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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Multiculturalism and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Understanding the Mediating Role of Cognitions
Dheer, R. J. S., & Lenartowicz, T. (2016) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12260 · Cited by 101
“Mediating Impact of Metacognitive Cultural Intelligence Metacognition denotes the ability to monitor, self-regulate, and effectively apply one’s knowledge, skills, capabilities, and behaviors to the context (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundNoradrenaline blockade specifically enhances metacognitive performance
Hauser, T. U., Allen, M., Purg, N., Moutoussis, M., Rees, G., & Dolan, R. J. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24901 · Cited by 87
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Clinical Decisionmaking: Opening the Black Box of Cognitive Reasoning
Sandhu, H., Carpenter, C. R., Freeman, K., Nabors, S. G., & Olson, A. (2006) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.03.011 · Cited by 94
Off-Line Metacognition — A Domain-Specific Retardation in Young Children with Learning Disabilities?
Desoete, A., & Roeyers, H. (2002) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1511279 · Cited by 96
Alzheimer's disease and feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory.
Souchay, C., Isingrini, M., & Gil, R. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00075-1 · Cited by 86
Veenman, M. V. J., & Verheij, J. (2003) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(02)00094-8 · Cited by 104
Ching, L. C. (2002) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/s0889-4906(01)00008-4 · Cited by 96
Developing global leaders: The role of international experience and cultural intelligence
Ng, K.-Y., Dyne, L. V., & Ang, S. (2009) · Advances in global leadership · doi:10.1108/s1535-1203(2009)0000005013 · Cited by 94
“It reflects mental capabilities to acquire and understand culturally diverse situations and includes knowledge of and control over individual thought processes (Flavell, 1979) relating to culture.”
BackgroundSelf‐Regulation and Effort Investment
Boekaerts, M. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0409 · Cited by 104
Metacognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Presence and Associations With Psychosocial Outcomes
Lysaker, P. H., Vohs, J., Minor, K. S., Irarrázaval, L., Leonhardt, B., Hamm, J. A., Kukla, M., Popolo, R., Luther, L., Buck, K. D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000323 · Cited by 94
“All rights reserved. when learning (Flavell, 1979).”
The perceptual and phenomenal capacity of mental imagery
Keogh, R., & Pearson, J. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.004 · Cited by 93
An Interactive Layers Model of Self-Regulated Learning and Cognitive Load
Wirth, J., Stebner, F., Trypke, M., Schuster, C., & Leutner, D. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09568-4 · Cited by 128
“Flavell (1979) argued that learners may activate metacognitive knowledge consciously, resulting in metacognitive experience.”
BackgroundMei-juan, J., & Cheng, J. (2020) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.702 · Cited by 94
“Metacognition is a kind of reflective thinking, which is described by Flavell (1979) as a process where cognitive patients recognize, monitor, feedback and adjust many cognitive factors affecting their own psychological states, task objectives and learning strategies.”
BackgroundHow Does Metacognition Contribute to the Regulation of Learning? An Integrative Approach
Efklides, A. (2014) · Psihologijske teme · Cited by 92
Assessing metacognitive knowledge: development and evaluation of a test instrument
Händel, M., Artelt, C., & Weinert, S. (2013) · Pedocs (German Institute for International Educational Research) · doi:10.25656/01:8429 · Cited by 91
A Study of Students' Metacognitive Beliefs About Foreign Language Study and Their Impact on Learning
Graham, S. J. (2006) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2006.tb02267.x · Cited by 99
Barzilai, S., & Ka’adan, I. (2016) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-016-9165-7 · Cited by 111
Chevalier, T. M., Parrila, R., Ritchie, K., & Deacon, S. H. (2015) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219415588850 · Cited by 94
“Metacognitive study and learning strategies involve purposefully planning, executing, and monitoring learning tasks by attending to and evaluating the degree to which new information is being understood, integrated, and retained (Flavell, 1979; Taraban et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTaş, C., Brown, E. C., Esen-Danacı, A., Lysaker, P. H., & Brüne, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.027 · Cited by 90
Reflection and Learning: Characteristics, obstacles, and implications
Denton, D. W. (2009) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2009.00600.x · Cited by 91
“Instances of metacognitive thinking include learner awareness regarding the variables of a cognitive enterprise, such as personal strengths and weaknesses, attributes of a given task, and strategy use (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Changes of Metacognitive Skill in Elementary School Children
Annevirta, T., & Vauras, M. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.3200/jexe.74.3.195-226 · Cited by 102
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to the part of our world knowledge that has to do with cognition, and it can be divided into three categories: knowledge of (a) person, (b) task, and (c) strategy variables (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTest anxiety and metacognitive skillfulness: Availability versus production deficiencies
Veenman, M. V. J., Kerseboom, L., & Imthorn, C. (2000) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800008248343 · Cited by 101
“, 1998) and their metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979).”
