The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. (2022) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v35i1.7275 · Cited by 26
Krieglstein, F., Schneider, S., Gröninger, J., Beege, M., Nebel, S., Wesenberg, L., Suren, M., & Rey, G. D. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104702 · Cited by 33
Critical Thinking and Its Relation to Strategic Processing
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Monitoring communication with patients: analyzing judgments of satisfaction (JOS)
Wagner‐Menghin, M. M., de Bruin, A. B. H., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2015) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-015-9642-9 · Cited by 26
Crossing Liminal Spaces: Teaching the Postcolonial Gothic
Wisker, G. (2007) · Pedagogy Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature Language Composition and Culture · doi:10.1215/15314200-2007-007 · Cited by 26
Empirical evidence for the existence and uses of metacognition in computer science problem solving
Parham, J., Gugerty, L. J., & Stevenson, D. E. (2010) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/1734263.1734406 · Cited by 26
“According to Flavell, metacognition is the control one has over their own cognition and learning [5]; whereas, J.”
BackgroundThomas, G. P., & Anderson, D. P. (2012) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-012-9308-z · Cited by 25
“Flavell (1979, 1981) and Flavell et al. (2002) identified metacognitive knowledge as a key element of metacognition.”
BackgroundInfluentialCultural-Familial Predictors of Children's Metacognitive and Academic Performance
Wang, A. Y. (1993) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568549309594844 · Cited by 26
A conceptual framework for understanding self-regulation in adults
MacKenzie, M. B., Mezo, P. G., & Francis, S. E. B. (2011) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.07.001 · Cited by 33
Πλατσίδου, Μ., & Sipitanou, A. A. (2014) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2014.778 · Cited by 26
“As they get older and more cognitively mature, their metacognitive abilities are refined and they become more experienced in rating and ranking themselves vis-a-vis their peers (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundCleverley, P. H., Burnett, S., & Muir, L. J. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23595 · Cited by 27
“Metacognition has been described as ‘thinking about thinking’ (Hacker et al. 1998, Flavell 1979), executive processes that control planning, monitoring and reflection, how we ‘know what we know’ and ‘know that we don’t know’.”
BackgroundDetermining e-Portfolio Elements in Learning Process Using Fuzzy Delphi Analysis
Mohamad, S. N. A., Embi, M. A., & Nordin, N. M. (2015) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v8n9p171 · Cited by 26
“These skills allows learners concurrently to control, monitor and regulate a different level cognitive process (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSwitch or persevere? The effects of experience and metacognition on persistence decisions
Mattingly, E. S., Kushev, T. N., Ahuja, M. K., & Ma, D. (2016) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-016-0391-x · Cited by 27
Lien, H.-Y. (2016) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294116659711 · Cited by 30
“Research has shown that metacognition is a powerful indicator of learning in general (Flavell, 1979; Veenman & Elshout, 1995), and researchers assert that metacognition is a stronger predictor of FL achievement than is intelligence (Pishghadam & Khajavy, 2013) and learning performance (Coutinho, 2007; Kruger & Dunning…”
BackgroundBaltacı, S., Yıldız, A., & Özçakır, B. (2016) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v5n4p78 · Cited by 40
Consciousness in Dreaming A Metacognitive Approach
Kahan, T. L. (2001) · Scholar Commons (Santa Clara University) · Cited by 30
Proactive help-seeking: Preschoolers know when they need help, but do not always ask for it
Was, A. M., & Warneken, F. (2017) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.02.010 · Cited by 24
“Although young children tend to overestimate their skill level or performance, e.g., in memorization tasks (Flavell, 1979; Flavell, Friedrichs, & Hoyt, 1970), they are able to reflect upon their uncertainty (termed uncertainty monitoring).”
BackgroundCritical Thinking : Conceptual Perspectives and Practical Guidelines
Dwyer, C. P. (2017) · Cited by 26
Hamilton, K., Mancuso, V., Mohammed, S., Tesler, R., & McNeese, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/1555343417731429 · Cited by 25
“Metacognition captures the awareness that one has of his or her cognitive processes when completing a task (Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1994).”
BackgroundAnswer changing in testing situations: the role of metacognition in deciding which answers to review
Stylianou-Georgiou, A., & Papanastasiou, E. C. (2017) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2017.1390479 · Cited by 26
“The term ”metacognition” was introduced by Flavell (1979), who proposed that metacognition consists of three facets:metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, and metacognitive skills.”
