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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
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An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Items 1,701–1,800 of 10,404
Michailovs, S., Visser, T. A. W., Huf, S., & Loft, S. D. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000126 · Cited by 37
Maras, K., Gamble, T., & Brosnan, M. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317722028 · Cited by 40
“I am better at arithmetic than I am at spelling; Flavell, 1979; Lockl and Schneider, 2007; Nelson and Narens, 1990; Schraw and Moshman, 1995).”
BackgroundPromentilla, M. A. B., Lucas, R. I. G., Aviso, K. B., et al. (2017) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.086 · Cited by 37
Metacognition, Positioning and Emotions in Mathematical Activities
Daher, W. M., Anabousy, A. A., & Jabarin, R. (2018) · International Journal of Research in Education and Science · doi:10.21890/ijres.383184 · Cited by 41
Kırbulut, Z. D., & Uzuntiryaki-Kondakçı, E. (2019) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2019.1585594 · Cited by 39
“Flavell and his colleagues (Flavell, 1979; Flavell, Miller, &Miller, 2002) distinguished among metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring and self-regulation, andmetacognitive experiences.”
BackgroundInfluentialMyers, S. G., Solem, S., & Adrian Wells, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01871 · Cited by 36
“Metacognition refers to the beliefs, processes and strategies used when cognition is interpreted, monitored or controlled (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMeasuring and investigating strategic knowledge about drawing to solve geometry modelling problems
Rellensmann, J., Schukajlow, S., & Leopold, C. (2019) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-019-01085-1 · Cited by 37
Review and Use of Learning Theories within Computer Science Education Research
Szabo, C., Falkner, N., Petersen, A., Bort, H., Cunningham, K. I., Donaldson, P., Hellas, A., Robinson, J., & Sheard, J. (2019) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3344429.3372504 · Cited by 40
Amini, D., Anhari, M. H., & Ghasemzadeh, A. (2020) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2020.1787018 · Cited by 38
“According to J. J. Flavell (1979), MC is composed of four metacognitive elements of knowledge, experience, goals or tasks, and strategies or actions.”
BackgroundMethodGrinschgl, S., Meyerhoff, H. S., Schwan, S., & Papenmeier, F. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01435-9 · Cited by 38
“…beliefs— referring to general beliefs about one’s person stored in long-term memory (e.g., beliefs about one’s memory abilities)—and metacognitive experiences—referring to task-specific knowledge that is present before, during, or while performing a cognitive task (Efklides, 2008; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMeasuring epistemologies in science learning and teaching: A systematic review of the literature
Lee, S. W., Luan, H., Lee, M., Chang, H., Liang, J., Lee, Y., Lin, T., Wu, A., Chiu, Y., & Tsai, C. (2021) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21663 · Cited by 37
Chen, C., Liu, T.-K., & Huang, S.-K. (2021) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2021.1983894 · Cited by 41
“Metacognition is defined as the knowledge and regulation of one’s own cognitive activities (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBeating the odds: Identifying the top predictors of resilience among Hong Kong students
Wang, F., King, R. B., & Leung, S. O. (2022) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-022-09939-z · Cited by 39
“…Wang et al. 1 3 from several different theoretical perspectives into one model, such as metacognition (meta-cognition: assess credibility; Flavell, 1979), intrinsic motivation (joy of reading; Ryan & Deci, 2000; perceived teacher’s interest, Schiefele & Schaffner, 2015), self-efficacy…”
BackgroundTechnology-Rich Tools to Support Self-Regulated Learning and Performance in Medicine
Lajoie, S. P., Naismith, L. M., Poitras, E., Hong, Y.-J., Cruz-Panesso, I., Ranellucci, J., Mamane, S., & Wiseman, J. (2013) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_16 · Cited by 39
Executive wisdom: Coaching and the emergence of virtuous leaders.
