The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,601–2,700 of 10,404
Self‐regulated learning in teaching: students’ experiences
Postholm, M. B. (2011) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2011.554713 · Cited by 21
“In addition to being aware of how strategies are used, the students need to develop a feeling and understanding of where and when these strategies can be used (Flavell, 1979 ).”
BackgroundPranke, A., & Frison, L. M. B. (2015) · Bolema Boletim de Educação Matemática · doi:10.1590/1980-4415v29n51a12 · Cited by 20
“Entende-se, pois, a metacognição como a capacidade do ser humano de planificar, compreender e avaliar tudo o que foi aprendido, ou seja, a capacidade de monitorizar e autorregular os processos cognitivos (FLAVELL, 1979).”
BackgroundRatebi, Z., & Amirian, Z. (2013) · Journal of Studies in Education · doi:10.5296/jse.v3i1.2969 · Cited by 20
“Metacognition consists of two components: knowledge and regulation (Cross & Paris, 1988; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEscanero-Marcén, J. F., Soria, M. S., Escanero-Ereza, M. E., et al. (2013) · FEM Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica · doi:10.4321/s2014-98322013000100005 · Cited by 20
Individual Learning in Team Training
Ellington, J. K., & Dierdorff, E. (2014) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496413511670 · Cited by 19
Memiş, A., & Bozkurt, M. (2013) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.5897/err2013.1544 · Cited by 20
“However, metacognition is considered to be a late-developing skill (Flavell, 1979).”
Neuroscientific Insights Into Management Development
McDonald, P., & Tang, Y. (2014) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601114550712 · Cited by 20
Regulating Metacognitive Processes—Support for a Meta-metacognitive Ability
Buratti, S., & Allwood, C. M. (2014) · Intelligent systems reference library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11062-2_2 · Cited by 21
“Flavell [22] proposed that metacognitive processes do not necessarily differ from cognitive processes, although the target of metacognitive processes is different because the metacognitive processes target cognition itself.”
BackgroundFifteen years of research on self & identity in System
Kostoulas, A., & Mercer, S. (2016) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2016.04.002 · Cited by 19
The Implications of Learning Theories to Assessment and Instructional Scaffolding Techniques
Pattalitan, A. P. (2016) · American Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12691/education-4-9-9 · Cited by 20
Inchausti, F., Sierra, J. O., García‐Poveda, N. V., & Ballesteros-Prados, A. (2016) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.719 · Cited by 21
Lee, M., Nam, K.-D., & Kim, H. (2016) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/cin.0000000000000308 · Cited by 20
“Metacognition is theoretically divided into two main concepts: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive adjustment.(22) This study was designed using a metacognitive adjustment approach that is based on cognitive strategy and processes of planning and self-assessment rather than being based on the level of knowledge.”
BackgroundMethodShamir, A., Segal-Drori, O., & Goren, I. (2017) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-017-9653-7 · Cited by 25
“Metacognition is defined as knowledge about how to think as well as understanding about how to regulate thinking (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundBalancing One’s Own Time Perspective from Aerial View: Metacognitive Processes in Temporal Framing
Stolarski, M., & Witowska, J. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-60191-9_6 · Cited by 22
Not knowing what one knows: A Meaningful failure of metacognition in capuchin monkeys.
Smith, T. R., Smith, J. D., & Beran, M. J. (2018) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.26451/abc.05.01.05.2018 · Cited by 20
“Metacognition is well-studied in adult humans (Dunlosky & Bjork, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Metcalfe & Kober, 2005; Nelson, 1996; Nelson & Narens, 1990; Schwartz, 2008).”
Radmehr, F., & Drake, M. (2018) · Teaching Mathematics and its Applications An International Journal of the IMA · doi:10.1093/teamat/hry006 · Cited by 22
Twisk, D. A. M., Wesseling, S., Vlakveld, W. P., Vissers, J., Hegeman, G., Hukker, N., Roelofs, E. C., & Slinger, W. (2018) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2018.10.003 · Cited by 20
The Levels of Classroom and Pre-school Teachers' Metacognitive Awareness
Bulut, İ. (2018) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2018.061201 · Cited by 20
“According to Flavell [22], metacognitive knowledge covers goals, strategies and beliefs and knowledge of academic tasks.”