BackgroundMetacognitive instructional behaviours of preschool teachers in mathematical activities
Temur, Ö. D., Özsoy, G., & Turgut, S. (2019) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-019-01069-1 · Cited by 30
“Metacognition can be described as the cognition of an individual about cognitive processes and a critical analysis of opinions (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialMetacognitive Training in Chemistry Tutor Sessions Increases First Year Students’ Self-Efficacy
Graham, K. J., Bohn-Gettler, C. M., & Raigoza, A. F. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00170 · Cited by 30
The Development of a Metacognition Instrument for College Students to Solve Physics Problems
Haeruddin, H., Prasetyo, Z. K., & Supahar, S. (2019) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13149a · Cited by 26
Fostering Practice-Based Innovation Through Reflection at Work
Nilsén, P., & Ellström, P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21723-4_9 · Cited by 27
Executive Control Processes in Learning: Why Knowing about How to Learn is Not Enough
Weinstein, C. E. (1988) · Journal of College Reading and Learning · doi:10.1080/10790195.1988.10849920 · Cited by 26
Metacognitive judgments-of-learning in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Wojcik, D. Z., Waterman, A., Lestié, C., Moulin, C., & Souchay, C. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313479453 · Cited by 28
“Metamemory encapsulates beliefs, sensations and knowledge about memory function (e.g. Flavell, 1979), including knowledge of factors affecting memory performance, the memory abilities of others and the effect of memory strategies (e.g. Flavell, 1979; Flavell et al., 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes Theory Guide Teaching Practice?
Swanson, H. L. (1984) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193258400500504 · Cited by 25
Social Studies Teacher Education
Halvorsen, A., & Wilson, S. M. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00683-7 · Cited by 27
Orthographic Problem-Solving Ability of Learning Disabled and Normally Achieving Students
Gerber, M. M. (1984) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1510315 · Cited by 26
“Using Flavell's conceptualization of metacognition (e.g., see Flavell, 1979), we asked younger and older elementary-school LD and younger normally achieving students to identify which task, person, and strategy variables influenced spelling performance.”
Video-Conference Interviews: Ethical and Methodological Concerns in the Context of Health Research
Brown, N. (2018) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526441812 · Cited by 39
Instructional Design and Assessment
Rost, M. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119554189.ch16 · Cited by 26
Scherer-Dickson, N. (2004) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070410001728253 · Cited by 25
“Moreover, Flavell (1979) and Moses and Baird (1998) distinguish between three major components of metacognition: ‘metacognitive knowledge’, ‘metacognitive experience’ and ‘metacognitive regulation’.”
BackgroundNeuropsychological Research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions
Kashyap, H., & Abramovitch, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721601 · Cited by 25
“Some aspects of meta-cognition that may impact cognitive function include self-efficacy (66), selfstigma (67), attitudes toward neuropsychological testing (61), and hyper monitoring of one’s performance (68).”
BackgroundNarratives distinguish experienced from imagined childhood events
Krackow, E. (2010) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.1.0071 · Cited by 25
“Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring:”
BackgroundKim, Y., Zepeda, C. D., & Butler, A. C. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09800-x · Cited by 39
“Despite drawing upon similar sources (e.g., Flavell, 1979) and having the same general goal of understanding self-regulation of learning, the disparate approaches of the two fields coupled with the lack of communication across them has created numerous problems that hinder scientific progress.”
BackgroundHartelt, T., & Martens, H. (2024) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21938 · Cited by 31
“…models of self-regulated learning (especially Efklides, 2011; Pintrich, 2000; Winne & Hadwin, 1998) is metacognition , which can be defined as “ knowledge about and regulation of one's cognitive activities in learning processes ” (Veenman et al., 2006, p. 3; see also Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
Meta-analysis of Interventions for Monitoring Accuracy in Problem Solving
Janssen, N., & Lazonder, A. W. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09936-4 · Cited by 37
“The seminal article by developmental psychologist Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (p. 906).”