Teorías de autorregulación educativa: una comparación y reflexión teórica
Panadero, E., & Alonso‐Tapia, J. (2014) · Psicologí a Educativa · doi:10.1016/j.pse.2014.05.002 · Cited by 92
“…a como explica la adquisición del conocimiento: la entrada de información se hace a través de la memoria sensorial, pasando después a la memoria de corto plazo y almacenándose finalmente en la memoria a largo plazo donde se organiza en torno a redes de información relacionada (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTraining Visual Imagery: Improvements of Metacognition, but not Imagery Strength
Rademaker, R. L., & Pearson, J. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00224 · Cited by 97
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 10 July 2012 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00224 Training visual imagery: improvements of metacognition, but not imagery strength”
BackgroundInfluentialConstruct validation of a trait self‐regulation model
Hong, E., & O’Neil, H. F. (2001) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590042000146 · Cited by 99
Kuzle, A. (2013) · International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education · doi:10.29333/iejme/272 · Cited by 92
Burgard, P., Rey, F., Rupp, A., Abadie, V., & Rey, J. (1997) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199703000-00011 · Cited by 90
5 Development of competencies across the life span
Weinert, S., Artelt, C., Prenzel, M., et al. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-011-0182-7 · Cited by 91
“Drawing on the work of Flavell (1979) and Brown (1987), the NEPS distinguishes between declarative and procedural aspects of metacognition.”
MethodA Review of Recent Research in Metareasoning and Metalearning
Anderson, M. L., & Oates, T. (2007) · doi:10.1609/aimag.v28i1.2025 · Cited by 92
“One pillar upon which robustness rests is metacognition (Flavell 1979, 1987), including both metareasoning and metalearning.”
BackgroundFandakova, Y., Selmeczy, D., Leckey, S., Grimm, K. J., Wendelken, C., Bunge, S. A., & Ghetti, S. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1703079114 · Cited by 89
“We found a significant age group × accuracy interaction [F(2,169) = 11.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReactivity to Measures of Metacognition
Double, K. S., & Birney, D. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02755 · Cited by 109
“Furthermore, learners need to regularly evaluate the effectiveness of different study activities on their learning in order to select the best possible study behaviors (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBamicha, V., & Drigas, A. S. (2022) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v33i1.6845 · Cited by 108
The sporting resilience model: A systematic review of resilience in sport performers
Gupta, S., & McCarthy, P. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003053 · Cited by 142
“one’s own mental processes (Flavell, 1979) such as explanatory style,”
BackgroundKramarski, B. (2004) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.09.003 · Cited by 92
Moos, D. C., & Azevedo, R. (2009) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-009-9045-5 · Cited by 101
“Metacognition refers to the knowledge of one's thinking and the ability to reflect and modify processes and strategies related to this knowledge ( Flavell 1979, 1985; Schraw & Dennison 1994).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Experience and Transfer of Logical Reasoning
Berry, D. C. (1983) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748308402115 · Cited by 88
Efklides, A., Kourkoulou, A., Mitsiou, F., & Ziliaskopoulou, D. (2006) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-006-6581-0 · Cited by 100
“(Efklides, 2001; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAnti-Individualism: Mind and Language, Knowledge and Justification
Goldberg, S. C. (2007) · Cited by 90
Goals, Efficacy and Metacognitive Self-Regulation A Path Analysis
Al-Harthy, I. S., Was, C. A., & Isaacson, R. M. (2010) · International Journal of Education · doi:10.5296/ije.v2i1.357 · Cited by 90
“For example, metacognition has been divided into two distinct aspects: knowledge about cognition, and the regulation of cognition (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Veenman, Van Hout, & Afflerbach, 2006).”
