The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 10,404
Reasons why self-directed learning is important in South African during the COVID-19 pandemic
Mahlaba, S. C. (2020) · South African Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.20853/34-6-4192 · Cited by 97
“cognisant of the exact time for reflecting and potentially using a different approach to a problem (Schoenfeld 1987; Schoenfeld 1992; Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundVarese, F., & Bentall, R. P. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.001 · Cited by 88
Collaborative Group Work and Individual Development of Metacognition in the Early Years
Larkin, S. (2006) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-006-8147-1 · Cited by 83
Metacognitive beliefs, self-confidence and primary learning environment of sixth grade students
Kleitman, S., & Gibson, J. W. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.08.003 · Cited by 102
Construct Validation of Metacognition
Allen, B. A., & Armour-Thomas, E. (1993) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9915555 · Cited by 85
Operating from the Other Side of the Table: Control Dynamics and the Surgeon Educator
Moulton, C.-A. E., Regehr, G., Lingard, L., Merritt, C. E., & MacRae, H. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.09.043 · Cited by 85
“itive effort on the part of the surgeon beyond simply onitoring the progress of the procedure.(1,2) Quite natu-”
BackgroundFacilitar a aprendizagem: ajudar aos alunos a aprender e a pensar
Almeida, L. S. (2002) · Psicologia Escolar e Educacional · doi:10.1590/s1413-85572002000200006 · Cited by 82
“Finalmente, uma atenção progressiva vem sendo dada, nos estudos cognitivistas da aprendizagem e da inteligência, às componentes metacognitivas, também chamadas metacomponentes, do pensamento (Flavell, 1979; Almeida, 1996).”
BackgroundFollmer, D. J., & Sperling, R. A. (2016) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12123 · Cited by 96
Stephanou, G., & Mpiontini, M.-H. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.812125 · Cited by 105
“…hand, indicates the necessity of enhancing them, since the actual and conscious regulation of the learning process is through metacognitive regulation, that is, the implementation of metacognitive knowledge in the process of self-regulated learning (see Flavell, 1979; Schneider & Artelt, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialEntrepreneurial decision-making: new conceptual perspectives
Winnaar, K. D., & Scholtz, F. (2019) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-11-2017-1152 · Cited by 88
Carruthers, P. (2018) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12167 · Cited by 87
“And although the verb “to inquire” (just as the verbs “to ask” and “to wonder”) 1 Metacognition is cognition that is about cognition, or “thinking about thinking” (Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Experiences: The Missing Link in the Self-Regulated Learning Process
Efklides, A. (2006) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9021-4 · Cited by 85
“are aware of during task processing (Efklides, 2001; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPerrotin, A., Isingrini, M. L., Souchay, C., Clarys, D., & Taconnat, L. (2005) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.10.003 · Cited by 83
“This knowledge about one’s own memory eYciency is termed ‘metamemory monitoring’ (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognitive strategies in second language academic reading: A qualitative investigation
Li, S., & Munby, H. (1996) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/0889-4906(96)00004-x · Cited by 82
Beyond stimulus cues and reinforcement signals: A new approach to animal metacognition.
Couchman, J. J., Coutinho, M. V. C., Beran, M. J., & Smith, J. D. (2010) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020129 · Cited by 86
“Extensive research on uncertainty monitoring and metacognition has explored these phenomena (Benjamin et al., 1998; Brown et al., 1983; Flavell, 1979; Hart, 1965; Koriat, 1993, 2007; Koriat et al., 2006; Metcalfe, 2000; Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994; Nelson, 1992; Schwartz, 1994; Serra & Dunlosky, 2005).”
Tosun, C., & Şenocak, E. (2013) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2013v38n3.2 · Cited by 82
Hagen, Å. M. M., Braasch, J. L. G., & Bråten, I. (2012) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2012.01536.x · Cited by 82
Saito, H., & Miwa, K. (2005) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2005.07.001 · Cited by 82
“…is generally referred to as knowledge and activities to monitor, control, and manipulate individual cognitive processes (Brown, Bransford, Ferrara, & Campione, 1983; Flavell, 1979), and as with other problem solving, metacognitive activities seem to be important for information seeking on the Web.”
BackgroundPurdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (2000) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445500243008 · Cited by 80
Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status
Wells, A. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.007910 · Cited by 81
Towards Systems That Care: A Conceptual Framework based on Motivation, Metacognition and Affect
du Boulay, B., Avramides, K., Luckin, R., Martínez-Mirón, E. A., Rebolledo‐Mendez, G., & Carr, A. (2010) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.3233/jai-2010-0007 · Cited by 83
Awareness of reading strategy use and reading comprehension among poor and good readers
Anastasiou, D., & Griva, E. (2009) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · doi:10.17051/io.65230 · Cited by 81
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to a person’s declarative knowledge about the interactions between personal characteristics, task and the available strategies (Flavell, 1979; Veenman, Kok, & Blöte, 2005; Veenman, Van Hout-Wolters, & Afflerbach, 2006).”
