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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,301–2,400 of 10,404
Metacognitive processes in psychometrically defined schizotypy
Chan, C. C., Spencer, C., West, C., Viegas, C., & Bedwell, J. S. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.006 · Cited by 24
“Flavell (1979) proposed that cognitive monitoring takes place through the interaction among four phenomena: knowledge about cognitions, affective experiences about intellectual activities, goals, and actions.”
BackgroundIs coaching an effective adjustment for dyslexic adults?
Doyle, N. E., & McDowall, A. (2015) · Coaching An International Journal of Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/17521882.2015.1065894 · Cited by 24
“Hock (2012) highlighted the need to be ‘client-led’ when coaching dyslexic students, and both Leather et al. (2011) and Zimmerman (2002) espoused the use of metacognition, a process by which one becomes self-aware of one’s own thought processes, to increase self-regulation (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundUsing Critical Thinking Rubrics to Increase Academic Performance
Hohmann, J. W., & Grillo, M. C. (2014) · Journal of College Reading and Learning · doi:10.1080/10790195.2014.949551 · Cited by 24
“It has been shown that metacognitive competencies such as monitoring and controlled learning (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979) are not only expressed, but also enhanced in the process of peer tutoring (Shamir & Lazerovitz, 2007; Shamir, Zion, & Ornitt-Spector, 2008).”
BackgroundDialectics of Mind, Body, and Place
Kusan, S. (2013) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013512131 · Cited by 26
The Beast of Aggregating Cognitive Load Measures in Technology-Based Learning.
Leppink, J., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · Cited by 25
Spellman, K. V., Deutsch, A., Mulder, C. P. H., & Conner, L. D. C. (2016) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1411 · Cited by 26
Bayındır, D., & Dağal, A. B. (2016) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2016.041106 · Cited by 24
Ease-of-learning judgments are based on both processing fluency and beliefs
Jemstedt, A., Schwartz, B. L., & Jönsson, F. U. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1410849 · Cited by 24
“Although the focus on the effect of beliefs is recent in the study of JOLs and EOLs, how metacognition is affected by beliefs is a long-standing issue in metacognition research (i.e., Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundYürük, S. E., Yılmaz, R. M., & Bilici, S. (2018) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-018-9201-5 · Cited by 25
“The author of the concept, Flavell (1979), divided the metacognitive components into “metacognitive knowledge,” which reflects on and watches over the individual’s thoughts, and “metacognitive experience,” which consciously applies thinking strategies.”
BackgroundInfluentialBègue, I., Vaessen, M. J., Hofmeister, J., Pereira, M., Schwartz, S., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy102 · Cited by 25
“…we found dissociable patterns of brain response to perceptual decision and confidence, converging with the view that metacognitive experiences do not simply emerge from sensory evidence accumulated during the task at hand (e.g. see Barron et al., 2013; Flavell, 1979; Wimmer and Shohamy, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-ratings of face recognition ability are influenced by gender but not prosopagnosia severity.
Murray, E., & Bate, S. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000707 · Cited by 23
Mathematics Anxiety and Metacognitive Processes
Morsanyi, K., Cheallaigh, N. N., & Ackerman, R. (2019) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.28.1.8 · Cited by 26
“Metacognition involves the processes by which learners plan, monitor, evaluate and change learning behaviours to suit tasks (Chauhan & Singh, 2014), and is commonly referred to as 'thinking about thinking' (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPieschl, S. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1668810 · Cited by 24
Subjective confidence acts as an internal cost-benefit factor when choosing between tasks.
Carlebach, N., & Yeung, N. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000747 · Cited by 25
“Metacognition, broadly defined as “cognitions about cognitions” (Flavell, 1979), can be divided into metacognitive knowledge (what we know about cognition in general), and the online monitoring and control of our own cognitive processes (Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
BackgroundCognition in crisis management teams: an integrative analysis of definitions
Moon, J., Sasangohar, F., Son, C., & Peres, S. C. (2020) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2020.1781936 · Cited by 24
“Metacognition (Flavell 1979) originated from the context of young children’s learning as a construct referring to the cognitive processes used to understand and control one’s own cognitive states and processes.”