Kilburg, R. R. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11464-000 · Cited by 38
Brosnan, M., Johnson, H., Grawemeyer, B., Chapman, E., Antoniadou, K., & Hollinworth, M. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315589477 · Cited by 42
“…(‘procedural’), which encompasses the awareness of one’s own cognition (metacognitive monitoring) and the capacity to control appropriate cognitive responses to the monitoring (metacognitive regulation: Flavell, 1979; Lockl and Schneider, 2002; Nelson and Narens, 1990; Schraw and Moshman, 1995).”
BackgroundMetacognitions Across the Continuum of Smoking Dependence
Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004293 · Cited by 37
“A number of theorists (e.g. Flavell, 1979; Moses and Baird, 1999; Wells, 2000) have distinguished between two broad dimensions of metacognition: (1) knowledge about cognition – that which is knowable and reportable; and (2) the regulation of cognition – the planning, evaluating, monitoring and…”
BackgroundAssessing metacognitive knowledge in web-based CALL: a neural network approach
Yeh, S.-W., & Lo, J. (2004) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2003.12.019 · Cited by 37
Reading Interests and Habits of the Federal Polytechnic, OFFA, Students
Issa, A. O., Aliyu, M. B., Akangbe, R. B., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Learning and Development · doi:10.5296/ijld.v2i1.1470 · Cited by 37
“org/ijld 474 taking control of their own reading and that they are lacking in meta cognition, knowledge, and control of the four variables: person, goal, task, and strategies (Baker & Brown, 1984; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialStolp, S., & Zabrucky, K. M. (2009) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 37
The Effect of 3D-Modeling Training on Students’ Spatial Reasoning Relative to Gender and Grade
Šafhalter, A., Bakračevič, K., & Glodež, S. (2015) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633115620430 · Cited by 37
“Flavell (1979) also believed that formallogical thinking could not be considered a characteristic of and universal for all adolescents between the ages of 11 and 15; in addition, individuals progress from one stage to another more gradually (Flavell, 1985) and changes within individual stages also…”
BackgroundSecond Language Listening Expertise
Goh, C. C. M. (2005) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230523470_4 · Cited by 38
Dynamic Transfer: A Perspective from Physics Education Research
Hrepić, Z. (2005) · CSU ePress (Columbus State University) · Cited by 37
A Study on Metacognitive Thinking Skills of University Students
Çoşkun, Y. (2018) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v6i3.2931 · Cited by 43
“In particular, Flavell and other scientists have used the concept of metacognition in their researches on preschool and elementary school children in the 1970s (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSelf- regulation and motivation in computer- supported collaborative learning environments
Järvelä, S., Hurme, T.-R., & Järvenoja, H. (2010) · doi:10.4324/9780203847817-28 · Cited by 37
Renkl, A. (2014) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41291-2_1 · Cited by 44
Stolarek, E. A. (1994) · Research in the Teaching of English · doi:10.58680/rte199415382 · Cited by 37
Verbal-Report data and Introspective Methods in Second Language Research : State of the Art
Matsumoto, K. (1993) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/003368829302400103 · Cited by 37
Thought-Provoking Software: Juxtaposing Symbol Systems
Dickson, W. P. (1985) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x014005030 · Cited by 37
“It is my belief that experiences in translating between symbol sys tems, especially to the extent that the learner is aware of the process, may contribute to the development of metacognitive awareness and higher-order problem-solving skills (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: Current Directions
Corcoran, K. M., & Segal, Z. V. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.1.33 · Cited by 37
“Studies by Flavell (1979) and others have documented greater problem solving and enhanced learning when these strategies are employed.”