BackgroundThe relationships between monitoring, regulation and performance
Koriat, A. (2012) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.01.002 · Cited by 81
Minor, K. S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.005 · Cited by 80
Worry and Metacognitions as Predictors of Anxiety Symptoms: A Prospective Study
Ryum, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., Halvorsen, J. Ø., & Solem, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00924 · Cited by 82
“Keywords: metacognition, worry, anxiety, prospective, riskfactor INTRODUCTION Essentially, metacognition is “thinking about thinking,” and refers to any knowledge or cognitive process involved in the appraisal, monitoring, or control of cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundCollege students’ metacognitive strategy use in an EFL flipped classroom
Shih, H.-C. J., & Huang, S. C. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2019.1590420 · Cited by 81
Assessing Metacognition: Theory and Practices
Öztürk, N. (2017) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.298299 · Cited by 107
“Knowledge about cognition pertains to thinking and sensitivity to act accordingly (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSelf-efficacy and self-regulation and their relationship: a study of Iranian EFL teachers
Ghonsooly, B., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2011) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2011.625096 · Cited by 92
“The second category of self-regulation – metacognitive strategies – comprises knowledge about cognition and self-regulation of cognition (Flavell 1979 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialDreaming and waking: Similarities and differences revisited
Kahan, T. L., & LaBerge, S. P. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.002 · Cited by 79
“The interaction of reflective awareness (monitoring), volition, and control has also been discussed in the context of the metacognitive models proposed by Nelson and Narens (1990, 1994), and Flavell (1979) (see Kahan, 2001).”
BackgroundCantrell, S. C., Almasi, J. F., Carter, J. C., & Rintamaa, M. F. (2012) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2011.577695 · Cited by 80
Developing independent learning in the early years
Whitebread, D., Anderson, H., Coltman, P., Page, C., Pino‐Pasternak, D., & Mehta, S. (2005) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004270585200081 · Cited by 80
“Much of this research has stemmed from the work and ideas of John Flavell (1979) whose interest in the area originated in the seminal study of Flavell, Beech and Chinsky (1966).”
MethodDeveloping the concept of metalearning
Jackson, N. J. (2004) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/1470329042000276995 · Cited by 81
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition consists of both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences of regulation.”
BackgroundGender Differences in Metacognitive Skills. A Study of the 8th Grade Pupils in Romania
Liliana, C., & Șuteu, L. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.255 · Cited by 88
Confidence judgments by humans and rhesus monkeys.
Shields, W. E., Smith, J. D., Guttmannova, K., & Washburn, D. A. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 80
Divorce: A Crisis of Family Transition and Change
Ahrons, C. R. (1980) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584469 · Cited by 80
Feeling of difficulty: An aspect of monitoring that influences control
Efklides, A., Samara, A., & Petropoulou, M. (1999) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172973 · Cited by 80
Impulsivity and Strategy Transfer Metamemory as Mediator
Borkowski, J. G., Peck, V. A., Reid, M. K., et al. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03888.x · Cited by 80
“style are important to the successful transfer of a newly acquired strategy (Flavell, 1979), the extent and depth of memory knowledge is a prerequisite (see Borkowski, Reid, & Kurtz, in press).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMetacognitive theories of visual programming: what do we think we are doing?
Blackwell, A. F. (2002) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vl.1996.545293 · Cited by 80
Toward a Holistic Theoretical Model of Momentum for Community College Student Success
Wang, X. (2017) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48983-4_6 · Cited by 82
Biasutti, M., & Frate, S. (2018) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-018-9583-0 · Cited by 84
“Metacognition is a complex construct that was simply defined as cognition of cognition or thinking about thinking (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundEfklides, A., & Schwartz, B. L. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09896-9 · Cited by 119
Learning beliefs of distance foreign language learners in China: A survey study
Zhang, X., & Cui, G. W. (2010) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2009.12.003 · Cited by 79
Yürük, N., Beeth, M. E., & Andersen, C. (2008) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-008-9089-6 · Cited by 79
“Metacognitive knowledge and processes, such as one’s knowledge about problem solving or reading strategies, and monitoring and regulating the execution of those strategies, awareness and employment of heuristics, one’s knowledge about the limitations of his/her memory or learning styles, have been acknowledged as meta…”
BackgroundMeasurement of Metacognitive Knowledge of Self, Task, and Strategies in Mathematics
Efklides, A., & Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2012) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000145 · Cited by 76
Pesut, D. J. (1990) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1990.tb00532.x · Cited by 78
Reflective-functioning during the process in brief psychotherapies.