BackgroundVazquez-Lopez, V., & Huerta‐Manzanilla, E. L. (2021) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe11030059 · Cited by 29
“Another factor reported as a predictor of reading performance is metacognition, a psychological process related to thinking strategies that contribute to better learning and problem solving [25].”
BackgroundA Suggested Model for Metacognitive Strategy Instruction in EFL Writing Classrooms
Alfaifi, M. J. (2021) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2021.1954569 · Cited by 35
“For example, Johnstone, Ashbaugh and Warfield (2002) believed that writing includes the writing processes of planning, translating, reviewing and monitoring.”
BackgroundInfluentialHu, W., & Guo, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.684265 · Cited by 32
“Flavell and Brown also proposed that metacognitive monitoring is a core component of metacognitive thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundVo, K., Sarkar, M., White, P. J., & Yuriev, E. (2022) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d1rp00242b · Cited by 34
von Gillern, S., & Stufft, C. J. (2022) · Literacy · doi:10.1111/lit.12304 · Cited by 26
Kwon, S. K., & Yu, G. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103017 · Cited by 28
Breland, H., Clark, C. M., Shaked, S., & Paquette‐Smith, M. (2023) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.22-08-0156 · Cited by 29
“Metacognition, broadly, is the ability to think about one’s own thoughts (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Veenman and Spaans, 2005, Veenman et al., 2006).”
BackgroundFeedforward‐ or feedback‐based group regulation guidance in collaborative groups
Durak, H. Y. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12887 · Cited by 29
Higher-Order Cognition and Intelligence
Nȩcka, E., & Orzechowski, J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607073.008 · Cited by 23
The Development of Metacognitive Competences
Schneider, W. (2009) · On thinking · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03129-8_14 · Cited by 24
“In a seminal paper, Flavell (1979) described three major facets of metacognition, namely metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, and metacognitive skills, that is, strategies controlling cognition.”
BackgroundGhiasvand, M. Y. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.231 · Cited by 24
Metacognition and Spelling Performance in College Students
Vanderswalmen, R., Vrijders, J., & Desoete, A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_17 · Cited by 25
“Flavell, 1979 ). Metacognitive knowledge has been described as the knowledge and deeper understanding of cognitive processes and products (Flavell, 1976).”
BackgroundCompetent or clueless? Users’ knowledge and misconceptions about their online privacy management
Moll, R., Pieschl, S., & Bromme, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.033 · Cited by 24
“The term metacognition encompasses, generally speaking, all cognition about cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundChildren's metamemory: A review of the literature and implications for the classroom
Karably, K., & Zabrucky, K. M. (2009) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 24
Lukitasari, M., Susilo, H., Ibrohim, I., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12691/education-2-10-11 · Cited by 24
The Importance of Metamemory Functioning to the Pathogenesis of Psychosis
Eisenacher, S., & Zink, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00304 · Cited by 22
“Close interrelations between metacognition and neurocognition have been suggested (Flavell, 1979; Lysaker et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialTarrasch, R. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0024-5 · Cited by 23
“Mindfulness is considered a meta-cognitive process (Flavell 1979) and involves attention to distractions, thoughts, and feeling.”
BackgroundRevised Bloom's taxonomy and integral calculus: unpacking the knowledge dimension
Radmehr, F., & Drake, M. (2017) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2017.1321796 · Cited by 24
“Knowledge about cognitive tasks is also part of metacognitive knowledge [2,10].”
BackgroundHuh, Y., & Reigeluth, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.1177/0047239517710769 · Cited by 27
“This concept of subprocesses is derived from Flavell (1976, 1979) in that he sawmetacognition through actions of, and interactions among, four classes of phenomena (i.e., metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, goals, and actions).”
BackgroundLo, M., Chen, S., & Lin, S. S. J. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.06.001 · Cited by 25
Akman, Ö., & Alagöz, B. (2018) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2018.060102 · Cited by 28
“Despite many different definitions in the literature, according to many researchers, the metacognition consists of two main components (33, 36, 57, 58, 61, 74).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Competencies Across the Life Course
Weinert, S., Artelt, C., Prenzel, M., et al. (2019) · Edition ZfE · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-23162-0_4 · Cited by 24
Methodological strengths, challenges, and joys of classroom-based quasi-experimental research
Sato, M., & Loewen, S. (2019) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.52.03sat · Cited by 25
Lester, G. V., Clapp‐Smith, R., & Palmer, N. (2009) · San José State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University) · Cited by 25
Assessment of metacognitive monitoring and control in baboons (Papio papio)
Malassis, R., Gheusi, G., & Fagot, J. (2015) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0907-8 · Cited by 24
“Metacognition, the ability to regulate one’s own cognition (Flavell 1979), is one of the most advanced capacities of the human mind.”