Ghimire, N., & Mokhtari, K. (2025) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-025-00240-3 · Cited by 48
“…comprehension and learning, enhancing reading skills and achievement through the active monitoring and control of reading processes (Azevedo, 2009; Baker, 2016; Flavell, 1979; Garner, 1987; Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002; National Reading Panel, 2000; Pressley, 2000; Pressley & Afflerbach, 1995).”
InfluentialHan, Z., Ying, R., Huang, C., Tsai, C., Wang, X., & He, T. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105422 · Cited by 30
Zafarmand, A., Ghanizadeh, A., & Akbari, O. (2014) · Advances in Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.5n.6p.112 · Cited by 27
“Flavell (1979) classified knowledge of cognition into three subcategories: person, task and strategy knowledge: Person refers to general knowledge which an individual has about human being’s cognitive capabilities.”
BackgroundInfluentialKomori, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00285 · Cited by 25
Self-directed learning research: An imperative for transforming the educational landscape
Oosthuizen, I. J., & Mentz, E. (2016) · NWU self-directed learning series · doi:10.4102/aosis.sdlr.2016.03 · Cited by 27
Interplay among technical, socio-emotional and personal factors in written feedback research
Chong, I. (2017) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2017.1317712 · Cited by 32
“…creatures who engage in cognitive tasks and experiences through employing a plethora of cognitive strategies, and that it is the ‘knowledge or beliefs about what factors or variables act and interact in what ways to affect the course and outcome of cognitive enterprises’ (Flavell 1979, 907).”
BackgroundApplying sport psychology to improve clinical performance
Church, H., Rumbold, J. L., & Sandars, J. E. (2017) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2017.1359523 · Cited by 25
“Flavell (1979) originally described three components; person, task and strategy: Person encompasses beliefs about one’s own or others’ cognitive ability.”
BackgroundInfluentialKohen, Z., & Kramarski, B. (2017) · Innovations in science education and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66659-4_13 · Cited by 28
Savarese, G., Iannaccone, A., Mollo, M., Fasano, O., Pecoraro, N., Carpinelli, L., & Cavallo, P. (2019) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2019.1600188 · Cited by 28
“…model of grasp of consciousness and to the numerous researches that later proposed notions like “metacognition”, “thinking about thinking” (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998), the elicitation setting allows students to become aware of the learning activities as an indivisible…”
BackgroundNeuropsychological model of the realization of information need
Moshfeghi, Y., & Pollick, F. E. (2019) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24242 · Cited by 24
Chapter 2: Metacognition in Mathematical Modeling – An Overview
Vorhölter, K., Krüger, A., & Wendt, L. (2019) · Advances in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04432-9_3 · Cited by 28
Wright, A. C., Nelson, B., Fowler, D. G., & Greenwood, K. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102847 · Cited by 27
“Metacognition is defined as “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979; Semerari et al., 2003) or”
BackgroundA Metacognitive Perspective of Visual Working Memory With Rich Complex Objects
Sahar, T., Sidi, Y., & Makovski, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00179 · Cited by 23
Hu, Z., Zheng, B., & Wang, X. (2020) · The Interpreter and Translator Trainer · doi:10.1080/1750399x.2020.1844436 · Cited by 28
“In cognitive psychology, the term ‘metacognition’ is defined as ‘cognition about cognitive phenomena’, or as ‘knowledge about knowing’ (Flavell 1979, 906).”
BackgroundFaber, C. J., Kajfez, R. L., Lee, D. M., Benson, L., Kennedy, M. S., & Creamer, E. G. (2021) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21736 · Cited by 32
Joshi, R. V., Hadley, D. J., Nuthikattu, S., Fok, S. W., Goldbloom‐Helzner, L., & Curtis, M. B. (2022) · Biomedical Engineering Education · doi:10.1007/s43683-022-00066-3 · Cited by 29
Learning Theories Use and Relationships in Computing Education Research
Szabo, C., & Sheard, J. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3487056 · Cited by 27
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Emergence and outlook of competence-based education in European education systems: an overview
Tchibozo, G. (2011) · HAL · doi:10.1080/17496896.2010.556487 · Cited by 25
“Developed from the 1980s onwards following the work by Flavell ( 1979 ), research on meta-cognition analyses the individual's knowledge of his or her own cognitive processes and his or her control over them.”