Karlsson, R., & Kermott, A. (2006) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.65 · Cited by 79
Metacognition, Study Habits and Attitudes.
Özsoy, G., Memiş, A., & Temur, T. (2009) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 79
The emergence of metacognition: affect and uncertainty in animals
Carruthers, P., & Ritchie, J. B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646739.003.0006 · Cited by 80
“For metacognition is generally defined as ‘thinking about thinking’ (Flavell 1979 ; Dunlosky and Metcalfe 2009 ), and therefore as involving metarepresentation.”
BackgroundMetacognition matters in many ways
Kuhn, D. (2021) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2021.1988603 · Cited by 114
“It has been formally defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906), or more colloquially as “thinking about thinking.””
BackgroundTheodosiou, A., & Papaioannou, A. G. (2005) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.10.002 · Cited by 91
“For example, Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as an individual’s knowledge of, and control over his or her cognitions.”
BackgroundMnemonic anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease: A test of Agnew and Morris (1998)
Ansell, E. L., & Bucks, R. S. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.019 · Cited by 78
Promoting the Self-Regulation of Clinical Reasoning Skills in Nursing Students
Kuiper, R., Pesut, D. J., & Kautz, D. D. (2009) · The Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/1874434600903010076 · Cited by 79
Instructional conceptions: Analysis from an instructional design perspective
Lowyck, J., Elen, J., & Clarebout, G. (2004) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2005.08.010 · Cited by 77
Enhancing Reflection Skills Through Learning Portfolios: An Empirical Test
Scott, S. G. (2010) · Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1177/1052562909351144 · Cited by 79
“…of theory and practice (Early & Peterson, 2004; Klimoski, 2007; Raelin, 2007), double-loop learning (Argyris, 1982, 1992), metacognition (Flavell, 1979), and new types of intelligences (Gardner, 1999), including social (Salovey & Mayer, 1990), emotional (Goleman, Boyatzis, & McKee,…”
BackgroundMetacognitive Experiences in Problem Solving
Efklides, A. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47676-2_16 · Cited by 79
Veenman, M. V. J., Prins, F. J., & Elshout, J. J. (2002) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00038-3 · Cited by 77
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to knowledge about the interplay between person characteristics, task characteristics and the available strategies in a learning situation (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundExploring the structure of students’ scientific higher order thinking in science education
Sun, H., Xie, Y., & Lavonen, J. (2022) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2022.100999 · Cited by 77
Cultural Intelligence in Cross-Cultural Selling: Propositions and Directions for Future Research
Hansen, J. D., Singh, T., Weilbaker, D. C., & Guesalaga, R. (2011) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.2753/pss0885-3134310303 · Cited by 81
“Metacognitive CQ encompasses the mental processes individuals use to acquire and understand cultural knowledge, including knowledge of and control over individual thought processes relating to culture (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundMeasuring Relational Reasoning
Alexander, P. A., Dumas, D., Grossnickle, E. M., List, A., & Firetto, C. M. (2015) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2014.963216 · Cited by 75
“In essence, are the patterns recognized within a body of information largely predicated on retrieval of similar phenomena from long-term memory (Goswami, 1992)? Or, are they a consequence of abilities to perceive, retain, and manipulate data (Baddeley, 2000, 2012)? Moreover, as has been documented with other fundament…”
BackgroundBeran, M. J., Smith, J. D., & Perdue, B. M. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612458936 · Cited by 77
“Metacognition can be defined as knowing what one knows (Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1993; Nelson, 1992; Schwartz, 1994).”
BackgroundStudent and school SES, gender, strategy use, and achievement
Callan, G. L., Marchant, G. J., Finch, W. H., & Flegge, L. G. (2017) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22049 · Cited by 76
Investigating the use of spatial reasoning strategies in geometric problem solving
Buckley, J., Seery, N., & Canty, D. (2018) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-018-9446-3 · Cited by 100
“This form of auditing or metacognition has been identified as an integral part of the problem-solving process with metacognitive strategies being of particular importance in this instance (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundTang, G. M. (1999) · TESL Canada Journal · doi:10.18806/tesl.v16i2.716 · Cited by 97
“dividual to establish new goals, can affect a person's metacognitive knowledge base, and can activate cognitive strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundReflexiones sobre la taxonomía revisada de Bloom
Amer, A. A. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v4i8.1217 · Cited by 156
Structured and unstructured discussion forums as tools for student engagement
Salter, N. P., & Conneely, M. R. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.037 · Cited by 78
“Modeling is a form of metacognitive thinking, which is thinking about how one learns and processes information (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundLayered learning: student consultants deepening classroom and life lessons
Cook-Sather, A. (2011) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2011.547680 · Cited by 83
“This new level of awareness is what Flavell (1979) called meta-cognitive awareness — awareness of one’s own learning processes — which in turn improves learning (see also Kulesz n.d., and Underwood 1997).”