BackgroundWindmills of Your Mind: Metacognition and Lifelong Learning
Evans, G. J. (2018) · Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA) · doi:10.24908/pceea.v0i0.12985 · Cited by 20
“Metacognition can be viewed as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” [6] or “knowledge of one’s knowledge, processes, and cognitive and affective states; and the ability to consciously and deliberately monitor and regulate one’s knowledge, processes, and cognitive and affective states” [7].”
BackgroundA situated perspective on self-regulated learning from a person-by-context perspective
Ben‐Eliyahu, A. (2019) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598139.2019.1568828 · Cited by 22
“Knowledge of how to best support cognitive processes that enable learning is termed metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Pintrich, 2000).”
BackgroundDuman, B., & Semercı, Ç. (2019) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.070311 · Cited by 20
“Metacognition has been first used in the field of education by Flavell in 1971 in order to express the individual’s self-control over his/ her learning and memorizing processes [3, 4].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAssessing introspective awareness of attention capture
Adams, O. J., & Gaspelin, N. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01936-9 · Cited by 22
An eye tracking study of digital text reading: a comparison between poor and typical readers
Shaked, K. B.-Z., Shamir, A., & Vakil, E. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10021-9 · Cited by 20
“This conclusion is based on previous research findings indicating that unskilled readers have limited metacognitive knowledge about reading (Paris & Winograd, 1990), that they monitor their understanding less and remember less of what they read (Flavell, 1979).”
Characteristics of asynchronous online discussions in a graduate course: an exploratory study
Li, X., & Yu, Y. (2020) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-04-2020-0120 · Cited by 20
Revisiting the Tactical-Decision Learning Model
Godbout, P., & Gréhaigne, J.-F. (2020) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2020.1792953 · Cited by 20
Towards a framework of cognitive processes during competitive golf using the Think Aloud method
Whitehead, A. E., & Jackman, P. (2021) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101869 · Cited by 15
Analysing Learning Processes and Quality of Knowledge Construction in Networked Learning
Veldhuis-Diermanse, A. E., Biemans, H. J. A., Mulder, M., & Mahdizadeh, H. (2006) · The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension · doi:10.1080/13892240600740894 · Cited by 20
“Metacognitive Learning Activities In general terms, metacognition refers to a learner’s awareness of objectives, ability to plan and evaluate learning strategies and capacity to monitor progress and adjust learning behaviours to accommodate needs (Flavell, 1979; see also De Jong, 1992).”
BackgroundMeijer, J., Veenman, M. V. J., & van Hout‐Wolters, B. H. A. M. (2011) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2010.550011 · Cited by 20
“The original distinction of Flavell ( 1979 ) between planning, monitoring and evaluation may appear parsimonious, but it should be borne in mind that this was a subordinate distinction of regulation of actions, whereas Flavell also distinguished between metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, goals or task…”
BackgroundHeo, M., Stoffa, R. C., & Kush, J. C. (2012) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908318.2012.706302 · Cited by 19
“Contemporary educational theory has shown that student-mediated metacognitive processes lead to increased learning, which can subsequently enhance cognitive efficiency and self-efficacy (Flavell, 1992; Pressley, 2002).”
BackgroundAssessment of metacognitive knowledge in students with special educational needs
Händel, M., Lockl, K., Heydrich, J., Weinert, S., & Artelt, C. (2014) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-014-9119-x · Cited by 20
Cherney, I. D. (2002) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.267 · Cited by 20
Simmonds-Moore, C. A. (2016) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2016.1205693 · Cited by 20
“Meta-cognition was originally proposed by Flavell (1979) to describe the self awareness of a knowledge system, originally with memory.”
MethodColvin, L. E., Malgaroli, M., Chapman, S., MacKay‐Brandt, A., & Cosentino, S. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717001345 · Cited by 20
“E-mail: lec2151@tc.columbia.edu 498 Two key components of metacognition that have been identified include metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experience (Flavell, 1979; Perfect & Schwartz, 2002; Torres et al., 2016).”