MethodChildren's Requests for Clarification in Investigative Interviews About Suspected Sexual Abuse
Malloy, L. C., Katz, C., Lamb, M. E., et al. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3101 · Cited by 25
Métacognition et croyances motivationnelles : un mariage de raison
Berger, J., & Büchel, F. P. (2012) · Revue française de pédagogie · doi:10.4000/rfp.3705 · Cited by 39
Metacognitive Beliefs And Negative Emotions
Tajrishi, K. Z., Mohammadkhani, S., & Jadidi, F. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.103 · Cited by 25
Tweens' characterization of digital technologies
Brito, P. Q. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.005 · Cited by 25
Urban, B. (2012) · Journal of Enterprising Culture · doi:10.1142/s0218495812500094 · Cited by 27
Connor, C., & Birchwood, M. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00213 · Cited by 25
“The “thoughts we have about our thoughts,” or our metacognitive capacity, helps us manage and control the flow of our cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe Relationship between EFL Learners’ Metacognitive Strategies, and Their Critical Thinking
Sadeghi, B., Hassani, M. T., & Rahmatkhah, M. (2014) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.4304/jltr.5.5.1167-1175 · Cited by 31
“© 2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER According to Flavell (1979) there are four model of metacognition: (1) metacognitive knowledge, (2) metacognitive experiences, (3) goals/tasks, and (4) actions/strategies.”
BackgroundMcTavish, M. (2008) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 25
Student Perception of Problem Solving Skills
Wismath, S. L., Orr, D., & Zhong, M. (2014) · Transformative Dialogues Teaching and Learning Journal · doi:10.59236/td2014vol7iss31193 · Cited by 27
“Metacognition is often loosely defined as “thinking about thinking” (Flavell 1979, 1987), and involves two main aspects: knowledge and regulation.”
BackgroundSchwonke, R. (2015) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 25
Rathburn, M. K. (2015) · Georgia Educational Researcher · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2015.090111 · Cited by 27
“Flavell (1979) and later Brown (1987), describe metacognition as a process consisting of both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences.”
BackgroundMeasuring Perceived Mental Workload in Children
Laurie‐Rose, C., Frey, M. C., Ennis, A., & Zamary, A. (2014) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.1.0107 · Cited by 25
“The first line of inquiry derives from theoretical interests in cognitive development prompted by Flavell’s (1979) seminal work on metacognition in children.”
BackgroundPrinciples for Designing Effective and Efficient Training of Complex Cognitive Skills
PAAS, F. G. W. C., & van Gog, T. (2009) · Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics · doi:10.1518/155723409x448053 · Cited by 31
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“For example, our student might monitor what she knows and does not know, and use the result of this evaluation to control subsequent study time (e.g., Crystal & Foote, 2011; Flavell, 1979; Kornell, 2009; Metcalfe, 2000).”
Konishi, M., & Smallwood, J. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1392 · Cited by 24
Gaming the gamer? – The ethics of exploiting psychological research in video games
Søraker, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society · doi:10.1108/jices-02-2015-0003 · Cited by 25
“Such an insight, sometimes referred to as a ‘metacognitive experience’ (Flavell, 1979, pp. 908-910), can more easily allow us to quit a game that, all things considered, does not really contribute to our well-being – and to realize that one’s unwillingness to quit is itself a result of manipulation.”
BackgroundPalennari, M. (2016) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/16.15.617 · Cited by 28
Within and between person associations of calibration and achievement
Rutherford, T. A. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.03.001 · Cited by 25
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de Temuco, U. C., Briesmaster, M., Pezo, P. E., & de Temuco, U. C. (2017) · Íkala Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura · doi:10.17533/udea.ikala.v22n02a02 · Cited by 35
“According to Flavell (1979, 1987), the term metacognition means knowledge about cognition.”
BackgroundMastrothanais, K., Kalianou, M., Katsifi, S., & Zouganali, A. (2018) · International Journal of Special Education (IJSE) · Cited by 25
Mogil, J. S. (2019) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000166 · Cited by 25
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“This set of psychological processes, referred to as metacognition, involves an awareness of one’s own thoughts and desires and beliefs about other people’s mental experiences (Flavell, 1979; Semerari et al., 2003).”
