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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
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An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,601–1,700 of 10,404
Furnes, B., & Norman, E. (2015) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1501 · Cited by 44
“Metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979) refers to the individual’s knowledge and understanding of their cognitive abilities, task requirements and appropriate”
Luther, L., Firmin, R. L., Vohs, J. L., Buck, K. D., Rand, K. L., & Lysaker, P. H. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12104 · Cited by 45
A comprehensive reanalysis of the metacognitive self-regulation scale from the MSLQ
Tock, J. L., & Moxley, J. H. (2016) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-016-9161-y · Cited by 70
Adıgüzel, A., & Orhan, A. (2017) · Cited by 40
An Integrated Cognitive Theory of Comprehension
Aryadoust, V. (2017) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2017.1397519 · Cited by 52
“Use of strategy Reading and listening Flavell (1979) Strategies are mental processes that direct language users to apply their language knowledge and abilities in target language use domains.”
BackgroundMethodBui, Y. C., Pyc, M. A., & Bailey, H. R. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1406523 · Cited by 40
“Metacognition refers to the ability to understand the state of one’s knowledge (Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009; Flavell, 1979). Nelson and Narens (1990) proposed one of the earliest models for how we understand our own knowledge, which included two components of metacognition –monitoring and control – that are distinct, ye…”
BackgroundInfluentialCognizance in cognitive development: A longitudinal study
Kazi, S., Kazali, E., Makris, Ν., Spanoudis, G. C., & Δημητρίου, Α. (2019) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100805 · Cited by 41
Kuzyk, O., Grossman, S., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12904 · Cited by 43
“Here, we refer to ToM abilities as an understanding of other's mental states such as beliefs, intentions, as well as desires (Wellman, 2014), and refer to metacogni‐ tion as the ability to reflect on one's own thinking and learning (Flavell, 1979; Geurten & Willems, 2016).”
Grade-Level Differences in Teacher Feedback and Students’ Self-Regulated Learning
Guo, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00783 · Cited by 42
“In addition, selfregulated learners are aware of their cognitive status and know clearly how to apply different strategies to monitor, control, and regulate their cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundRobillos, R. J., & Bustos, I. G. (2022) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2022.15322a · Cited by 40
“Metacognition, as coined by Flavell (1979) refers to an individual’s awareness of thinking and learning: what we are thinking, how we are thinking in relation to a learning task or situation and why we are thinking in a particular way.”
Investigating and developing engineering students’ mathematical modelling and problem-solving skills
Wedelin, D., Adawi, T., Jahan, T., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2014.987648 · Cited by 40
“In this way, the students lacked effective self-regulation or metacognitive skills (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundDowd, J. E., Araújo, I. S., & Mazur, E. (2015) · Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevstper.11.010107 · Cited by 42
Studying the relationship between affective and metacognitive variables
Tobias, S., & Everson, H. T. (1997) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809708249295 · Cited by 39
Subjective Experience of Episodic Memory and Metacognition: A Neurodevelopmental Approach
Souchay, C., Guillery‐Girard, B., Pauly‐Takacs, K., Wojcik, D. Z., & Eustache, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00212 · Cited by 41
“The cognitive neuropsychological approach to memory function has a long history of using patterns of deficit and dysfunction to better understand and treat memory impairment, but also patient studies yield an important data set by which to evaluate cognitive models and further theories.”