BackgroundWhy Metacognition Is Not Always Helpful
Norman, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01537 · Cited by 43
“…number of scientific papers and books have addressed metacognition since the concept was first introduced in the 1970s (Flavell and Wellman, 1977; Flavell, 1979), and a variety of methodological approaches have been developed and applied within different psychological subdisciplines Frontiers in…”
BackgroundTorregrosa, A., Albarracín, L., & Piquet, J. D. (2021) · Bolema Boletim de Educação Matemática · doi:10.1590/1980-4415v35n69a05 · Cited by 36
The Effect of Peer Assessment on Non-Cognitive Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis
Li, H., Bialo, J. A., Xiong, Y., Hunter, C. V., & Guo, X. (2021) · Applied Measurement in Education · doi:10.1080/08957347.2021.1933980 · Cited by 42
“First, meta-cognition refers to “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”
Wei, L., Liu, C., & Tseng, J. C. R. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13358 · Cited by 39
Exploring Autonomy in the AI Wilderness: Learner Challenges and Choices
Alm, A. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14121369 · Cited by 38
Introduction: Metacognition, more than the lognes monster
Desoete, A., & Özsoy, G. (2009) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 36
McKinney, K. G. (2007) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.1177/0092055x0703500201 · Cited by 38
Self-Regulated Learning in Video Game Environments
Zap, N., & Code, J. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-808-6.ch042 · Cited by 39
Teng, M. F. (2018) · Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/resla.15071.ten · Cited by 36
“Metacognition generally involves learners’ knowledge and the awareness of their own cognitive processes and outcomes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Strategies in Academic Writing
Göçtü, R. (2017) · Journal of Education in Black Sea Region · doi:10.31578/jebs.v2i2.44 · Cited by 36
“Flavell (1979) is considered to be one of the first scholars to introduce the term metacognition in the field of education.”
BackgroundAsesmen Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi
Mahanal, S. (2019) · Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan e-Saintika · doi:10.36312/e-saintika.v3i2.128 · Cited by 36
Michalsky, T. (2020) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09251-7 · Cited by 48
“Metacognition – an individual’s awareness and control over their own thinking and learning strategies – is one of the main components of effective science learning, which consists of both higher-order thinking and self-regulated learning (Brown 1987; Flavell 1979; Schraw and Moshman 1995).”
BackgroundVuorre, M., & Metcalfe, J. (2021) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09257-1 · Cited by 38
“To successfully improve learning, it is important that people are able to monitor what they know and what they don’t know (Bjork 1994; Flavell 1979; Metcalfe 2009; Nelson et al. 1994; Nelson and Narens 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialBritten, R. A., Wellman, L. L., & Sanford, L. D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.027 · Cited by 37
Metacognition and the Use of Tools
Clarebout, G., Elen, J., Collazo, N. A. J., Lust, G., & Jiang, L. (2013) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_13 · Cited by 39
Moseley, D. V., Baumfield, V. M., Higgins, S., Mei, L., Miller, J., Newton, D., Robson, S., Elliott, J., & Gregson, M. (2004) · Cited by 36
10 Motivational concepts and personality aspects across the life course
Wohlkinger, F., Ditton, H., von Maurice, J., Haugwitz, M., & Blossfeld, H. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-011-0184-5 · Cited by 36
“The NEPS is investigating declarative as well as procedural aspects of metacognition (cf., e.g., the conceptualization by Flavell 1979 ).”
BackgroundAydın, S. (2015) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v4i2.1113 · Cited by 36
“Metacognition is a person's being informed and conscious about his or her own cognition (Flavell, 1979; Zimmerman, 2002).”
BackgroundMental Contrasting of Future and Reality
Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., & Brinkmann, B. J. (2010) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000018 · Cited by 40
“Importantly, however, the present research adds to the literature in that we established a brief intervention to induce mental contrasting versus indulging as metacognitive strategies (Brinol & DeMarree, in press; Flavell, 1979; Metcalfe, 2003) or higher order executive processes (Sternberg, 1997).”
BackgroundResultSpontaneous Allocation of Study Time by First- and Third-Grade Children in a Simple Memory Task
Kobasigawa, A., & Metcalfe-Haggert, A. (1993) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1993.9914736 · Cited by 34
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Why from Teaching to Learning?
Niemi, H. (2009) · European Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2304/eerj.2009.8.1.1 · Cited by 37
Cognitions about Cognitions: The Theory of Metacognition.
Noushad, P. P. (2008) · Cited by 35
Surface, Deep, and Transfer? Considering the Role of Content Literacy Instructional Strategies
Frey, N., Fisher, D., & Hattie, J. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1002/jaal.576 · Cited by 36
“• Metacognitive strategies (Flavell, 1979): They build the habits of self-reflection and self-monitoring.”