BackgroundNorman, E., Price, M. C., & Duff, S. C. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_4 · Cited by 26
Lawanto, O., Butler, D. L., Cartier, S. C., Santoso, H. B., Goodridge, W., Lawanto, K., & Clark, D. (2013) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 25
Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making in Organizations: Mechanisms of Effective Decision Making
Rosen, M. A., Salas, E., Lyons, R., & Fiore, S. M. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199290468.003.0011 · Cited by 27
A metacognitive approach to enhancing Chinese language speaking skills with audioblogs
Tan, Y. H., & Tan, S. C. (2010) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.1035 · Cited by 25
“Metacognition is the “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p.906), otherwise known as thinking about thinking (Livingston, 1997).”
BackgroundStudy of driver trust during cooperation with adaptive cruise control
Rajaonah, B., Anceaux, F., & Vienne, F. (2006) · Le travail humain · doi:10.3917/th.692.0099 · Cited by 24
Chapter 5: Individual Differences and School Learning Environments
Wang, M. C., & Lindvall, C. (1984) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x011001161 · Cited by 23
Thomas, G. P. (2006) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-005-3915-x · Cited by 25
“The development of students’ metacognition has been a key educational goal since the pioneering writings of Flavell (1979) and Brown (1978).”
BackgroundInfluentialSOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ABOUT CHILDREN'S STRATEGY CHOICE PROCEDURES
Siegler, R. S. (1987) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207598708246800 · Cited by 24
van Velzen, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689816651792 · Cited by 28
“The theories developed by Flavell (1979) and Brown (1987) underpin most studies on metacognitive knowledge (e.g., Kipnis & Hofstein, 2008).”
BackgroundPredictions of recall and study strategy decisions after diffuse brain injury
Kennedy, M. R. T., Carney, E. J., & Peters, S. M. (2003) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/0269905031000110436 · Cited by 26
“Metamemory also involves the ongoing relationship between self-monitoring and self-control during learning [23, 24].”
BackgroundCareer perceptions of children and adolescents
Borgen, W. A., & Young, R. A. (1982) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/0001-8791(82)90051-3 · Cited by 25
Measuring Students' Metacognition in Real-Life Situations
Al‐Hilawani, Y. A. (2003) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2003.0016 · Cited by 25
“…is consistent with the notion that metacognition includes self-awareness about one’s cognitive activities, self-regulatory behavior, cognition about cognition, analysis of a problematic situation, checking and monitoring of progress, and planning behavior (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1976, 1978, 1979).”
BackgroundMiller, G. E. (1987) · Journal of Reading Behavior · doi:10.1080/10862968709547606 · Cited by 25
“Recently there has been a growing theoretical and research interest in the development of metacognitive or self-monitoring strategies that guide and control ongoing cognitive processes (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1979; Paris & Lindauer, 1982) and the important influence of these skills on children's listening and reading c…”
BackgroundTalking to the turtle: A discourse analysis of logo instruction
Emihovich, C. A., & Miller, G. E. (1988) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638538809544698 · Cited by 26
Supplemental Literacy Instruction in High School: What Students Say Matters for Reading Engagement
Cantrell, S. C., Pennington, J., Rintamaa, M. F., Osborne, M., Parker, C., & Rudd, M. K. (2016) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2015.1081838 · Cited by 25
“Metacognition is central to strategic processing because it enables students to monitor progress toward achieving their goals (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundConceptualizing Learning Agility and Investigating its Nomological Network
Allen, J. (2016) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc000747 · Cited by 26
“Metacognition refers to an individual’s knowledge of and regulation of one’s own cognitions (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSupporting Metacognition during Exploratory Search with the OrgBox
Crescenzi, A., Ward, A. R., Li, Y., & Capra, R. (2021) · Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3404835.3462955 · Cited by 25
“, “thinking about thinking” [17]) as searchers engage in the search and learning processes.”
BackgroundAsk Systems: interrogative access to multiple ways of thinking
Jonassen, D. H. (2011) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-010-9179-9 · Cited by 24
“Metacognition includes knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundMaterial and Spiritual Poverty: A Postmodern Psychological Perspective on a Perennial Problem
Helminiak, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00873-z · Cited by 24
Are Noetic Feelings Embodied? The Case for Embodied Metacognition
Dorsch, J. (2023) · Studies in brain and mind · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16161-1_4 · Cited by 29
Xie, Y., Zeng, F., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104486 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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