Payne, B. D., & Manning, B. H. (1992) · Reading Research and Instruction · doi:10.1080/19388079209558103 · Cited by 40
Multistrategic Memory Training with the Metamemory Concept in Healthy Older Adults
Youn, J. H., Lee, J., Kim, S., & Ryu, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2011.8.4.354 · Cited by 40
The Integrated Nature of Metamemory and Memory
Dunlosky, J. T., & Bjork, R. A. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203805503.ch2 · Cited by 38
Metacognitive Processes: Reading and Writing Narrative Discourse
Gordon, C. J., & Braun, C. (1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-262302-8.50006-7 · Cited by 40
Children's Ability to Cope with Failure: Implications of a Metacognitive Approach for the Classroom
Cullen, J. (1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-262302-8.50012-2 · Cited by 41
Teaching in Higher Education : From Content-focused to Learning-focused Approaches to Teaching
Postareff, L. (2007) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 40
Du, G., & Man, D. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102801 · Cited by 50
Meta-Learning: A Nine-Layer Model Based on Metacognition and Smart Technologies
Drigas, A. S., Mitsea, E., & Skianis, C. A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15021668 · Cited by 55
Merkebu, J., Kitsantas, A., Durning, S. J., & Ma, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1166195 · Cited by 59
“In this sense, the expansion of metacognitive monitoring also meant enhancing the process of learning and decision-making (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDörrenbächer‐Ulrich, L., Dilhuit, S., & Perels, F. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05551-8 · Cited by 71
Barzilai, S., & Chinn, C. A. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09927-5 · Cited by 49
Investigation of metamemory functioning in the at-risk mental state for psychosis
Eisenacher, S., Rausch, F., Ainser, F., Mier, D., Veckenstedt, R., Schirmbeck, F., Lewien, A., Englisch, S., Andreou, C., Moritz, S., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001373 · Cited by 37
“Metacognition describes the ability to monitor and control one’s cognitive processes and was introduced by Flavell (1979) as ‘thinking about thinking’.”
BackgroundNelson, J. K., Zaccaro, S. J., & Herman, J. L. (2010) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/a0019989 · Cited by 39
“She also examined the role of managers’ metacognitive skills (i.e., the ability to think about how and what one is thinking; Flavell, 1979) and cognitive complexity (i.”
BackgroundChan, K. K. S., & Mak, W. W. S. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.001 · Cited by 39
Post‐test analysis: A tool for developing students' metacognitive awareness and self‐regulation
Achacoso, M. V. (2004) · New Directions for Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/tl.179 · Cited by 42
“Explicitly teaching students to analyze their test performance can help them to better assess the understanding of their own cognitive process, or what is known as metacognitive awareness (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundFarnese, M. L., & Livi, S. (2015) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1057/kmrp.2015.13 · Cited by 39
“Reflexivity is a construct historically anchored in different disciplines and related to the exercise of meta-cognitive skills in reflecting on own learning process (i.e., Flavell, 1979;West, 1996).”
BackgroundJagals, D., & van der Walt, M. (2016) · African Journal of Research in Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.1080/18117295.2016.1192239 · Cited by 42
“Metacognitive knowledge includes learners’ knowledge about themselves (person), the task and the strategies used (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition and Perspective-Taking in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mini-Review
Bertrand, E., Landeira-Fernández, J., & Mograbi, D. C. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01812 · Cited by 37
Linking parental scaffolding with self-regulated learning in Chinese kindergarten children
Zhang, H., & Whitebread, D. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.01.001 · Cited by 39
Uso de estrategias metacognitivas para la comprensión textual
Muñoz-Muñoz, Á. E., & Castro, M. (2017) · Cuadernos de lingüística hispánica · doi:10.19053/0121053x.n29.2017.5865 · Cited by 39
Mahdavi, N., & Miri, M. (2017) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2016.1260454 · Cited by 42
Radmehr, F., & Drake, M. (2017) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2017.1305129 · Cited by 46
“Metacognition [1,2] is traditionally defined as any knowledge or cognitive activity that individuals have about any aspect of cognitive activities [3].”
BackgroundRoberts, J. C., Ritsos, P. D., Jackson, J. R., & Headleand, C. J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2017.2745878 · Cited by 37
“What we are asking is that learners perform metacognition [17], such to develop critical thinking skills.”