BackgroundMakris, Ν., Tachmatzidis, D., Δημητρίου, Α., & Spanoudis, G. C. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.01.006 · Cited by 37
Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1986) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-088583-4.50006-6 · Cited by 36
Metacognitive Skills in Diagnostic Reasoning: Making the Implicit Explicit
Pesut, D. J., & Herman, J. (1992) · International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications · doi:10.1111/j.1744-618x.1992.tb00530.x · Cited by 36
“Cognitive strategies are used to make cognitive progress, whereas metacognitive strategies are used to monitor and manipulate cognitive progress (Flavell, 1979) Development of metacognition involves movement from conscious other-regulated thinking to conscious self-regulated thinking (Reeve &…”
Metamemory in temporal lobe epilepsy: Self-monitoring of memory functions
Prevey, M. L., Delaney, R. C., & Mattson, R. H. (1988) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90004-8 · Cited by 36
“Inc. INTRODUCTION This study explores metamemory and related executive control functions (e.g., Neisser, 1967) which a number of theorists contend play a crucial role in learning and memory (Brown, 1975; Flavell, 1979; Reitman, 1970).”
BackgroundThe Meaning of Wisdom and Its Development Throughout Life
Karelitz, T. M., Jarvin, L., & Sternberg, R. J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001023 · Cited by 36
Leader and Team Adaptation: The Influence and Development of Key Attributes and Processes
Zaccaro, S. J., Banks, D., Kiechel-Koles, L., Kemp, C. F., & Bader, P. K. (2009) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ada507989 · Cited by 36
“Metacognition refers to a process of reflecting upon one’s own cognitive and problem solving processes (Davidson et al., 1994; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundA meta-analysis and critical review of metacognitive accuracy in autism
Carpenter, K. L., & Williams, D. M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221106004 · Cited by 36
“Metacognition refers to cognitions about our own mental states (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing Metacognitive Regulation during Problem Solving: A Comparison of Three Measures
Zepeda, C. D., & Nokes‐Malach, T. J. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11010016 · Cited by 54
“Metacognition is a multi-faceted phenomenon that involves both the awareness and regulation of one’s cognitions (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundKhosravi, R., Dastgoshadeh, A., & Jalilzadeh, K. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00264-8 · Cited by 62
“Flavell (1979), recognized as an early advocate in introducing the metacognition concept, proposed that metacognition encompasses two elements: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experience.”
BackgroundKharroubi, S., & Mediouni, A. E. (2024) · International Journal of Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.36892/ijlls.v6i2.1649 · Cited by 71
Elucidating the process-based emphasis in cognitive behavioral therapy
Ryum, T., & Kazantzis, N. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100819 · Cited by 50
Robson, S. (2015) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2015.1057581 · Cited by 35
“However, the majority of work has been carried out since the 1970s, arising from the work of Flavell and colleagues (Brown, 1975, 1987; Flavell, 1976, 1979), including Flavell’s coining of the term ‘metacognition’: “Metacognition” refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes…”
BackgroundPate, M. L., & Miller, G. S. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural Education · doi:10.5032/jae.2011.01120 · Cited by 35
“Flavell (1979) stated that metacognitive knowledge “can lead you to select, evaluate, revise, and abandon cognitive tasks, goals, and strategies in light of their relationships with one another and with your own abilities and interests with respect to that enterprise” (p. 908). Schraw (1998) contended that metacogniti…”
BackgroundInfluentialPengnate, S. F., & Antonenko, P. (2012) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2012.735185 · Cited by 35
“…Norman’s (2003) emotional design model emphasizes the role of the reflective level as the top level of this framework, users’ metacognitive skills—that is, the ability to monitor and regulate, or reflect on one’s cognitive processing (Flavell, 1979)—should be paramount to determining online trust.”
