The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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Gidalevich, S., & Kramarski, B. (2018) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-018-9475-z · Cited by 40
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Avargil, S. (2019) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-018-9765-x · Cited by 30
“Metacognition can be defined as awareness of, and reflection upon, one’s own cognitive process, for example, skills for monitoring one’s cognitive activities (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition and Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) in Second/Foreign Language Teaching
Zhang, D. “., & Zhang, L. J. (2019) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58542-0_47-1 · Cited by 42
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“This time is a period of human development to find the root of the problem by doing metacognition (Flavell, 1979) through developing analytical abilities and in relation to ESD as an early majority (Rogers, 1983).”
BackgroundDivrik, R., Pilten, P., & Taş, A. M. (2021) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · doi:10.26822/iejee.2021.191 · Cited by 37
“Metacognition means the knowledge of the structure and operation of one’s cognitive system and an individual’s awareness of planning, monitoring, and evaluation processes in solving a mathematical problem (Flavell, 1979; Özsoy, 2007; Pugalee, 2001; Schoenfeld, 1987; Senemoğlu, 2013).”
BackgroundReviewing the Van Hiele model and the application of metacognition on geometric thinking
Naufal, M. A., Abdullah, A. H., Osman, S. B., Abu, M. S., Ihsan, H., & Rondiyah, R. (2021) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v10i2.21185 · Cited by 31
“As experts [1], [25] point out that metacognition skills allow students to plan, monitor, and evaluate their thinking.”
BackgroundGame-Based Learning Analytics for Supporting Adolescents’ Reflection
Cloude, E. B., Carpenter, D., Dever, D. A., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2021.7371 · Cited by 32
“Significant challenges exist in the literature because reflection has often been defined interchangeably with introspection and metacognition (Brown, Bransford, Ferrara, & Campione, 1983; Flavell, 1979; Pintrich, 2002; Rosenthal, 2000).”
BackgroundNaujoks-Schober, N., Harder, B., & Händel, M. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09295-x · Cited by 38
Jiang, S., Wang, S., & Wan, X. (2022) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001301 · Cited by 30
Getting to Know Young Children: Alternative Assessments in Early Childhood Education
Becker, I., Rigaud, V. M., & Epstein, A. S. (2022) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-022-01353-y · Cited by 31
“Young children who have not yet fully developed a sense of their own learning, initially may have difficulty with selfassessment (Flavell, 1979; Schneider & Löffler, 2016).”
BackgroundPuente‐Díaz, R., & Cavazos‐Arroyo, J. (2022) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.557 · Cited by 30
Improving metacognition through self-explication in a digital self-regulated learning tool
Braad, E., Degens, N., Barendregt, W., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2022) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-022-10156-2 · Cited by 56
Yılmaz, F. G. K., Üstün, A. B., Zhang, K., & Yılmaz, R. (2023) · Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.17718/tojde.989874 · Cited by 47
“Metacognition can be defined as one’s awareness of cognitive processes as well as regulation and control of these processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBreitwieser, J., Nobbe, L., Biedermann, D., & Brod, G. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104879 · Cited by 36
Autonomy and Its Role in Learning
Benson, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_48 · Cited by 30
“The construct of metacognitive knowledge derives from work in the field of educational psychology by Flavell (1979) .”
BackgroundHubungan antara Kesedaran Metakognisi, Motivasi dan Pencapaian Akademik Pelajar Universiti
Rahman, S. (2006) · Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia · Cited by 28
Gecht, J., Kessel, R., Mainz, V., Gauggel, S., Drueke, B., Scherer, A., & Forkmann, T. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.821635 · Cited by 29
“, Piaget & Inhelder, 1956) and ‘‘theory of mind’’ (Baron-Cohen, Leslie, & Frith, 1985), or ‘‘metacognition’’ (Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990; Semerari et al., 2003; Wells, 2000).”