BackgroundFacilitating and supporting talk with pupils about metacognition: a research and learning tool
Wall, K., & Higgins, S. (2004) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34652232 · Cited by 20
Tobias, S., Everson, H. T., & Laitusis, V. (1999) · Cited by 20
Strategy and Expertise in Solving Word Problems
Derry, S. J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8838-8_11 · Cited by 21
Structure, Development, and Dynamics of Mind: A Meta-Piagetian Theory
Demetriou, A., & Efklides, A. (1994) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62753-3 · Cited by 22
Simultaneous-Successive Processing among College Students
McCallum, R. S., & Merritt, F. M. (1983) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428298300100108 · Cited by 20
Piagetian Theory and Cognitive Therapy
Rosen, H. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9779-4_10 · Cited by 20
Blackwell, A. F. (1998) · doi:10.17863/cam.19818 · Cited by 21
Exploring Participative Learner Modelling and Its Effects on Learner Behaviour
Morales, R. (2000) · ERA · Cited by 20
Psychology Learning and Teaching
Trapp, A. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0131 · Cited by 20
The Neurobiology of Confidence: From Beliefs to NeuronsPreprint
Ott, T., Masset, P., & Kepecs, Á. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.2018.83.038794 · Cited by 17
“Yet we experience the sense of confidence as deeply subjective, generated by a process of apparent self-reflection termed metacognition (Flavell 1979; Dunlosky and Metcalfe 2009).”
BackgroundThe Neural Substrates of Conscious Perception without Performance ConfoundsPreprint
Morales, J., Odegaard, B., & Maniscalco, B. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8zhy3 · Cited by 20
“8 Metacognition is the capacity to monitor and evaluate one’s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979; Fleming, Dolan, & Frith, 2012; Proust, 2013).”
BackgroundNie, X., Tian, Y., Liu, M., Wu, D., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13735-x · Cited by 20
“Metacognition involves awareness and regulation of cognitive processes during learning, including planning, monitoring, and reflecting (Flavell, 1979 ; Krieglstein et al., 2023; Lu et al., 2024).”
L1/L2 alternation practices in students’ task planning
Kunitz, S. (2018) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.295.06kun · Cited by 19
Is It Possible to Read Other People’s Confidence While Testing Their Implicit Learning?
Savina, A., & Moroshkina, N. V. (2019) · The Russian Journal of Cognitive Science · doi:10.47010/19.4.4 · Cited by 20
Sun, Q., & Zhang, L. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986301 · Cited by 42
“…and strategies, metacognitive experiences are what the individual goes through during a cognitive endeavor, including cognitive and affective experiences that are online metacognitive knowledge, ideas and beliefs, feelings, goals, and self-judgments (Flavell, 1979; Efklides, 2001; Tarricone, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialRatnayake, A. W., Bansal, A., Wong, N. S. M., Saseetharan, T., Prompiengchai, S., Jenne, A., Thiagavel, J., & Ashok, A. (2023) · Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education · doi:10.1128/jmbe.00103-23 · Cited by 40
“Both are metacognitive strategies that involve students monitoring their learning to evaluate whether new information is understood and integrated (62–64).”
BackgroundNguyen, H. T. M., Nguyen, H. T. M., Gilanyi, L., Hoang, T. H., & Gao, X. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102085 · Cited by 21
Critical Thinking and Metacognition: Pathways to Empathy and Psychological Well-Being
Guamanga, M. H., Saiz, C., Rivas, S. F., & Bueno, P. M. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13030034 · Cited by 57
“In this sense, metacognition is directly related to the self-management and self-regulation of cognitive processes, manifesting itself in the ability to plan, monitor, and evaluate cognitive strategies (Flavell 1979; Schraw and Moshman 1995).”
InfluentialMetacognitive sensitivity: The key to calibrating trust and optimal decision making with AI
Lee, D., Pruitt, J., Zhou, T., Du, J., & Odegaard, B. (2025) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf133 · Cited by 33
“…of how variables and factors interact to influence cognitive outcomes), metacognitive experiences (conscious reflections about cognitive processes), metacognitive goals (objectives of a cognitive enterprise), and metacognitive actions (strategies employed to achieve cognitive goals) (61).”