BackgroundMotivational and emotional components affecting male’s and female’s self-regulated learning
Minnaert, A. E. M. G. (1999) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172977 · Cited by 24
Hendy, L., & Whitebread, D. (2000) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760050156785 · Cited by 24
“Flavell (1979) and Brown (1987) have both made signi cant contributions to the understanding of processes whereby children become increasingly more aware of their own cognitive processes and abilities and use this developing knowledge to help themselves devise and control more ef cient strategies…”
BackgroundKvidera, S. K., & Koutstaal, W. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.587 · Cited by 24
What happens when I write? Pupils’ writing about writing
Barbeiro, L. F. (2010) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-010-9226-2 · Cited by 24
“... Can this discourse be given a more central place in the process of learning language skills? What does it reveal about the concepts, skills and difficulties of pupils in relation to writing and the writing process? We may consider the possibility of including this kind of discourse within the range of strategies f…”
BackgroundLan, Y., Lo, Y.-L., & Hsu, Y. (2014) · Cited by 24
Scott, B. M., & Berman, A. F. (2013) · Australian journal of educational and developmental psychology · Cited by 24
Where is the ‘Theory’ in Theory of Mind?
Costall, A., & Leudar, I. (2004) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354304046176 · Cited by 24
“them (Flavell, 1979).”
The Metacognitive Model of Anxiety in Children: Towards a Reliable and Valid Measure
White, J. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9725-1 · Cited by 24
“…and beliefs about one’s & Jennifer L. Hudson jennie.hudson@mq.edu.au 1 Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia cognitive system; awareness and regulation of current cognitions; and evaluation of the significance of thoughts (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition: Implications for Instruction in Nursing Education
Worrell, P. J. (1990) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/0148-4834-19900401-07 · Cited by 24
The Effects of Social Cues on Confidence Judgments Mediated by Knowledge and Regulation of Cognition
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Effect of age, skill, and performance feedback on children's judgments of confidence.
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Abstract Concepts and Metacognition: Searching for Meaning in Self and Others
Borghi, A. M., Fini, C., & Tummolini, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78471-3_9 · Cited by 27
““thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979) and “the monitoring and control of thought” (Martinez, 2006).”
BackgroundActively open-minded thinking and the political effects of its absencePreprint
Baron, J. A., İşler, O., & Yılmaz, O. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/g5jhp · Cited by 24
Reichert, T., & Liebscher, G. (2018) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.295.07rei · Cited by 23
Guo, X., Deng, W., Hu, K., Lei, W., Xiang, S., & Hu, W. (2022) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d1rp00342a · Cited by 23
Qin, C., Zhang, R., & Xiao, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1071907 · Cited by 54
“When we talk about metacognition, we may need to mention the theory of mind (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialCrookall, D. (2023) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21011-2_6 · Cited by 33
Individuals with High Metacognitive Ability Are Better at Divergent and Convergent Thinking
Jiang, L., Yang, C., Pi, Z., Li, Y., Liu, S., & Yi, X. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11080162 · Cited by 33
A systematic review of Stimulated Recall (SR) in educational research from 2012 to 2022
Zhai, X., Chu, X., Wang, M., Tsai, C., Liang, J., & Spector, J. M. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02987-6 · Cited by 34
“Metacognition refers to an individual ’ s awareness of their thinking processes and understanding of the underlying patterns (Flavell, 1979).”