A Model for Curricular Revision: The Case of Engineering
Harris, M. S., & Cullen, R. (2008) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-008-9090-z · Cited by 30
Emergent Metacognition: A Study of Preschoolers' Literate Behavior
Fang, Z., & Cox, B. E. (1999) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568549909594738 · Cited by 30
Brady, M., Seli, H., & Rosenthal, J. (2013) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-013-9318-1 · Cited by 29
“Metacognition is most consistently viewed in research literature as the regulation of cognition and self-knowledge (Flavell 1979; Mayer 2008; Pintrich et al. 2000).”
BackgroundKahan, T. L., & Sullivan, K. T. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.11.005 · Cited by 31
Fastame, M. C., & Penna, M. P. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.866635 · Cited by 31
“Moreover, there is evidence that self-perceived wellbeing is strictly related to depression and metacognitive efficiency (e.g. Fastame & Penna, 2012), which, in turn, refers to the experiences and knowledge that people have about their cognitive processes (e.g. Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundCollaborative knowledge construction in the web supported by the KnowCat system
Cobos, R., & Pifarré, M. (2006) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.009 · Cited by 31
“In educational literature there is a large number of references which labelled the actions that imply to write an addition or correction note as a metacognitive activity (Flavell, 1992; Schraw, 1998).”
BackgroundMetacognition: As a Predictor of One’s Academic Locus of Control
Arslan, S., & Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2014) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2014.1.1805 · Cited by 31
“Flavell (1979), who first introduced the term of metacogniton, indicated that it is an umbrella term that describes several sets of mental processes.”
BackgroundFostering High-School Students’ Self-Regulated Learning Online and Across Academic Domains
Greene, J. A., Bolick, C. M., Caprino, A. M., Deekens, V. M., McVea, M., Yu, S. B., & Jackson, W. P. (2015) · The High School journal/The High school journal · doi:10.1353/hsj.2015.0019 · Cited by 33
“It is important to note that there is a fair amount of overlap between the scholarly literature on SRL and metacognition (i.e., thinking about thinking; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundToward a Procedure for Minimizing and Detecting False Positive Diagnoses of Learning Disability
Adelman, H. S., Lauber, B. A., Nelson, P., et al. (1989) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221948902200407 · Cited by 30
“It is common for individuals to learn the concepts and skills involved in computer games through discovery Such discovery learning occurs through the use of trial-and-error and hypothetico-deduc-tive methods (see Flavell, 1977, 1979 Greenfield & Lauber, 1985).”
BackgroundTanner, K. D. (2011) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.11-03-0029 · Cited by 30
Nuhfer, E. B., Cogan, C. B., Kloock, C. T., Wood, G. G., Goodman, A. L., Delgado, N. Z., & Wheeler, C. W. (2016) · Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education · doi:10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1036 · Cited by 33
“Table 1 serves as a resource for designing lessons that enable students to reflect metacognitively (8, 9) on the supporting concepts of science’s way of knowing as they learn content throughout a course.”
Effective teachers and teaching: Characteristics and practices related to positive student outcomes.
Roehrig, A. D., Turner, J. E., Arrastia-Chisholm, M. C., Christesen, E., McElhaney, S., & Jakiel, L. M. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13274-020 · Cited by 31
Metacognition and cognitive control: behavioural adaptation requires conflict experience
Questienne, L., Filip Van Opstal, A., van Dijck, J., & Gevers, W. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1251473 · Cited by 32
“Metacognitive experiences are the feelings participants report being aware of during the processing of a task and task-related information (Efklides, 2008; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundToward an Epistemology of Active Learning in Higher Education and Its Promise
Robertson, L. P. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78714-487-320181002 · Cited by 30
Cognitive Assessment of Indigenous Australians: Towards a Multiaxial Model
Davidson, G. R. (1995) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050069508259601 · Cited by 30
Palmier‐Claus, J. E., Dunn, G., Morrison, A. P., & Lewis, S. W. (2011) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2011.561583 · Cited by 33
“Flavell (1979) defines metacognitive beliefs as the perceived importance or consequences of controlling or directing one’s emotions or thoughts.”