BackgroundRapchak, M. E. (2018) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2018.03.003 · Cited by 39
Temporal variation in children's self-regulated hypermedia learning
Paans, C., Molenaar, I., Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.002 · Cited by 44
Tanewong, S. (2018) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688218754942 · Cited by 39
Hardy, J. H., Day, E. A., & Steele, L. M. (2018) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206318780440 · Cited by 44
“, 2014); and metacognition, which refers to the set of executive control functions that regulate learner self-knowledge and self-control in the learning process (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition in Chemistry Education: A Literature Review
Lavi, R., Shwartz, G., & Dori, Y. J. (2019) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201800087 · Cited by 44
Language teacher metacognition: beyond the mirror
Hiver, P. V., Whiteside, Z., Solarte, A. C. S., & Kim, C. J. (2019) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2019.1675666 · Cited by 45
Gottfredson, R. K., & Reina, C. S. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101373 · Cited by 51
“Meta-cognition is defined as deliberate, planned, intentional, goal-directed, and future-oriented mental processing that can be used to accomplish cognitive tasks (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundFridman, R., Eden, S., & Spektor‐Levy, O. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01790 · Cited by 43
“…awareness, etc. Metacognition is higher-order thinking, and includes critical thinking about one’s own thinking, planning, controlling, monitoring, assessing, knowing what information is required for a task, and how to use the appropriate tools needed to perform the task (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBuilding and Justifying Interpretations of Texts: A Key Practice in the English Language Arts
Deane, P. (2020) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/ets2.12304 · Cited by 64
Teng, M. F. (2020) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2020.1835606 · Cited by 38
“Flavell (1979) suggested person, task, and strategy knowledge are three components of metacognitive knowledge.”
BackgroundEsbjørn, B. H., Sømhovd, M. J., Holm, J. M., Lønfeldt, N. N., Bender, P. K., Nielsen, S. K. K., & Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0033793 · Cited by 39
Kung, R. L., & Linder, C. (2007) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-007-9006-9 · Cited by 39
“As described by Flavell (1979, p. 909) “Cognitive strategies are invoked to make cognitive progress, metacognitive strategies to monitor it. However, it is possible in some cases for the same strategy to be invoked for either purpose and also, regardless of why it was invoked, for it to achieve both goals.” As one way…”
BackgroundThe Impact of Supplemental Instruction on Low-Achieving Adolescents’ Reading Engagement
Cantrell, S. C., Almasi, J. F., Rintamaa, M. F., Carter, J. C., Pennington, J., & Buckman, D. M. (2013) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2012.753859 · Cited by 48
Attachment Theory and Multiple Integrated Treatments of Borderline Patients
Liotti, G., Cortina, M., & Farina, B. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/jaap.2008.36.2.295 · Cited by 40
Yorke, M. (2005) · Tertiary Education and Management · doi:10.1080/13583883.2005.9967148 · Cited by 39
Starting to Solve the Method Puzzle in Salesperson Self-Report Evaluations
Jaramillo, F., Carrillat, F. A., & Locander, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2003.10749010 · Cited by 41
“Metacognition is the ability to accurately assess the state of ones’ knowledge (Brown 1980; Flavell 1979).”
Jackson, S., Kleitman, S., Howie, P. M., & Stankov, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01559 · Cited by 45
“Monitoring processes accumulate evidence in favor of judgments and actions during their construction (via Type 1 or Type 2 processes; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 2012; Ratcliff and Starns, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialImproving children's regulation of their reading PREP time
Ghatala, E. S., Levin, J. R., Foorman, B. R., & Pressley, M. G. (1989) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/0361-476x(89)90005-2 · Cited by 38
Trauma, Self-Regulation, and Learning
Panlilio, C. C., Ferrara, A. M., & MacNeill, L. A. (2019) · Child maltreatment solutions network · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12811-1_4 · Cited by 44
Scaffolding L2 Academic Reading and Self‐Regulation Through Task and Feedback
Mežek, Š., McGrath, L., Negretti, R., & Berggren, J. (2021) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3018 · Cited by 38
“This need for awareness and adjustment implies metacognition (Flavell, 1979) and self-regulation (SR) (Zimmerman, 2000).”
BackgroundCreß, U., Barquero, B., Schwan, S., & Hesse, F. W. (2005) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2005.10.003 · Cited by 38
The Effect of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction on the Listening Performance of EFL Students
Birjandi, P., & Rahimi, A. H. (2012) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v4i2.1707 · Cited by 38
“Metacognition Today, the conceptualization of metacognition in educational sciences and language teaching is often attributed to John Flavell, (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialScoping Review of Self-Regulation: What Are Occupational Therapists Talking About?
Martini, R., Cramm, H. A., Egan, M. Y., & Sikora, L. (2016) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.020362 · Cited by 38
“The cognitive orientation was based on the construct of metacognition, or thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1971, 1979).”