Fastame, M. C., Hitchcott, P. K., Penna, M. P., & Murino, G. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.07.001 · Cited by 19
Does theory of mind mediate aggression and bullying in middle school males and females
Givens, J. E. (2009) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 19
Knowledge of identity and reputation: Do people have knowledge of others’ perceptions?
Solomon, B. C., & Vazire, S. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000061 · Cited by 19
Risky Business: Understanding Student Intellectual Risk Taking in Management Education
Dachner, A. M., Miguel, R. F., & Patena, R. A. (2017) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/1052562917695775 · Cited by 22
“Metacognition was first defined by Flavell (1979) as cognition about cognition, or thinking about thinking.”
BackgroundMetacognitive components as predictors of preschool children’s performance in problem-solving tasks
Marić, M. R., & Sakac, M. (2018) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi161123007m · Cited by 19
“Such findings are congruent to the relevant theories (Flavell, 1979) and to the results of previous studies (Jacobs, 2004; Mayer, 1998; Robson, 2016; Schneider, 1998), M ia Marić & Mar ija Sakač 11 PSIHOLOGIJA, 2018, Vol. 51(1), 1–16 which emphasize the importance of metacognitive factors in…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInformed Designers? Students’ Reflections on Their Engineering Design Process
Douglas, K. A., Moore, T., & Merzdorf, H. (2018) · International Journal of Education in Mathematics Science and Technology · doi:10.18404/ijemst.440347 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, informed designers use metacognitive strategies to monitor their thinking and think about how their thinking has changed during the design process as a way to monitor their process (Crismond & Adams, 2012; Flavell, 1979; Goos, 2002; Perrenet, Bouhuijs, & Smits, 2000).”
BackgroundComparing effects of two collaboration scripts on learning activities for wiki-based environments
Heimbuch, S., Ollesch, L., & Bodemer, D. (2018) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-018-9283-0 · Cited by 19
“(3) Closely related to motivational states is the concept of metacognition, which can be defined as reflective and regulative knowledge about the own knowledge (Efklides 2008; Flavell 1979; Kuhn 2000).”
BackgroundMeditation focused on self-observation of the body impairs metacognitive efficiency
Schmidt, C., Gabriel Reyes, M., Barrientos, M., Langer, A. I., & Sackur, J. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.001 · Cited by 21
“Metacognition refers to the ability to access and describe one’s own mental contents (Flavell, 1979).”
Asy’ari, M., Hidayat, S., & Muhali, M. (2019) · Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.21831/jipi.v5i2.27089 · Cited by 22
Resendes, T., Benchimol-Elkaim, B., Delisle, C., René, J.-L., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101117 · Cited by 21
The affordances of case-based teaching that draws on drama in pre-service teacher education
Beer, J. J. D., van der Walt, M., & Bunt, B. J. (2020) · NWU self-directed learning series · doi:10.4102/aosis.2020.bk215.07 · Cited by 19
Development of Metacognition in Adolescence: The Congruency-Based Metacognition Scale
Kawata, K. H. D. S., Ueno, Y., Hashimoto, R., Yoshino, S., Ohta, K., Nishida, A., Ando, S., Nakatani, H., Kasai, K., & Koike, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565231 · Cited by 23
“The usage of metacognition has developed over 40 years since the first term was introduced (Flavell, 1979), for example, level of confidence in a cognitive action (monitoring), behavioral regulation (control), judgment of learning, executive skills, higher-order skills, and feeling of knowing and psychological status…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEstrategias metacognitivas en entornos digitales para estudiantes con baja comprensión lectora
Castillo, P. F. N., Hernández, Y. C. U., Garro-Aburto, L. L., et al. (2021) · Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.24320/redie.2021.23.e28.3953 · Cited by 19
Belief bias when adolescents read to comprehend multiple conflicting texts
Braasch, J. L. G., Haverkamp, Y. E., Latini, N., Shaw, S., Arshad, M. S., & Bråten, I. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10262-w · Cited by 19
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition is a general term that reflects a person’s active awareness of and control over the cognitive processes in which they engage during learning.”