BackgroundStudents’ Activity in Computer-Supported Collaborative Problem Solving in Mathematics
Hurme, T.-R., & Järvelä, S. (2005) · International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-005-4579-3 · Cited by 83
“Research on metacognition has produced information about how an individual uses metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills to become aware of his thinking and control over his own cognitive actions (Polya, 1973; Flavell, 1979; Brown et al., 1983; Garofalo and Lester, 1985; Brown, 1987; Schoenfeld, 1987, 1992; We…”
BackgroundInfluentialRepresentational task formats and problem solving strategies in kinematics and work
Ibrahim, B., & Rebello, N. S. (2012) · Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevstper.8.010126 · Cited by 81
Reading, metacognition and motivation: A follow-up study of German students in Grades 7 and 8
Roeschl-Heils, A., Schneider, W., & Kraayenoord, C. E. V. (2003) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173605 · Cited by 77
Are people with mild cognitive impairment aware of the benefits of errorless learning?
Akhtar, S., Moulin, C. J. A., & Bowie, P. C. W. (2006) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010500176674 · Cited by 74
“Flavell (1979) has defined metacognition as the experience and knowledge we have about our own cognitive processes.”
BackgroundResearch Into Chinese Efl Learner Strategies: Methods, Findings and Instructional Issues
Zhang, L. J. (2003) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/003368820303400303 · Cited by 77
“Chinese EFL learners’ metacognition of language learning has been researched respectively by Goh (1997), Goh and Liu (1999), and L. Zhang (1999, 2000a, 2001a, 2002) within the Flavellian model (Flavell 1979, 1987).”
BackgroundTopçu, M. S., & Tüzün, Ö. Y. (2009) · OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University) · doi:10.17051/io.30791 · Cited by 82
“One of the framework developed by Flavell (1979) presents metacognition as including metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences.”
BackgroundSelf-Regulated Learning in Reading: Gifted Pedagogy and Instructional Settings
Housand, A. M., & Reis, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.4219/jaa-2008-865 · Cited by 77
“University of Connecticut Researchers and theorists (e.g., Boekaerts, 1997; Corno, 2001; Flavell, 1979; Schunk & Zimmerman, 2007; Winne, 1995; Zimmerman, 1989, 1990, 2000) who study individual differences in motivation and achievement believe that a common set of mental processes and behaviors…”
BackgroundReconceptualizing Mathematics Problem Solving for Low-Achieving Students
Bottge, B. A. (2001) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193250102200204 · Cited by 76
Beran, M. J., Menzel, C. R., Parrish, A. E., Perdue, B. M., Sayers, K., Smith, J. D., & Washburn, D. A. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1397 · Cited by 79
Thinking outside the box: Turkish EFL teachers’ perceptions of creativity
Akyıldız, S. T., & Çelik, V. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100649 · Cited by 85
Sustainable Learning in Education
Ben‐Eliyahu, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13084250 · Cited by 109
“Flavell (1979) termed this insight metacognition [42].”
Teng, M. F., & Yang, Z. (2022) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2022.2144327 · Cited by 95
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognitive experiences are internal feedback of an individual, both cognitive and affective, elicited in a problem-solving process.”
BackgroundLee, M. K., Kim, J., Forlizzi, J., & Kiesler, S. B. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2807552 · Cited by 85
“The reflective strategy may elicit contemplative [25] or metacognitive [16] thinking, allowing people to think about their needs and wants beyond the first answers that come to mind.”
BackgroundKukla, M., Lysaker, P. H., & Salyers, M. P. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.014 · Cited by 75
“With its beginning in the tradition of cognitive psychology, metacognition first appeared formally in the education literatures (Flavell, 1979) and was commonly used to refer to awareness of the conditions that best enabled learning.”
Templer, V. L., & Hampton, R. R. (2011) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-011-0468-4 · Cited by 79
“Humans often use monitoring to make adaptive decisions based on the status of cognitive processes (Flavell 1979; Metcalfe 2008; Smith et al. 2010).”