BackgroundAn information processing approach to a theory of instruction
Bruning, I. L. (1983) · ECTJ · doi:10.1007/bf02766725 · Cited by 30
“Such processes have been termed "control processes" by Atkinson and Shiftrin (1968), "executive control" by Greeno (1980), and "metacognition" by Flavell (1979) and Sternberg (1979).”
BackgroundCarr, M., & Borkowski, J. G. (1987) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698628703100109 · Cited by 30
“To date, research has not assessed the relationships among divergent thinking and recently identified components of cognition and intelligence, such as metamemory (cf. Borkowski, 1985; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiotti, G. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.16.3.349.52521 · Cited by 34
“…mind (Baron-Cohen, 1995), 3. reflect on mental states (Fonagy et al., 1995), 4. monitor thoughts, feelings, and language (metacognitive monitoring: Flavell, 1979; Main, 1991), 5. perform formal operations of thought, and 6. pay proper attention to external stimuli without being unwittingly…”
BackgroundBacon, É., Izaute, M., & Danion, J. (2007) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617707070245 · Cited by 30
“In contrast to this large body of data, little is known about metamemory in patients with schizophrenia, in other words patients’ awareness of their own memory capacity and control of related behaviors (Flavell, 1979).”
ResultPakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Ahmed, P. D. U. (2020) · ADVANCED SCIENCES INDEX · Cited by 30
Zhu, Q., Li, X., Dong, Y., Chang, P., & Fan, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1878629 · Cited by 30
“Metacognitive monitoring—the capacity to reflect on and regulate one’s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979; Schraw and Dennison, 1994)—can be understood as a psychological shield against this immediate-reward trap: it is the mechanism that lets a user notice that effortless completion has come at…”
La metacognición en el aprendizaje de una segunda lengua: Estrategias, instrumentos y evaluación
Traña, M. B., & Larenas, C. H. D. (2018) · Revista Educación · doi:10.15517/revedu.v42i2.25909 · Cited by 29
Yorulmaz, A., Uysal, H., & Çokçalışkan, H. (2021) · JRAMathEdu (Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education) · doi:10.23917/jramathedu.v6i3.14349 · Cited by 45
“Metacognition includes the skills required for an individual to be aware of the process of completing a task successfully, monitor himself/herself, and control his/her own performance (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundHuang, X., Bernacki, M. L., Kim, D., & Hong, W. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101577 · Cited by 30
Identifying Metacognitive Behavior in Problem-Posing Processes
Baumanns, L., & Rott, B. (2022) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-022-10297-z · Cited by 41
“Going back all the way to Flavell (1979), who significantly influenced early research on this topic, metacognition is described as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena,” which roughly means thinking about thinking.”
BackgroundKarlen, Y., Bäuerlein, K., & Brunner, S. N. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09845-4 · Cited by 35
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognitive knowledge is verbalisable and consciously accessible knowledge.”
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“Self-knowledge, as noted in Section 1, is one of three categories of metacognitive knowledge ability (Flavell 1979).”
InfluentialLearning to Listen: The Impact of a Metacognitive Approach to Listening Instruction
Wang, W. (2015) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-015-0235-4 · Cited by 39
“…the three categories of & Weili Wang 54998006@qq.com 1 Department of Foreign Languages, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China metacognitive knowledge proposed by Flavell (1979) in relation to language learning as presented below: 1.”
