different forms of psychopathology.”
Huang, X., Lin, C.-H., Sun, M., & Xu, P. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103491 · Cited by 84
Chang, D., Hwang, G., Chang, S., & Wang, S. (2021) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-021-10062-z · Cited by 78
“Meta-cognition means the knowledge about cognition and the control of cognition, that is, the knowledge of identifying one’s own learning status and improving it through monitoring the learning process and regulating the learning plan (Flavell, 1979; Roebers, 2017).”
BackgroundThe developmental origins of naïve psychology in infancy.
Poulin-Dubois, D., Brooker, I., & Chow, V. (2009) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(09)03702-1 · Cited by 67
Thomas, G. P. (2003) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1023/a:1024943103341 · Cited by 70
“The importance of metacognition for high-quality learning and problem solving is widely accepted (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
BackgroundWolkin, J. (2015) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s31458 · Cited by 69
Learning Strategies, Study Skills, and Self-Regulated Learning in Postsecondary Education
Winne, P. H. (2013) · Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5836-0_8 · Cited by 73
Curricula for Economic and Social Gain
Yorke, M., & Knight, P. T. (2006) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-004-1704-5 · Cited by 78
Larson, K. A. (1988) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221948802100607 · Cited by 69
“Additionally, self-assessment of problem-solving ability has been postulated by Flavell (1979) as an essential skill for effective problem solving.”
BackgroundAbdelhalim, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12948 · Cited by 69
Sociocultural mediators of remembering: An extension of Bartlett's method of repeated reproduction
Wagoner, B., & Gillespie, A. (2013) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12059 · Cited by 71
STEM literacy or literacies? Examining the empirical basis of these constructs
Tang, K., & Williams, J. (2018) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3162 · Cited by 68
The effect of feedback on metacognition-a randomized experiment using polling technology
Molin, F., Haelermans, C., Cabus, S., & Groot, W. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103885 · Cited by 68
Mutambuki, J. M., Mwavita, M., Muteti, C. Z., Jacob, B. I., & Mohanty, S. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00254 · Cited by 70
Marulis, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2021) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09244-6 · Cited by 94
Kistyanto, A., Rahman, M. F. W., Wisandiko, F. A., & Setyawati, E. E. P. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-11-2020-0510 · Cited by 77
Integrating Desire Thinking into the I-PACE Model: a Special Focus on Internet-Use Disorders
Brandtner, A., Antons, S., Cornil, A., & Brand, M. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-021-00400-9 · Cited by 77
Hybrid intelligence: Human– AI coevolution and learning
Järvelä, S., Zhao, G., Nguyen, A., & Chen, H. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13560 · Cited by 98
Writing to learn: can reflection journals be used to promote self-reflection and learning?
Lew, M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2011) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2010.512627 · Cited by 68
“In his work, Vockell (2004) describes metacognitive skills (organizing, planning, monitoring and evaluation) as the learners’ automatic awareness of their own knowledge and their ability to understand, control and manipulate their own cognitive processes (see also Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInvestigating the relationship between belief and action in self-directed language learning
Navarro, D., & Thornton, K. (2011) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2011.07.002 · Cited by 68
Metacognitive knowledge in primary grades: A longitudinal study
Annevirta, T., & Vauras, M. (2001) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173029 · Cited by 68
“On the other hand , Flavell (1979) also declared that metacognitive experiences, like ideas and feelings experienced while engaging in a cognitive activity, would serve as input for the control function at a conscious level.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZohar, A. E. (2013) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2013.06.002 · Cited by 78
Metacognition in psychosis: Comparison of schizophrenia with bipolar disorder
Taş, C., Brown, E. C., Aydemır, Ö., Brüne, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.040 · Cited by 68
Fostering autonomy in language learning
Gardner, D. C. (2011) · The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.2654.8886 · Cited by 73
Habók, A., & Magyar, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01388 · Cited by 80
“By introducing this metastrategic regulation, she expanded Flavell’s (1979) cognitive monitoring model and incorporated self-regulation into her theory (Oxford, 2011).”
MethodMentalizing during social InterAction: A four component model
Wu, H., Liu, X., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.031 · Cited by 71
Lysaker, P. H., Leonhardt, B. L., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., van Donkersgoed, R. J. M., de Jong, S., & Dimaggio, G. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 67
Lardone, A., Liparoti, M., Sorrentino, P., Rucco, R., Jacini, F., Polverino, A., Minino, R., Pesoli, M., Baselice, F., Sorriso, A., et al. (2018) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2018/5340717 · Cited by 74
“Through the VM, one may reach meta-awareness [14], having cognition of the mental and emotional processes occurring during meditation [15].”
Chen, W., & Hapgood, S. (2019) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168819837560 · Cited by 71
“…theory which have posited that metacognitive knowledge ‘can lead to any of a wide variety of metacognitive experiences concerning self, tasks, goals, and strategies, and can also help you interpret the meaning and behavioral implications of these metacognitive experiences’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 908).”
BackgroundInfluentialModeling metacognition in design thinking and design making
Kavousi, S., Miller, P. A., & Alexander, P. A. (2019) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-019-09521-9 · Cited by 67
Winston, K. A., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., & Scherpbier, A. J. J. A. (2010) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/01421590903197035 · Cited by 68
Varese, F., Barkus, E., & Bentall, R. P. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2010.495244 · Cited by 67
“…metacognition (the capacity of ‘‘thinking about thinking’’ or ‘‘cognition about cognition’’) refers both to processes used by the individuals to monitor and control their own thoughts, and also to certain beliefs about cognition that might in turn influence these control processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundClare, L., Whitaker, C., & Nelis, S. M. (2010) · Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1080/13825580903581558 · Cited by 95
“The key concept guiding research with older people in this area is that of metamemory ( Flavell, 1979 ), while research with people who have dementia focuses on awareness of memory functioning.”
BackgroundStewart, G., Seifert, T. A., & Rolheiser, C. (2015) · The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2015.1.4 · Cited by 67
“Flavell (1979, 1987) pioneered the term, which has gone on to wide application in educational research.”
InfluentialSimilarities and Differences between Dreaming and Waking Cognition: An Exploratory Study
Kahan, T. L., LaBerge, S. P., Levitan, L., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1997) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1996.0274 · Cited by 72
Neurocognitive impairment as a moderator in the development of borderline personality disorder
Judd, P. H. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050558 · Cited by 64
“…ability to observe oneself while speaking, and to detect errors in reasoning or inconsistencies in one’s narrative ~i.e., to think about thinking; Flavell, 1979!. Metacognitive knowledge refers to the recognition of an appearance– reality distinction that things may not be as they appear, and…”
BackgroundHow to think about interprofessional competence: A metacognitive model
Wilhelmsson, M., Pelling, S., Uhlin, L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.3109/13561820.2011.644644 · Cited by 67
Metacognitions in Problem Drinkers
Spada, M. M., Zandvoort, M., & Adrian Wells, A. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9066-1 · Cited by 67
“Metacognition can be defined as any knowledge or cognitive processes that are involved in the appraisal, monitoring or control of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Wells, 2000).”
BackgroundLinking Executive Functions and Procedural Metacognition
Roebers, C. M., & Feurer, E. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12159 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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