Relationship of Motivation, Strategic Learning, and Reading Achievement in Grades 5, 7, and 9
Chan, L. K. S. (1994) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1994.9944138 · Cited by 75
MiniMeta: in search of minimal criteria for metacognition
Perner, J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646739.003.0007 · Cited by 77
“Taking thinking as the most typical cognitive state it is also often defined as thinking about thinking (e.g. Flavell 1979 ; Dunlosky and Metcalfe 2009 ).”
BackgroundSelf-Regulated Learning (SRL): A guide for the perplexed
Zeidner, M., & Stoeger, H. (2019) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598139.2019.1589369 · Cited by 101
“Originally described by Flavell (1979), metacognition is a higher order cognitive process that relates to the knowledge and information about how cognitions work, and hence to the ability to regulate them.”
BackgroundParadoxes and Dual Processes: A Review and Synthesis
Keller, J., & Sadler‐Smith, E. (2019) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12200 · Cited by 66
Muncer, G., Higham, P. A., Gosling, C. J., Cortese, S., Wood‐Downie, H., & Hadwin, J. A. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09620-x · Cited by 105
“This component has been termed “experience” (Flavell 1979, p. 906), and it is linked to the implicit use of cues associated with a student’s knowledge and skill as they progress through a task (Dent and Koenka 2016; review by Schneider 2008).”
BackgroundMetacognition, Mind Wandering, and Cognitive Flexibility: Understanding Creativity
Preiss, D. D. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10030069 · Cited by 75
Teng, M. F. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12811 · Cited by 118
Seeing White Bears That Are Not There: Inference Processes in Obsessions
Aardema, F., & O’Connor, K. P. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.17.1.23.58270 · Cited by 74
“Meta-cognition refers to the notion of thoughts about one’s own thoughts and has been defined as knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundArtino, A. R., & Stephens, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.1177/1932202x0902000402 · Cited by 75
“One reason motivated students succeed is that they are prone to use various cognitive and metacognitive strategies that help make learning more efficient and effective (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInternet‐based Science Learning: A review of journal publications
Lee, S. W.-Y., Tsai, C., Wu, Y., Tsai, M., Liu, T., Hwang, F.-K., Lai, C., Liang, J., Wu, H.-C., & Chang, C. (2011) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2010.536998 · Cited by 76
“Metacognitive ability indicates the ability of knowing about and regulating an individual’s cognitive activities in learning processes or simply defined as the ability of knowing about knowing (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundKwon, K., Hong, R.-Y., & Laffey, J. M. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.003 · Cited by 74
“While studies of metacognition focused on individual learning at the beginning (e.g., Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979 ), recent educational research has expanded its focus to collabora tive learning (e.g., Bossche, Gijselaer s, Segers, & Valcke, 2006; Goos et al., 2002).”
BackgroundGarcía‐Montes, J. M., Álvarez, M. P., Balbuena, C. S., Garcelán, S. P., & Cangas, A. J. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.07.008 · Cited by 74
Smith, J. M., & Mancy, R. (2018) · Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.1080/14794802.2017.1410215 · Cited by 82
“Flavell (1979) noted that metacognitive knowledge could be technically wrong, a point that is important within a mathematical problem.solving situation.”
THE PREDICTIVE ROLE OF GRIT ON METACOGNITION IN TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Arslan, S., Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N., & Çitemel, N. (2013) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2013.04.645 · Cited by 76
Sturges, J. W., & Rogers, R. W. (1996) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.15.3.158 · Cited by 75
“They have shown incompletely developed abilities, for example, in goal setting (Flavell, 1979) and in delaying gratification (Moore, Mischel, & Zeiss, 1976).”
BackgroundDeveloping Reading Comprehension through Metacognitive Strategies: A Review of Previous Studies
Channa, M. A., Nordin, Z. S., Siming, I. A., Chandio, A. A., & Koondhar, M. A. (2014) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v8n8p181 · Cited by 80
“The term metacognition was founded by (Flavell, 1979) and can be defined as a knowledge that is based on reasoning related to cognitive occurrences dealing with the certain material.”
BackgroundPiras, F., Piras, F., Orfei, M. D., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.002 · Cited by 74
Bürgler, S., Hoyle, R. H., & Hennecke, M. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/0890207021992907 · Cited by 75
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to people’s knowledge about cognitive tasks and the cognitive strategies that will be effective in solving them (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEmployability: aligning the message, the medium and academic values
Yorke, M. (2010) · Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability · doi:10.21153/jtlge2010vol1no1art545 · Cited by 74
“Following the pioneering article by Flavell (1979), metacognition has become a significant feature of the pedagogical landscape.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