Comparing Metacognition Assessments of Mathematics in Academically Talented Students
Young, A. E., & Worrell, F. C. (2018) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986218755915 · Cited by 40
“First, Flavell (1979) defined knowledge of cognition as thinking related to the person, the task, and the strategy.”
BackgroundInfluentialDo children know what they know? Metacognitive awareness in preschool children
Papaleontiou–Louca, E. (2019) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.01.005 · Cited by 46
“Mistakes Can be Beautiful”: Creative Engagement in Arts Integration for Early Adolescent Learners
Anderson, R., Haney, M., Pitts, C., Porter, L., & Bousselot, T. (2019) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.401 · Cited by 43
“As Flavell (1979) noted, learners in early adolescence begin to develop more understanding about their thinking processes, learning habits, and knowledge about the cognitive processes of others (Brown, Bransford, Ferrara, & Campione, 1983).”
BackgroundTeng, M. F., & Reynolds, B. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215902 · Cited by 46
Piza, F. M. D. T., Kesselheim, J. C., Perzhinsky, J., Drowos, J. L., Gillis, R., Moscovici, K., Danciu, T., Kosowska, A., & Gooding, H. C. (2019) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2019.1645950 · Cited by 46
Brain Structural Correlates of Metacognition in First-Episode Psychosis
Alkan, E., Davies, G., Greenwood, K., & Evans, S. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz116 · Cited by 36
“Metacognitive accuracy (Mratio) was significantly worse (F(1,46) = 4.”
BackgroundActive Learning: Using Bloom's Taxonomy to Support Critical Pedagogy
Tabrizi, S., & Rideout, G. W. (2017) · International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education · doi:10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2017.0429 · Cited by 44
“This knowledge can be focused on one of three variables: person, task, and strategy [17].”
BackgroundInfluentialIs giving better than receiving?
Martin, I. A., & Sippel, L. (2021) · Journal of Second Language Pronunciation · doi:10.1075/jslp.20001.mar · Cited by 27
Zheng, Y., Wang, D., Ye, Q., Zou, F., Li, Y., & Kwok, S. C. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107847 · Cited by 38
Uslu, N. A., & Durak, H. Y. (2022) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101804 · Cited by 59
Digital Adaptability: A New Measure for Digital Inequality Research
Puckett, C. (2020) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439320926087 · Cited by 54
“For example, “metacognition” where a person thinks about/is aware of their thinking process is a general strategy that can help support learning in any domain (Flavell, 1979; Schoenbach et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCognitive Interruption as an Object of Metacognitive Monitoring: Feeling of Difficulty and Surprise
Touroutoglou, A., & Efklides, A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_9 · Cited by 38
“Therefore, because of its experiential nature FOD differs from perception of difficulty or judgment of ease of learning, because the latter are metacognitive judgments based on metacognitive knowledge, that is, declarative memory knowledge of task and self vis-a-vis the current task ( Flavell, 1979 ).”
BackgroundHigh School Students’ Meta-Modeling Knowledge
Fortus, D., Shwartz, Y., & Rosenfeld, S. (2015) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-015-9480-z · Cited by 38
“Researchers have demonstrated that teaching meta-cognitive skills are helpful to students, especially struggling ones (Flavell 1979; Zohar and Aharon-Kravetsky 2005).”
BackgroundHallucination proneness, schizotypy and meta-cognition
Stirling, J., Barkus, E., & Lewis, S. W. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.003 · Cited by 37
Metacognitive Monitoring in Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Chiou, K. S., Carlson, R. A., Arnett, P. A., Cosentino, S., & Hillary, F. G. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000658 · Cited by 44
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to cumulative beliefs that can guide cognitive pursuits; while metacognitive experiences pertain to monitoring and control processes that occur in the moment of cognitive engagement (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundStillman, G. A. (2004) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/bf03217390 · Cited by 38
“The recall of metacognitive task and person knowledge (Flavell, 1979) that discouraged task access was combated by strategies that were specific to the particular case involved.”