BackgroundStudents’ Metacognition and Metacognitive Strategies in Science Education
Avargil, S., Lavi, R., & Dori, Y. J. (2017) · Innovations in science education and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66659-4_3 · Cited by 108
The effect of presentation mode on children's reading preferences, performance, and self-evaluations
Golan, D. D., Barzillai, M., & Katzir, T. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.001 · Cited by 93
Lysaker, P. H., Cheli, S., Dimaggio, G., Buck, B., Bonfils, K. A., Huling, K. S., Wiesepape, C. N., & Lysaker, J. T. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03338-4 · Cited by 97
“about one’s thinking and responding accordingly to what is happening in the moment in one’s life [21].”
BackgroundMethodContext-sensitive Cognitive Rehabilitation after Brain Injury: Theory and Practice
Ylvisaker, M. (2003) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1375/brim.4.1.1.27031 · Cited by 91
“Similarly, cognitive and learning strategy training for students with learning problems began as a laboratory enterprise with short-term training protocols using tasks that did not resemble classroom tasks and pretest/posttest experimental paradigms (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe use of ground rules in investigative interviews with children: A synthesis and call for research
Brubacher, S. P., Poole, D. A., & Dickinson, J. J. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.001 · Cited by 89
Fairfax, H. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.557 · Cited by 90
“An interesting parallel with mindfulness is the theory of metacognitiion (Flavell, 1979; Wells, 2005), which suggested an overarching perspective above (meta to) general cognitive operational systems.”
BackgroundMevarech, Z. R., & Amrany, C. (2008) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-008-9023-3 · Cited by 90
Information literacy: An exploration
Mutch, A. (1997) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/s0268-4012(97)00017-0 · Cited by 94
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“Recognition is only the first step and activating deliberate overrides requires self-awareness of error potential, a meta-cognitive skill (Croskerry, 2003; Flavell, 1979; Graber, 2003; Nelson & Narens, 1994).”
Developing metacognition: a basis for active learning
Vos, H., & de Graaff, E. (2004) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043790410001716257 · Cited by 89
Schlaegel, C., Richter, N., & Taras, V. (2021) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101209 · Cited by 113
“Metacognitive CQ builds on the ideas of Flavell (1979) and comprises the processes that individuals use to acquire and understand cultural knowledge, such as planning, monitoring, and revising mental models of cultural norms; processes that improve work-related outcomes.”
BackgroundSaid, N., Potinteu, A. E., Brich, I. R., Buder, J., Schumm, H., & Huff, M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107855 · Cited by 103
McLeod, H. J., Gumley, A. I., MacBeth, A. M., Schwannauer, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.018 · Cited by 88
“Though the term metacognition originally referred to the ability think about and monitor mental processes during learning tasks (Flavell, 1979), contemporary definitions have been broadened to include processes involved in generating complex representations of the mental states of the self and…”
BackgroundStudents’ Adaptation of Study Strategies When Preparing for Classroom Tests
Broekkamp, H., & van Hout‐Wolters, B. H. A. M. (2006) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9025-0 · Cited by 95
“... have stored in their memory (i.e., declarative and procedural knowledge about strategies), external task characteristics (e.g., knowledge about task demands of previous test preparation tasks; see our discussion of task cues), personal characteristics (e.g., knowledge about one’s motivational beliefs) as well as t…”
BackgroundThe on-line assessment of metacognitive skills in a computerized learning environment
Veenman, M. V. J., Bavelaar, L., Wolf, L. D., & Haaren, M. G. P. V. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.003 · Cited by 92
“Metacognitive knowledge is declarative knowledge about the interplay between person characteristics, task characteristics, and strategy characteristics (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundKarlen, Y. (2016) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2014.942895 · Cited by 111
“Flavell (1979) divided metacognitive knowledge into an individual’s knowledge about his or her own capacities to process information and the factors that influence his or her own performance (person dimension), knowledge about task characteristics and requirements (task dimension), and knowledge…”
BackgroundMenzies, B., Teng, A. Y., Burns, M., & Lah, S. S. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101629 · Cited by 90
Grant, A. M. (2001) · Cited by 87
Learning to BREATHE: A Pilot Study of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Support Marginalized Youth
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Teng, M. F. (2016) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2016.06.005 · Cited by 91
Metacognitions about alcohol use in problem drinkers
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The American Idol Effect: Are Students Good Judges of Their Creativity across Domains?