Advancing sustainable tourism behavioural research: a metacognitive perspective
Hadinejad, A., Esfandiar, K., & Skavronskaya, L. (2025) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2025.2512999 · Cited by 30
“In the late 1970s, John Flavell coined the term metacognition with the meaning ‘cognition about cognitive phenomena’ or more simply ‘thinking about thinking’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
InfluentialAuditory verbal hallucinations result from combinatoric associations of multiple neural events
Stephane, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00239 · Cited by 23
“Bentall (1990) argued that cognitive deficits such as the above do not explain the cultural, historical and emotional aspects of hallucinations “hallucinators don’t hallucinate random events,” he suggested that self-other misattribution (defective reality monitoring) could result from a variety of deficits in metacogn…”
BackgroundReadability comparison of pro- and anti-HPV-vaccination online messages in Japan
Okuhara, T., Ishikawa, H., Okada, M., Kato, M., & Kiuchi, T. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.04.013 · Cited by 23
The Bifactor Model of the Junior Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Jr. MAI)
Ning, H. K. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9619-3 · Cited by 23
Concepts of Metacognition in the Treatment of Patients with Mental Disorders
Philipp, R., Kriston, L., Kühne, F., Härter, M. C., & Meister, R. (2019) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-019-00333-3 · Cited by 25
“When John H. Flavell first introduced the term metacognition in 1979 (Flavell 1979) as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (p. 906), he based his concept on findings in developmental psychology regarding our capacity to understand something or someone.”
BackgroundSzczepanik, J. E., Brycz, H., Kleka, P., Fanslau, A., Zarate, C. A., & Nugent, A. C. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.102936 · Cited by 26
“As interest in metacognitive concepts developed (Dewey, 1933; Flavell, 1979), measures of specific metacognitive abilities followed.”
BackgroundRazmi, M. H., Jabbari, A. A., & Fazilatfar, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-020-09733-4 · Cited by 23
“…between perfectionism and MLS. Nonetheless, given the absence of an established theory between MLS and perfectionism, recent research suggests that both constructs are theoretically linked to the concept of self-efficacy (Chon and Shin 2019; Gutiérrez-Braojos 2015; Vandergrift 2005; Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundWhat makes creative advertisements memorable? The role of insight
Shen, W., Bai, H., Ball, L. J., Yuan, Y., & Wang, M. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01439-5 · Cited by 23
“In general, metamemory relates to dynamic processes that are involved in monitoring and controlling the encoding, storage and retrieval of information (Chua et al., 2009; Flavell, 1979; Nelson, 1984) and can be assessed using various indicators.”
Creative potential in flux: The leading role of originality during early adolescent development
Anderson, R., & Graham, M. (2021) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100816 · Cited by 27
“Metacognitive capacities are becoming more and more accessible during the early adolescent period of development (Flavell, 1979).”
Heaton, R. (2021) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3728 · Cited by 26
Tsapekos, D., Strawbridge, R., Cella, M., Young, A. H., & Wykes, T. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002336 · Cited by 23
“Clinical symptoms were assessed using the HAMD and the YMRS.”
Ph.D., U. N. M., Naufal, M. A., Abdullah, A. H., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2021.14331a · Cited by 23
Jin, Q., & Kim, M. (2021) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2021.1947542 · Cited by 31
The longitudinal development of second language writers’ metacognitive genre awareness
Kessler, M. (2021) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2021.100832 · Cited by 24
Assessing the impact of metacognitive postreflection exercises on problem-solving skillfulness
Reinhard, A., Felleson, A., Turner, P. C., & Green, M. (2022) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.18.010109 · Cited by 26
FAtiMA Toolkit: Toward an Accessible Tool for the Development of Socio-emotional Agents
Mascarenhas, S. F., Guimarães, M., Prada, R., Santos, P. A., Dias, J., & Paiva, A. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3510822 · Cited by 23
“The concept of meta-cognition, which refers to “cognition about cognitive phenomena” [30], is one of the inspirations behind CLARION.”
BackgroundFekete, Z., Vass, E., Balajthy, R., Tana, Ü., Nagy, A. C., Oláh, B., Domján, N., & Szabó, I. K. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12811 · Cited by 26
“Metacognition, the function MCT is based on, can be defined as the knowledge of knowledge or cognition about cognitive phenomena (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition, Desire Thinking and Craving in Problematic Video Game Use
Bonner, J., Allen, A., Katsikitis, M., Love, S., & Kannis‐Dymand, L. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00272-4 · Cited by 23
“Metacognition refers to the cognitive processes that monitor, appraise and influence other lower-level cognitions (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDo I know what they know? Linking metacognition, theory of mind, and selective social learning
Dutemple, E., Hakimi, H., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105572 · Cited by 36
Kingkaew, C., Theeramunkong, T., Supnithi, T., et al. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13010064 · Cited by 23
Lyndgaard, S. F., Storey, R., & Kanfer, R. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.104027 · Cited by 28
A Reader-Response Approach to Reading: Does It Have an Effect on Metacognitive Reading Strategies?
