Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry

“…of metacognition has been examined extensively in the psychological literature over the past 35 years (Mata, Ferreira, & Sherman, 2013; Mazzoni & Nelson, 1998; Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994; Schraw, 1998; Wells, 1995), with early work on the topic being carried out by Flavell (1979) and colleagues.”

“Two components have traditionally been differentiated: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive skills (Flavell, 1979; Lucangeli & Cabrele, 2006; Pennequin, Sorel, & Mainguy, 2010).”

“Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as all conscious cognitive and emotional experiences that accompany intellectual development, on the other hand, Deseote and Özsoy (2009) defined metacognition as awareness about self cognitive processes.”

“Maybe, through awareness, students may understand the need to fully develop their metacognitive skills in order to activate their self-regulation processes (Flavell, 1979) and have control over their own learning to accomplish more suitable results.”

“…Providence, RI, USA 1 3 The metamemory judgments made by contestants can be controlled by whether a memory was successfully retrieved, has been successfully held in working memory, or evokes strong relative familiarity compared to other test options (Flavell 1979; Kornell 2013; Nelson 1996).”

“[5] identified these as (a) metacognitive knowledgePermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the…”

“Knowledge of tasks refers to knowledge a person holds about the task to be undertaken (Flavell, 1979, 1987), such as understanding the difficulty level of certain tasks and how different tasks relate to one another.”

“RBT’s metacognitive knowledge is designed based on Flavell’s conceptualization of metacognition [28]: In Flavell’s [28] classical article on metacognition, he suggested that metacognition included knowledge of strategy, task, and person variables.”

“First, several studies (Brown 1980; Flavell 1979; McTavish 2008; Vössing et al. 2017) served as inspiration to help the authors understand the causes of such impact, i.e. Group 3 might not really be effective readers to some extent, as their mean scores in both PBRT and MBRT were lower than those…”

“Metacognition comprises psychological structures, beliefs and control functions that support the interpretation and modification of thinking itself (Flavell, 1979).”

“Theorists shortly define metacognition as ‘‘thinking about thinking’’ (Flavell 1979; Livingston 2003).”

“Although more theoretical research is necessary to achieve an inclusive definition of metacognition (Veenman, Van HoutWolters, & Afflerbach, 2006), literature on this field mainly identifies three strongly intercorrelated features of metacognition: knowledge of cognition, regulation of cognition and metacognitive expe…”

“Metacognition, which refers to one ’ s ‘ knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena ’ (Flavell, 1979) has been a key target of novel therapies for improving aberrant thought processes, resultant symptoms and function in SSDs.”

“First proposed by Flavell (1976), metacognition refers to an individual’s knowledge of and control over their cognitive processes, which Flavell later defined as “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979, 1987).”

“This finding aligns with established metacognitive theory, which suggests that explicit self-regulation and monitoring strategies enhance problem-solving performance [46, 47].”

“According to Flavell (1979), metacognitive knowledge includes one’s knowledge about self, task and strategies.”

“Ages 15–18): with the emergence of more robust metacognitive abilities, adolescents can begin to think about how they know things (Flavell, 1979).”

“Flavell (1979) described them as the conscious experience of what one is doing and what sort of progress one is making or likely to make in an enterprise.”

“tions describe an explicit and conscious attentiveness and intentionality [9], and require learners to develop their metacognitive ability, assess their cognitive performance, and identify strategies to control their learning or thinking [11].”

“Drawing from the literature on metacognition (Flavell, 1979), reflection can be regarded as a critical component of a learning experience.”

“Metacognition has been described as an individual’s knowledge of, and control over, his or her cognitions (Flavell 1979).”

“‘Metacognition’, which is often referred to as ‘thinking about thinking’, was first conceptualized by Flavell (1979) as a self-monitoring system of cognition which consists of four domains: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, goals/tasks and actions/strategies (Chong, 2017).”

“Metacognition is considered “thinking about thinking” (51) or the way one thinks about one’s experience (52).”

“Off-line metacognition is based on declarative knowledge stored in long-term memory about self-efficacy in various tasks, as well as the strategies and the goals one has to pursue (Flavell, 1979).”

“There is consensus in the literature that knowledge about cognition and monitoring of cognition are two major components of metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”

“Metacognition is defined as cognition about cognition (Flavell, 1979).”

“Moreover, they should also be aware of their cognitive abilities and clearly understand how to use different strategies to manage and regulate their cognition (Flavell 1979).”