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“Who are these people who audition for American Idol despite a lack of ability and send unpublishable manuscripts to vanity presses? Such people would seem to be low in metacognitive skill, the ability to monitor one’s own learning, perform self-evaluation, and then make plans accordingly (Everson & Tobias, 1998; Flave…”
BackgroundSica, C., Steketee, G., Ghisi, M., Chiri, L. R., & Franceschini, S. (2007) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.520 · Cited by 86
Metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use: Development and validation of two self-report scales
Spada, M. M., & Adrian Wells, A. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.011 · Cited by 88
Designing and implementing a test for measuring critical thinking in primary school
Gelerstein, D., del Río, R., Nussbaum, M., Chiuminatto, P., & López, X. (2016) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2016.02.002 · Cited by 96
Metacognitive impairments extend perceptual decision making weaknesses in compulsivity
Hauser, T. U., Allen, M., Bullmore, E. T., Goodyer, I. M., Fonagy, P., Jones, P. B., Fearon, P. R. M., Prabhu, G., Moutoussis, M., Clair, M. S., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06116-z · Cited by 89
Measurement of Depressive Rumination and Associated Constructs
Luminet, O. (2003) · Depressive Rumination · doi:10.1002/9780470713853.ch10 · Cited by 87
Magiera, M. T., & Zawojewski, J. S. (2011) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.42.5.0486 · Cited by 85
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“Metacognitive learning strategies are used to control and regulate one’s cognitive abilities (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundProviding different types of group awareness information to guide collaborative learning
Schnaubert, L., & Bodemer, D. (2019) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-018-9293-y · Cited by 93
“The term B metacognition ^ originated in the 1970s and has been conceptually described as B thinking about thinking ^ (e.g., Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundLópez-Moríñigo, J.-D., Ajnakina, O., Martínez, A. S.-E., Escobedo-Aedo, P. J., Ruiz-Ruano, V. G., Sánchez-Alonso, S., Mata-Iturralde, L., Muñoz-Lorenzo, L., Ochoa, S., Baca‐García, E., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003384 · Cited by 87
“Metacognition may be defined as ‘knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 906) or ‘the ability to think of one’s and others’ thinking’ (Wells & Purdon, 1999).”
BackgroundZhou, H., Dang, L., Lam, L. W., Zhang, M. X., & Wu, A. M. S. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106978 · Cited by 92
Kristjansson, K. R., & Fowers, B. J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871473.001.0001 · Cited by 94
Socially mediated metacognition and learning to write
Larkin, S. (2009) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2009.09.003 · Cited by 89
“Early models of metacognition which emerged from developmental and cognitive psychological traditions (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Kluwe, 1987) focussed largely on either identifying elements of metacognition or on the ways in which individuals self-regulate and monitor cognition, rather than on…”
BackgroundPerrotin, A., Belleville, S., & Isingrini, M. L. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.003 · Cited by 83
Schellings, G. L. M., van Hout‐Wolters, B. H. A. M., Veenman, M. V. J., & Meijer, J. M. (2012) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0149-y · Cited by 90
“Metacognition was originally referred to as the knowledge about and the regulation of one ’ s cognitive activities in learning processes (Flavell 1979).”