BackgroundIn’nami, Y., Cheung, M. W. ‐., Koizumi, R., & Wallace, M. P. (2022) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12548 · Cited by 20
Assessment of cross-cutting competences in education for sustainable development
Gey, N., Pellaud, F., Blandenier, G., Lepareur, C., Massiot, P., Shankland, R., & Gay, P. (2022) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2022.2136362 · Cited by 19
“…competences. b) Metacognitive competences Following Flavell (1977, 1985), many authors have been interested in metacognition, defining it as awareness and knowledge of one’s own knowledge and learning processes, and the mechanisms to control, regulate and adjust this learning (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundRobillos, R. J. (2022) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2023.16131a · Cited by 29
Tolchinsky, L., & Berman, R. A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192849984.001.0001 · Cited by 24
Being learners with mental resilience as outcomes of metacognitive strategies in an academic context
Anthonysamy, L. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2219497 · Cited by 29
“The metacognitive theory is a knowledge theory concerned with how humans can actively monitor and control their on-thought processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodYassin, E. (2024) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101506 · Cited by 35
Fabian, A., Fütterer, T., Backfisch, I., Lunowa, E., Paravicini, W., Hübner, N., & Lachner, A. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105040 · Cited by 29
“Metacognitive accuracy is a term coined within the research field of metacognition (Flavell, 1979) which describes the ability of people to assess their own knowledge accurately (Maki & McGuire, 2002).”
AI Detection of Human Understanding in a Gen-AI Tutor
Woodruff, E. (2024) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai5020045 · Cited by 23
Sidra, S., & Mason, C. (2024) · IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence (CAI) · doi:10.1109/cai59869.2024.00211 · Cited by 31
“Metacognition, in simple terms, is defined as “thinking about thinking” [6].”
BackgroundDeveloping an AI literacy diagnostic tool for elementary school students
Chung, K., Kim, S.-H., Jang, Y., Choi, S., & Kim, H. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13097-w · Cited by 26
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition is related ‘to one’s own knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them’.”
Metacognition and its relationship with students' academic performance
Zulkiply, N. B. (2006) · Cited by 19
Mentalization and intersubjectivity towards a theoretical integration.
Liljenfors, R., & Lundh, L. (2014) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037129 · Cited by 21
“The latter topic is generally studied in research on metacognition, as defined in terms of the monitoring and control of cognitive processes (e.g., Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundHuman action recognition using Meta-Cognitive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
Subramanian, K. R., & Suresh, S. (2012) · 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252623 · Cited by 19
Sigler, E. A., & Tallent‐Runnels, M. K. (2006) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.133.3.257-276 · Cited by 19
“Such metacognitive factors include the ability to monitor, regulate, and control any cognitive enterprise (Flavell, 1979; Ormrod, 2004).”
BackgroundBecoming a Self-Regulated Reader: A Study of Primary-Grade Students' Reading Strategies
Martin, L. E., & Kragler, S. (2011) · Literacy Research and Instruction · doi:10.1080/19388071003594697 · Cited by 19
“…decades, researchers have examined the different strategies that readers use to think about text (e.g., Brown, 1975, 1985; Baker & Brown, 1984; Flavell, 1979, 1987; Garner, 1987; Markman, 1979) as well as how readers use strategies to understand text (e.g., Brown, 1985; Baker & Brown, 1984;…”
BackgroundInfluentialThomas, G. P., & McRobbie, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-012-9394-8 · Cited by 19
“…(b) the relationship between laboratory experiences and other forms of classroom practice is made explicit to students, and (c) students develop metacognition, that is, their knowledge control and awareness of their thinking and learning processes and those of others (Flavell 1979; Thomas 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuman judgement and software metrics
Mair, C., & Shepperd, M. (2011) · Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Metrics · doi:10.1145/1985374.1985393 · Cited by 20
“The former relates to declarative knowledge of the interactions among self, task, and strategy characteristics [8] which can be inaccurate and resistant to change.”