“Other cognitive theories and concepts in psychology also explain how individuals select strategies for thinking and decision-making, such as metacognition (Flavell, 1987, 1979).”

“Originally coined by John Flavell [13], metacognition is de-fined as cognition about cognitive phenomena or more colloquially "thinking about thinking.”

“…recognize certain elements about tasks and situations that enable effective and adaptable cognitive functioning when confronted with input from dynamic, or complex, environments (Brown & Eisenhardt, 1997; Flavell, 1979), actions typical of the venture creation process (McMullen & Dimov, 2013).”

“Recent cognitive remediation trainings have been intended to improve metacognition, the cognitive process of “thinking about thinking” (15).”

“Metacognition is a concept introduced by [56] which has since been widely studied in different areas of psychology including experimental and cognitive psychology [57].”

“Note that prior work in math cognition does not clearly label the latter negative effect of MA as metacognitive, but by the most parsimonious definition of metacognition (i.e., thinking about thinking; Flavell 1979), directing attention to cognitive worries is inherently metacognitive.”

“Flavell first coined this term and defined it as “cognition about cognition” or “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”

“Metacognition refers to the ability to think carefully and consciously about when and how to control cognitive tasks and is a central component of the learning process (Flavell, 1979; Lai, 2011; Montague, 2008; Montague & Applegate, 1993; Schraw, Crippen, & Hartley, 2006).”

“Metacognition is sometimes defined as the "awareness of one's own cognitive processes and cognitive state" (Flavell, 1979).”

“Such monitoring might be considered a special case of the processes described by Flavell (1979).”

“In the context of memory processes, awareness may be related to metamemory, which is traditionally defined as our experiences and knowledge of our cognitive processes (Flavell, 1971, 1979).”

“Metacognition refers to cognition applied to cognition andmay be defined as any knowledge or cognitive processes involved in the appraisal, control, and monitoring of thinking (Flavell, 1979).”

“Metacognition is any knowledge or cognitive process that is involved in the appraisal, monitoring, or control of cognition (Flavell 1979).”

“The relationship between cognitive and metacognitive strategy use is codependent; cognitive strategies are activated to make cognitive progress, and metacognitive strategies monitor this progress (Flavell 1979).”

“Black/African American/Caribbean 82 (48) White—not Hispanic or Latino 54 (32) White—Hispanic or Latino 13 (7) Asian 4 (2) American Indian/Alaska Native 1 (1) > 1 race/ethnicity 12 (7)”

“Since Flavell [54] first introduced the term, several models and expanded definitions of metacognition along with complex hierarchies of cognitive skills have emerged from the fields of psychology and education [55] [57].”

“Evidence from educational contexts show that learners metacognition include their person knowledge, task knowledge and strategy knowledge (Flavell, 1979), which help learners to aware and monitor their learning process and results to an ongoing attempt to plan, check, monitor, select, revise,…”

“Limitaciones del estudio Los estudiantes de las edades comprendidas entre los 8 y 11 años, disponen de conocimientos limitados sobre los fenómenos metacognitivos para su autoevaluación, pudiendo causar interferencias en las respuestas de los cuestionarios (Flavell, 1979).”

“Moreover, there is evidence that self-assessment of perceived wellbeing is influenced by metacognition too, a further construct originally defined as the experiences and knowledge people have about their cognitive processes (e.g., Flavell, 1979).”

“The term “metacognitive knowledge” is widely used to refer to beliefs about cognitive processes as well as persons, tasks, strategies, and goals (Flavell, 1979).”

“These executive processes, or metacognitive skills, are required to select, initiate, co-ordinate, and monitor the storage and retrieval of information (Bel-mont & Butterfield, 1971; Brown, 1981; Flavel, 1979; Miechenbaum, 1977; 1985).”

“nitive strategies for task performance (Flavell, 1979). The learning disabled may be deficient in both cognitive and metacognitive strategies; that is, in both performance and executive functions. This is consistent with the notions proposed in schema theory (Pearson & Spiro, 1980; Seidenberg, 1982). Schemata are hypo…”

“…the knowledge that people have about their cognition, the online monitoring of their learning and remembering processes and the strategic regulation of these processes in accordance with one's monitoring and with the constraints imposed by the task at hand (see Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 2005).”

“According to Flavell (1979), metacognitive knowledge itself has a dual nature consisting of the knowledge of cognitive processes (metacognitive knowledge) and the knowledge that can be used to control cognitive processes (metacognitive regulation).”

“Metacognition frameworks highlight the importance of individuals’ ability to reflect and monitor their understanding and performance (Flavell, 1979).”