Impaired Perspective and Thought Pathology in Schizophrenic and Psychotic Disorders
Harrow, M., Lanin-Kettering, I., & Miller, J. G. (1989) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/15.4.605 · Cited by 86
Learning by Thinking: How Reflection Can Spur Progress Along the Learning CurvePreprint
Stefano, G. D., Gino, F., Pisano, G. P., & Staats, B. R. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2414478 · Cited by 97
Koriat, A., Ackerman, R., Adiv, S., Lockl, K., & Schneider, W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0031768 · Cited by 85
Reber, R., & Greifeneder, R. (2017) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1258173 · Cited by 87
“Based on theorizing by Flavell (1979) and A. L. Brown (1978), Efklides (2006) distinguished three facets of metacognition: first, metacognitive knowledge about oneself, tasks, and strategies; second, metacognitive experiences, which include feelings of familiarity, difficulty, knowledge,…”
BackgroundMetacognitive ability correlates with hippocampal and prefrontal microstructure
Allen, M., Glen, J. C., Müllensiefen, D., Schwarzkopf, D. S., Fardo, F., Frank, D., Callaghan, M. F., & Rees, G. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.008 · Cited by 85
“The metacognitive capacity for self-monitoring is at the core of learning and decision-making (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundKicken, W., Brand‐Gruwel, S., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.1080/13636820802305561 · Cited by 92
“Notably, the effectiveness of students’ selection of learning tasks, in the performance– assessment–selection cycle, is especially affected by the repetitive estimation of their level of performance (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundHasson‐Ohayon, I., Kravetz, S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2016) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2012 · Cited by 88
The return of behaviourist epistemology: A review of learning outcomes studies
Murtonen, M., Gruber, H. G., & Lehtinen, E. (2017) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2017.08.001 · Cited by 123
Epistemic Metacognition in the Context of Information Searching on the Web
Masón, L., & Boldrin, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6596-5_18 · Cited by 86
Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development and Pre-Service Physics Teacher Education: A Case Study
Sperandeo-Mineo, R. M., Fazio, C., & Tarantino, G. (2005) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-005-9004-3 · Cited by 88
A conceptual framework for understanding information seeking in open-ended information systems
Hill, J. R. (1999) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02299474 · Cited by 86
A metacognitive analysis of decision making in adolescence
Ormond, C., Luszcz, M. A., Mann, L., & Beswick, G. (1991) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/0140-1971(91)90021-i · Cited by 85
Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology and Educational Practice
Calfee, R. C. (1981) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.2307/1167182 · Cited by 93
Metacognition in young children
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-5160 · Cited by 85
Zhang, L., Karabenick, S. A., Maruno, S., & Lauermann, F. (2010) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.11.003 · Cited by 85
Evidence accumulation relates to perceptual consciousness and monitoring
Pereira, M., Mégevand, P., Tan, M. X., Chang, W., Wang, S., Rezai, A. R., Seeck, M., Corniola, M. V., Momjian, S., Bernasconi, F., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23540-y · Cited by 109
The highs and lows of theoretical interpretation in animal-metacognition research
Smith, J. D., Couchman, J. J., & Beran, M. J. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0366 · Cited by 90
Using Metacognitive Strategies and Learning Styles to Create Self-Directed Learners
Shannon, S. V. (2008) · Cited by 84
Effective Strategies for Self-regulated Learning : A Meta-Analysis
de Boer, H., Donker, A., Kostons, D. D. N. M., Korpershoek, H., & van der Werf, G. P. C. (2013) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 84
Inferring Emotions from Speech Prosody: Not So Easy at Age Five
Aguert, M., Laval, V., Lacroix, A., Gil, S., & Bigot, L. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083657 · Cited by 82
“In addition, in order to better understand how children infer a speaker's emotional state, we investigated their metacognitive knowledge [44,45].”
BackgroundFletcher, L., & Carruthers, P. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0413 · Cited by 83
The role of pre-training interventions in learning: A meta-analysis and integrative review.
Mesmer-Magnus, J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2010) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.05.001 · Cited by 90
Fields of Tension in a Boundary-Crossing World: Towards a Democratic Organization of the Self
Hermans, H. J. M., Konopka, A., Oosterwegel, A., et al. (2016) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-016-9370-6 · Cited by 83
“A meta-position, like meta-cognition (Flavell 1979; Hussain 2015), provides an overview of more specific I-positions, including their patterns and inter-relationships.”
Zarbo, C., Brugnera, A., Frigerio, L., Malandrino, C., Rabboni, M., Bondi, E., & Compare, A. (2017) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-017-0779-9 · Cited by 90
“Finally, metacognition refers to any knowledge or cognitive process that is involved in the appraisal, monitoring, or control of own cognition (Flavell 1979).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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