BackgroundRoberts, R., Flin, R. H., & Cleland, J. (2014) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720814562643 · Cited by 29
“Furthermore, metacognition (Flavell, 1979) was added as a subtheme of understanding/interpretation, as in order for drillers to seek assistance, reduce distracters, and build an accurate awareness of the situation, they would also require a self-awareness of their own cognitive abilities and…”
Cognition, Metacognition, and Mathematics Literacy
Mevarech, Z. R., & Fan, L. (2017) · Innovations in science education and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66659-4_12 · Cited by 31
From cultural intelligence to supply chain performance
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Botsas, G. (2017) · Learning disabilities · Cited by 29
Sustainability of marine parks: Is knowledge–attitude–behaviour still relevant?
Abdullah, S. I. N. W., Samdin, Z., Ho, J. A., & Ng, S. I. (2019) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-019-00524-z · Cited by 34
“Also known as the procedural knowledge, it is a reflective state between concept, situation, strategy and the individual to identify the most effective method to overcome environmental problems (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundMethodAmanzio, M., Bartoli, M., Cipriani, G. E., & Palermo, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01697 · Cited by 34
STEM Education and Problem-Solving in Space Science: A Case Study with CanSat
Contente, J., & Galvão, C. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci12040251 · Cited by 29
Malmberg, J., Haataja, E., & Järvelä, S. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09320-z · Cited by 36
“Learners build metacognitive knowledge of different types of tasks, which is shaped by their previous learning experiences (Efklides, 2011a) in terms of metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAuditing a case study: Enhancing case-based learning in education for sustainability
Emblen-Perry, K. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134944 · Cited by 33
ICT in changes of learning theories
Mechlová, E., & Malčík, M. (2012) · International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA) · doi:10.1109/iceta.2012.6418326 · Cited by 32
“Flavell [9] – metacognition, Schank [10] – script theory.”
Learning to learn in the European Reference Framework for lifelong learning
Pirrie, A., & Thoutenhoofd, E. D. (2013) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2013.840280 · Cited by 29
“This will entail wresting this concept from a narrow identification with self-regulated learning and meta-cognition (Flavell, 1976, 1979).”
BackgroundYu, F., & Liu, Y. (2005) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690500102854 · Cited by 29
“According to Flavell (1979, 1987), metacognition consists of metacognitive knowledge (person variables, task variables and strategy variables) and metacognitive experience (involving the use of metacognitive strategies).”
BackgroundOn the irrationality of emotion and the rationality of awareness.
Lambie, J. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.03.005 · Cited by 33
Ghonsooly, B., Khajavy, G. H., & Mahjoobi, F. M. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.455 · Cited by 33
Crook, A. E., & Beier, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0021913 · Cited by 29
“Metacognition is defined as the knowledge and control of one’s cognitive processes (Eysenck & Keane, 2005; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInterdisciplinary Projects in the Academic Studio
Gestwicki, P. V., & McNely, B. J. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/2732157 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, practices such as the Daily Scrum and Sprint Retrospectives inculcate metacognition [Flavell 1979; Zimmerman 2001].”
BackgroundUnderstanding Metacognitive Knowledge of Turkish EFL Students in Secondary Education.
Öz, H. (2007) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 29
Metacognitive processes and attentional focus in recreational endurance runners
Brick, N., Campbell, M. J., Sheehan, R. B., Fitzpatrick, B., & Macintyre, T. E. (2018) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2018.1519841 · Cited by 34
“…a model of cognition and basic components include metacognitive knowledge (e.g. knowledge of cognitive strategies to use and conditional knowledge of when to use them) and metacognitive skills, such as planning, monitoring, or reviewing one’s cognitions (Flavell, 1979; Martini & Shore, 2008).”