BackgroundChange Over Time in First Graders’ Strategic Use of Information at Point of Difficulty in Reading
McGee, L. M., Kim, H., Nelson, K., et al. (2015) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.98 · Cited by 35
Developing Scholarly Thinking Using Mind Maps in Graduate Nursing Education
Kotcherlakota, S., Zimmerman, L. M., & Berger, A. M. (2013) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/01.nne.0000435264.15495.51 · Cited by 35
“This tool was chosen because mind mapping is a strategy that assists students to use critical thinking skills in organizing and presenting their research concepts of interest, thus to make cognitive progress.(3) The mind mapping teaching strategy is combined with the fishbowl technique that is based on the Socratic me…”
BackgroundMethodReading an Analogy Can Cause the Illusion of Comprehension
Jaeger, A. J., & Wiley, J. (2015) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2015.1026679 · Cited by 39
“One important aspect of metacognition during reading is the subjective assessment of one’s own cognitive state (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundOnline Learning: Student Role and Readiness.
Vonderwell, S., & Savery, J. (2004) · The turkish online journal of educational technology · Cited by 35
How creative potential is related to metacognition
Lizárraga, M. L. S. D. A., & Baquedano, M. T. S. D. A. (2013) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · doi:10.1989/ejep.v6i2.104 · Cited by 35
Metacognitive Strategies and Reading Comprehension Enhancement in Iranian Intermediate EFL Setting
Jafari, D., & Ketabi, S. (2012) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v4i3.1684 · Cited by 35
“Metacognition development can be described as a development in one's metacognitive abilities, i.e., the move to greater knowledge, awareness and control of one's learning, Flavell (1979) and Baried (1990).”
BackgroundStrategy use, listening problems, and motivation of high- and low-proficiency Chinese listeners
Lau, K. (2016) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2015.1134421 · Cited by 35
“…refers to an individual’s metacognitive knowledge of personal ability, task, and strategy, and the control aspect, to an individual’s executive ability to flexibly control and monitor his or her cognitive process to overcome difficulties and achieve a specific goal (Flavell, 1979; Garner, 1987).”
BackgroundBosenbark, D. D., Krivitzky, L. S., Ichord, R., Jastrzab, L. E., & Billinghurst, L. L. (2016) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1225708 · Cited by 38
“above), preschool-aged children have yet to develop these skills (Flavell, 1979; Flavell, Green, & Flavell, 1995) and therefore do not exhibit delayed skills in this particular domain, as such skills are not yet expected of them.”
BackgroundKey Educational Factors in the education of students with a medical condition
Capurso, M., & Dennis, J. L. (2017) · Support for Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9604.12156 · Cited by 48
Preserved metacognitive ability despite unilateral or bilateral anterior prefrontal resection
Lemaitre, A., Herbet, G., Duffau, H., & Lafargue, G. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.10.004 · Cited by 35
“Metacognition allows the reorganization of ongoing mental operations and thus changes in cognitive strategies and action plans (Flavell, 1979; Nelson &Narens, 1990; Nelson &Narens, 1994).”
ORTAOKUL ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ÜST BİLİŞSEL FARKINDALIKLARI İLE ÖZ YETERLİK ALGILARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ*
Oğuz, A., & Kalender, D. K. (2018) · Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama · doi:10.17244/eku.319267 · Cited by 40
Neural correlates of social cognitive introspective accuracy in schizophrenia
Pinkham, A. E., Klein, H., Hardaway, G. B., Kemp, K. C., & Harvey, P. D. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.001 · Cited by 35
Puente‐Díaz, R., & Cavazos‐Arroyo, J. (2018) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.384 · Cited by 35
Mellinger, C. D. (2019) · Perspectives · doi:10.1080/0907676x.2019.1566390 · Cited by 35
“on one proposed by Flavell (1979) and, as Shreve suggests, metacognitive activity is intentional, conscious, and requires active, strategic use of cognitive resources.”
BackgroundErenler, S., & Çetin, P. S. (2019) · International Journal of Research in Education and Science · Cited by 35
Recognizing early childhood as a critical time for developing and supporting self-regulation
Perry, N. E. (2019) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09213-8 · Cited by 55
“Similarly, educational psychologists stress the role of metacognition (awareness of person, task, and strategy variables; Flavell 1979) and strategic action in self-regulation.”