BackgroundKnowledge Monitoring, Goal Orientations, Self-Efficacy, And Academic Performance: A Path Analysis
Al-Harthy, I. S., & Was, C. A. (2013) · Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC) · doi:10.19030/tlc.v10i4.8123 · Cited by 19
“Metacognitive experience is the second area in metacognition as defined by Flavell (1979). This area has to do with an individual’s involvement in a cognitive enterprise and the progress one is making or is likely to make.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGhapanchi, Z., & Taheryan, A. (2012) · World Journal of Education · doi:10.5430/wje.v2n4p64 · Cited by 23
“Regulation of cognition refers to active monitoring of cognitive processes and the actual use of strategies employed (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Snyder, Nietfeld & Linnenbrink-Garcia, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodCaractéristiques et impact des déficits métacognitifs dans la schizophrénie. Revue de la littérature
Quilès, C., Prouteau, A., & Verdoux, H. (2012) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2012.01.009 · Cited by 23
“[8] Flavell JH.”
BackgroundNeuropsychologie clinique de la schizophrénie
Prouteau, A., & Verdoux, H. (2011) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.prout.2011.01.0135 · Cited by 19
Korte, D. S., Reitz, N. F., & Schmidt, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Food Science Education · doi:10.1111/1541-4329.12077 · Cited by 19
Gremlins in My Head: Predicting Stage Fright in Elite Actors
Goodman, G., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014) · Empirical Studies of the Arts · doi:10.2190/em.32.2.b · Cited by 22
“Stage fright itself is at least partially the result of metacognitions in the form of cognitive monitoring (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundHabilidades de pensamiento como estrategia de aprendizaje para los estudiantes universitarios.
Burgos, B. M. V., de Cleves, N. R., & Márquez, M. G. C. (2013) · Revista de Investigaciones UNAD · doi:10.22490/25391887.1174 · Cited by 19
Arora, P., & Rohmetra, N. (2010) · Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) · Cited by 19
Menz, P., & Xin, C. (2016) · Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching · doi:10.22329/celt.v9i0.4426 · Cited by 19
“Flavell coined the term in the late 1970s to mean one’s knowledge about and regulation of one’s cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPredicting Academic Success Based on Learning Material Usage
Leppänen, L., Leinonen, J., Ihantola, P., & Hellas, A. (2017) · Conference on Information Technology Education · doi:10.1145/3125659.3125695 · Cited by 22
“While factors such as motivation [1, 28, 38] and self-perceptions [5, 23, 40, 45] and metacognitive abilities [18, 19, 32] have been linked to learning outcomes and aca-”
BackgroundDifferences between Subjective and Objective Assessment of Speech Deficiency in Parkinson Disease
Pawlukowska, W., Szylińska, A., Kotlęga, D., Rotter, I., & Nowacki, P. (2017) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.08.018 · Cited by 25
Learning to Play Soccer: Lessons on Meta-cognition from Video Game Design
Price, A., Collins, D. J., Stoszkowski, J., & Pill, S. (2017) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2017.1386574 · Cited by 20
“Early conceptualizations of meta-cognition take the perspective of “ thinking about thinking ” or the self-regulation of cognitive activities during learning (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetzger, K. J., Smith, B. A., Brown, E., & Soneral, P. A. G. (2018) · The journal of college science teaching · doi:10.2505/4/jcst18_047_03_88 · Cited by 20
Perdue, B. M., Evans, T. A., & Beran, M. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193229 · Cited by 19
Multilevel Learner Modeling in Training Environments for Complex Decision Making
Biswas, G., Rajendran, R., Mohammed, N., Goldberg, B., Sottilare, R. A., Brawner, K., & Hoffman, M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2019.2923352 · Cited by 23
“3) Metacognitive Strategies and Processes: Metacognition [44], [45] describes the ability to reason about and explicitly manage one’s own cognitive processes.”
BackgroundCate, I. P.-T., Hörstermann, T., Krolak‐Schwerdt, S., Gräsel, C., Böhmer, I., & Glock, S. (2019) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-019-00436-6 · Cited by 21
Metacognitive Skills: A Solution in Chemistry Problem Solving
Azizah, U., Nasrudin, H., & Mitarlis (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1417/1/012084 · Cited by 19
“Metacognitive skills are very important to be empowered in the education system because they can empower high-level thinking and increase academic success [3; 4].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