BackgroundTok, H., Özğan, H., & Döş, B. (2010) · Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · Cited by 29
de León, J. M. R. S., Luque, M. L., Delgado, P. L., Fernández‐Blázquez, M. A., & Pérez, E. J. P. (2010) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5111.2010270 · Cited by 32
Manual de inoculación de estrés
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1987) · Cited by 29
Thoughts on Thinking: Engaging Novice Music Students in Metacognition
Bathgate, M., Sims‐Knight, J. E., & Schunn, C. D. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1842 · Cited by 31
Constructivist Epistemology in Action
Kumar, M. (2018) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/jet.v40i3.52544 · Cited by 29
A MODEL OF THE COGNITIVE MEANING OF MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
Ernest, P. (1987) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1987.tb00862.x · Cited by 29
Theory of Mind, Humpty Dumpty, and the Icebox
Astington, J. W. (1998) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000022566 · Cited by 29
Metacognition in TESOL : Theory and Practice
Zhang, L. J., & Zhang, D. (2018) · The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0803 · Cited by 29
Liyanage, I. (2004) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 29
Student’s perceptions of quality learning in a Malaysian university – a mixed method approach
Choy, S. C., Yim, J. S.-C., & Tan, P. L. (2017) · Quality Assurance in Education · doi:10.1108/qae-12-2016-0088 · Cited by 28
Are metacognition interventions in young children effective? Evidence from a series of meta-analyses
Eberhart, J., Ingendahl, F., & Bryce, D. (2024) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-024-09405-x · Cited by 60
“Whereas models related to metacognition have their origin in cognitive psychology (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990), other models stemming from educational psychology describe similar cognitive processes in models of self-regulated learning (Kim et al., 2023).”
Responsive Open Learning Environments
Kroop, S., Mikroyannidis, A., & Wolpers, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02399-1 · Cited by 30
College 101 Courses for Applied Learning and Student Success
Karp, M. M., Bickerstaff, S., Rucks‐Ahidiana, Z., et al. (2012) · doi:10.7916/d8891f7h · Cited by 28
“…the development of the metacognitive awareness necessary for problem-solving (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000; Bransford & Stein, 1993; Davidson, Deuser, & Sternberg, 1994; Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Römer, 1993; Flavell, 1979; Hiebert & Grouws, 2007; Perin & Hare, 2010; Singley & Anderson, 1989).”
Method‘That's not quite the way we see it’: the epistemological challenge of visual data
Wall, K., Higgins, S., Hall, E., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/1743727x.2012.730278 · Cited by 28
“2005), Metacognitive knowledge, and Metacognitive skilfulness (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition: New Issues and Approaches Guest Editors' Introduction
Otani, H., & Widner, R. L. (2005) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.132.4.329-334 · Cited by 29
Bröcker, A., Bayer, S., Stuke, F., Giemsa, P., Heinz, A., Bermpohl, F., Lysaker, P. H., & Montag, C. (2017) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12122 · Cited by 33
“…behavioural regulation (control), and metacognitive accuracy as the degree of correspondence between subjective judgement andactual performance (Bacon, Izaute,&Danion, 2007; Flavell, 1979; Fleming,Weil,Nagy, Dolan,&Rees, 2010;Koren et al., 2004; Veenman,VanHout-Wolters,&Afflerbach, 2006).”
BackgroundPracticing for the Future: Deliberate Practice in Early Childhood
Brinums, M., Imuta, K., & Suddendorf, T. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12938 · Cited by 27
Mokhothu, T. M., & Callaghan, C. W. (2018) · Acta Commercii · doi:10.4102/ac.v18i1.499 · Cited by 28
“It is possible that the metacognitive cognitions allowing for deep information processing in relation to culture (Flavell 1979; Rose et al. 2010) might also have other information processing benefits for academic performance.”
BackgroundZohar, A. E., & Lustov, E. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.76592 · Cited by 34
The Influence of Metacognitive Beliefs on Sleeping Difficulties in Older Adults
Sella, E., Cellini, N., Miola, L., Sarlo, M., & Borella, E. (2018) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12140 · Cited by 29
Desoete, A., Baten, E., Vercaemst, V., Busschere, A. D., Baudonck, M., & Vanhaeke, J. (2018) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-018-01020-w · Cited by 38
“…has been introduced to describe and explain how people gain control over their learning and thinking, particularly in the case of cognitive failures and difficulties they meet when dealing with information processing and mathematical tasks (Efklides and Sideridis 2009; Flavell 1976; 1979; 1987).”