BackgroundInfluentialA taxonomy of adolescent metacognitive knowledge during the information search process
Bowler, L. (2009) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2009.09.005 · Cited by 40
A Case in Customizing E-Learning
Neville, K., Heavin, C., & Walsh, E. (2005) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000041 · Cited by 38
“Flavell (1979) described metacognition as the learner’s ability to identify objectives, and plan and understand learning strategies.”
BackgroundDevelopmental patterns of school students' motivational‐ and cognitive‐metacognitive competencies
Mok, Y. F., Fan, R. M.-T., & Pang, N. S. (2007) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055690600948281 · Cited by 43
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to the knowledge about cognitive tasks, strategies and knowledge learners possess about themselves and people (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBirenbaum, M., Kimron, H., Shilton, H., & Shahaf-Barzilay, R. (2009) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2010.01.001 · Cited by 38
“At an individual level a similar cycle describes a metacognitive process (Flavell, 1979) typically utilized by self-regulated learners to monitor their performance (Brown, 1987; Zimmerman & Schunk, 2001).”
BackgroundDirections in Self-Access Language Learning
Gardner, D. C., & Miller, L. (1994) · Hong Kong University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9789882200999 · Cited by 38
Assessing Computational Thinking Across the Curriculum
Mueller, J. L., Beckett, D., Hennessey, E., & Shodiev, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52691-1_16 · Cited by 40
Thomas, G. P., & Mee, D. A. K. (2005) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-005-1565-6 · Cited by 39
“Developing and enhancing metacognition, an individual’s knowledge, awareness and control of his/her learning processes ( Flavell, 1979; Garner & Alexander, 1989), is a prominent educational goal.”
BackgroundFeeling-of-knowing in fact retrieval: Further evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease
Lipinska, B., & Bäckman, L. (1996) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700001375 · Cited by 37
Trends and Developments in Educational Psychology
Burden, R. (1994) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034394154002 · Cited by 39
Metacognition in Second Language Listening
Goh, C. C. M. (2018) · The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0572 · Cited by 38
Manipulatives in Mathematics Education
Bartolini, M., & Martignone, F. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15789-0_93 · Cited by 31
Promoting metacognition in an allied health anatomy course
Cale, A. S., Hoffman, L. A., & McNulty, M. A. (2023) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2218 · Cited by 35
Branigan, H., & Donaldson, D. I. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100718 · Cited by 52
“Accounts of metacognition broadly differentiate between two main components; metacognitive knowledge (i.e., ‘thinking about thinking’, for example, knowledge of persons, tasks and strategies; Flavell, 1979) and metacognitive regulation (i.”
BackgroundZhang, W., Zhang, D., & Zhang, L. J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116275 · Cited by 52
Enhancing students’ metacognitive development in higher education: A classroom-based inquiry
Li, M., & Yuan, R. E. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101947 · Cited by 52
Varrasi, S., Boccaccio, F. M., Guerrera, C. S., Platania, G. A., Pirrone, C., & Castellano, S. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13010037 · Cited by 52
Shao, J., Chen, Y., Wei, X., Li, X., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1110086 · Cited by 76
“Metacognitive strategies refer to the monitoring and controlling of the application of cognitive strategies (Flavell, 1979), and encompass goalsetting, planning, monitoring, and reflection.”
BackgroundKleitman, S., & Costa, D. S. J. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.001 · Cited by 37
“Metacognition Metacognition refers to the executive processes of reflecting on and regulating one's own thinking: that is, “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPanahandeh, E., & Asl, S. E. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.559 · Cited by 37
The realism in older people's confidence judgments of answers to general knowledge questions.
Dahl, M., Allwood, C. M., & Hagberg, B. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014048 · Cited by 37
Participatory Design through a Learning Science Lens
DiSalvo, B. J. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858405 · Cited by 37
“Metacognitive knowledge is what one knows or believes about themselves and their knowledge [13].”
BackgroundGrøtte, T., Solem, S., Myers, S. G., Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., Güzey, I. C., Hansen, B., Nordahl, H. M., & Fisher, P. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.09.002 · Cited by 37
Cherkaoui, M., & Gilbert, S. J. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.008 · Cited by 35
Botha, M., & Bignotti, A. (2017) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-017-0437-8 · Cited by 37
“Metacognitive experiences are conscious cognitive or affective experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual enterprise (Flavell 1979).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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