Farahian, M., & Farshid, M. (2014) · Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods · Cited by 23
Roussel, S., Rieussec, A., Nespoulous, J., & Tricot, A. (2008) · Alsic · doi:10.4000/alsic.413 · Cited by 34
“Nous distinguons "l'autorégulation matérielle de l'écoute" à l'aide d'un baladeur MP3, c'està-dire les "mouvements" de l'auditeur au sein du document sonore, de ce que les chercheurs appellent "la compétence métacognitive d'autorégulation", qui désigne l'ensemble des processus selon lesquels l'apprenant contrôle ses a…”
BackgroundElementary Student' Spontaneous Metacognitive Functions in Different Types of Mathematical Problems
Mokos, E., & Kafoussi, S. (2013) · Journal of Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.4471/redimat.2013.29 · Cited by 23
Characterisation of pre-service teachers' attitude to feedback in a wiki-environment framework
Peled, Y., Bar-Shalom, O., & Sharon, R. (2012) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2012.731002 · Cited by 23
“about and regulation of one’s cognitive activities in learning processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf‐regulated pupils in teaching: teachers’ experiences
Postholm, M. B. (2010) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540601003754889 · Cited by 27
“In addition to being aware of how strategies are used, the pupils need to develop a feeling and understanding of where and when these strategies can be used (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundStructural model of metacognition and knowledge of geometry
Aydın, U., & Ubuz, B. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.06.002 · Cited by 23
Towards “metacognitively aware” IR systems: an initial user study
Gorrell, G., Eaglestone, B., Ford, N. J., Holdridge, P., & Madden, A. D. (2009) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220410910952429 · Cited by 23
A metacognitive model of the sense of agency over thoughts
Carruthers, G. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2011.627275 · Cited by 22
“I shall call these metacognitive beliefs, although they have also been called ‘‘metacognitive knowledge’’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effect of Meta-cognitive Learning Strategies on English Learning
Sun, L. (2013) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.4304/tpls.3.11.2004-2009 · Cited by 30
Threshold Concepts in the Development of Problem-solving Skills
Wismath, S. L., Orr, D., & MacKay, B. R. (2015) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.3.1.63 · Cited by 29
“All are metacognitive concepts, dealing with an understanding of the processes of problem solving rather than a specific content, reflecting the importance of metacognition in problem solving (Flavell, 1979, 1987).”
BackgroundAlavinia, P., & Mollahossein, H. M. (2012) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v5n6p189 · Cited by 23
“Simply put, "metacognition is thinking about thinking" (Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundInfluentialLalor, J., Lorenzi, F., & Rami, J. (2015) · Eurasian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.58.6 · Cited by 40
The flow metacognitions questionnaire (FMQ): A two factor model of flow metacognitions
Wilson, E. E., & Moneta, G. B. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.004 · Cited by 23
“Flavell (1979) described general metacognitions as ‘knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’ (p. 906), with them having a potentially causal effect on cognition and behaviour (Koriat, 2002).”
BackgroundMetacognition and Technology Adoption: Exploring Influences
Gurbin, T. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.608 · Cited by 23
Reflective Argumentation: A Cognitive Function of Arguing
Hoffmann, M. H. G. (2015) · Argumentation · doi:10.1007/s10503-015-9388-9 · Cited by 25
Metacognition and the next generation of cognitive radio engines
Asadi, H., Volos, H. I., Marefat, M. M., et al. (2016) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2016.7378429 · Cited by 23
“Metacognition is defined as thinking about thinking [10].”
BackgroundRobson, S. (2016) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2015.1129315 · Cited by 23
“Whilst hitherto it was assumed that they were not evident in young children (Flavell 1979; Zimmerman, 1990), the past 20 years has seen considerable reassessment of this perspective, driven by evidence such as that presented by Istomina (1975); Perry (1998); and Whitebread et al. (2007, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialAyuste, A., Roig, A. E., Suari, N. O., et al. (2016) · Bordón. Revista de pedagogía · doi:10.13042/bordon.2016.68211 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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