BackgroundEnhanced default mode connectivity predicts metacognitive accuracy in traumatic brain injury.
Grossner, E. C., Bernier, R. A., Brenner, E. K., Chiou, K. S., Hong, J. S., & Hillary, F. G. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000559 · Cited by 29
“Metacognition, the ability to evaluate one’s own cognitive processes in the moment of task completion, is one commonly disrupted cognitive process following TBI (Flavell, 1979; Chiou & Hillary, 2012; Kennedy, 2001).”
BackgroundHomework as a metacognitive tool in an undergraduate physics course
Mota, A. R., Körhasan, N. D., Miller, K., & Mazur, E. (2019) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.010136 · Cited by 28
“The literature tends to distinguish two components of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge, also called knowledge of cognition, and metacognitive regulation (or regulation of cognition) [17 – 19].”
InfluentialJia, W., Zhu, H., Ni, Y., Su, J., Xu, R., Jia, H., & Wan, X. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24887 · Cited by 31
“2020;41:1445–1458. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/hbm 1445 referred to as metacognition (Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009; Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
The neural basis of metacognitive monitoring during arithmetic in the developing brain
Bellon, E., Fias, W., Ansari, D., & Smedt, B. D. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25142 · Cited by 26
“Understanding the neural basis of metacognition is essential, as this higher-order process supports reflection upon and control of other cognitive processes, and occupies a central role in human cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition, Mindfulness Attention Awareness, and Their Relationships with Depression and Anxiety
Aldahadha, B. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00367-y · Cited by 27
“Moreover, both concepts offer a different level of cognitive structure called the automated process or continuous process of metacognitions (Flavell 1979; Nelson 1996; Nelson and Narens 1994).”
BackgroundKaranja, E., & Malone, L. C. (2020) · Journal of International Education in Business · doi:10.1108/jieb-05-2020-0038 · Cited by 41
Efficacy of Smart Speaker–Based Metamemory Training in Older Adults: Case-Control Cohort Study
Kim, J., Shin, E., Han, K., Park, S., Youn, J. H., Jin, G., & Lee, J.-Y. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20177 · Cited by 28
“The term “metamemory” was introduced by Flavell [1] and it refers to a type of metacognition, meaning the knowledge and awareness of an individual's own memory, including the contents and processes of their memory system [2].”
On the Gap between Domestic Robotic Applications and Computational Intelligence
Zhong, J., Ling, C., Cangelosi, A., Lotfi, A., & Liu, X. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10070793 · Cited by 29
“The meta-cognition is also defined [145] as”
Metacognitive Feelings as a Source of Information for the Creative Process: A Conceptual Exploration
Puente‐Díaz, R. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11030049 · Cited by 27
“Metacognition scholars suggest three facets of metacognition: knowledge, experiences, and monitoring and control (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundErskine, D. L. (2010) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 27
Do mathematics learning facilitators implement metacognitive strategies
van der Walt, M., & Maree, J. G. (2007) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · doi:10.4314/saje.v27i2.44145 · Cited by 28
Using the IMS LD Standard to Describe Learning Designs
Koper, R., & Miao, Y. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-861-1.ch003 · Cited by 28
“As there is the possibility of large individual differences in cognitive processing, for example, because of differences in prior knowledge (Dochy, 1992), meta-cognition (Flavell, 1979; Brown, 1980), motivation (Malone, 1981) and learning styles (Vermunt, 1996), the assumption of predictable behaviour falls away, and…”
BackgroundThe Effects of Service-Based Learning on Metacognitive Strategies During an Engineering Design Task
Lemons, G., Carberry, A. R., Swan, C., & Jarvin, L. (2011) · International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship · doi:10.24908/ijsle.v6i2.3561 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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