BackgroundStudy strategies of first-year undergraduates with and without dyslexia and the effect of gender
Tops, W., Glatz, T., Premchand, A., Callens, M., & Brysbaert, M. (2019) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2019.1703580 · Cited by 36
“An important factor related to study skills is metacognition, which has been de fi ned by Flavell (1976), Flavell (1979)) as ‘ cognition about cognition ’ .”
BackgroundBae, H., & Kwon, K. (2019) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2019.1707068 · Cited by 56
“Metacognition, which can be simply understood as thinking about thinking (Flavell 1979), consists of metacognitive knowledge andmetacognitive regulation (Flavell 1979; Schraw and”
BackgroundTime and Performance in Online Learning: Applying the Theoretical Perspective of Metacognition
Zhao, L. F., & Ye, C. (2020) · Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education · doi:10.1111/dsji.12216 · Cited by 38
Kácovský, P., Jedličková, T., Kuba, R., Snětinová, M., Surynková, P., Vrhel, M., & Urválková, E. S. (2021) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2021.1978557 · Cited by 41
“Despite these guidelines, distinguishing the Metacognitive type of knowledge (not only from other types of knowledge but also from the affective domain) is a particularly complex task, which can be nevertheless facilitated by supplementing the original description of Metacognitive knowledge with other sources and by s…”
BackgroundMethodMeta-cognitive Strategy Usage and Epistemological Beliefs of Primary School Teacher Trainees
Belet, Ş. D., & Güven, M. (2011) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · Cited by 36
Yu, F., Tsai, H.-C., & Wu, H.-L. (2013) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.197 · Cited by 37
“…by researchers examining student question-generation is metacognition, which emphasizes the role of executive processes in overseeing and regulating a person's cognitive processes, such as planning, monitoring, predicting, evaluating and revising (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Livingston, 2003).”
BackgroundPromoting Pre-service Teacher Education Students' Reflective Practice in Mathematics
Kaminski, E. (2003) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/13598660301619 · Cited by 36
Lai, J., Zelko, F. A. J., Butt, Z. A., Cella, D. F., Kieran, M. W., Krull, K. R., Magasi, S. R., & Goldman, S. (2010) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1230-y · Cited by 35
“A third and equally important reason stems from the gradual emergence over time of children’s metacognition or knowledge about their own cognitive processes [30, 31].”
Narrative learning, EAL and metacognitive development
Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. (2007) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430701379074 · Cited by 35
“One possible difficulty in applying metacognition with EAL learners is the question of which language is used within a learner’s repertoire: if we take ‘metacognitive awareness’ as learners’ knowledge of their own mental processes, including awareness of how they understand, learn and remember (Flavell, 1979 ), then t…”
Value of a Scale Used to Measure Metacognitive Reading Awareness
McLain, K. V. M., Gridley, B. E., & McIntosh, D. E. (1991) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1991.10702817 · Cited by 35
Canin, L., Dolcini, M. M., & Adler, N. E. (1999) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.338 · Cited by 36
“As a more global strategy, metacognitive interventions that educate individuals about the nature of cognitive processes, including memory, comprehension, cognitive resources, and selfperception, can serve to enhance self-awareness and self-monitoring (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundWorkplace learning and the metacognitive functions of routines
Munby, H., Versnel, J., Hutchinson, N. L., Chin, P., & Berg, D. H. (2003) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/13665620310468432 · Cited by 40
“Since its initial conceptualization (Flavell, 1979), researchers have further operationalized metacognition as conscious and deliberate processes (thoughts and actions) directed at task engagement (e.”
BackgroundEffects of self‐explanation as a metacognitive strategy for solving mathematical word problems1
Tajika, H., Nakatsu, N., Nozaki, H., Neumann, E., & Maruno, S. (2007) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2007.00349.x · Cited by 35
On-line and Off-line Assesment of Metacognition
Karakelle, Ş., & Biryan, S. S. (2012) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 36
Pea, R. D., Soloway, E. M., & Spohrer, J. (1987) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 38
Jackson, S., Kleitman, S., & Aidman, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115689 · Cited by 40
“[27, 28]).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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