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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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“The term metacognition was coined by James H. Flavell at the end of the 1970s to signify “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundHuang, X., Lin, C.-H., Sun, M., & Xu, P. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09297-9 · Cited by 24
“The former refers to individual’s declarative knowledge, beliefs, and information retrieved from memory regarding cognitive functions, tasks, persons, and goals (Efklides, 2001; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPromoting Metacognitive Skills in Intermediate Spanish: Report of a Classroom Research Project
Thompson, D. R. (2012) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2012.01199.x · Cited by 20
An exploration of design opportunities for “gardening” end-user programmers' ideas
Cao, J., Fleming, S. D., & Burnett, M. (2011) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2011.6070375 · Cited by 19
“Metacognition is described by Flavell as the awareness of how one learns, the monitoring of understanding, the use of information to achieve a goal, and the assessment of learning progress [10].”
BackgroundAn Academic Intervention Program for EFL University Students With Reading Disabilities
Schiff, R., & Calif, S. (2004) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1598/jaal.48.2.2 · Cited by 19
Fahim, M., & Alamdari, E. F. (2014) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2014.700 · Cited by 20
“Flavell (1979) deconstructed metacognitive knowledge into three types of knowledge including person, task, and strategy knowledge.”
BackgroundLuke, I., & Hardy, C. A. (1999) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/1357332990040205 · Cited by 19
Worry, Metacognition, and GAD: Nature, Consequences, and Treatment
Adrian Wells, A. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.16.2.179.63994 · Cited by 26
Teaching ESL Beginners Metacognitive Writing Strategies Through Multimedia Software
Wei, J., Chen, J., & Adawu, A. (2014) · The CATESOL journal. · doi:10.5070/b5.36107 · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (p. 906).”
BackgroundCognitive Skills of Mathematical Problem Solving of Grade 6 Children
Culaste, I. C. (2011) · Cited by 19
Babulal, G. M., Foster, E. R., & Wolf, T. (2016) · Asian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.11596/asiajot.11.19 · Cited by 21
Becoming original: effects of strategy instruction
van de Kamp, M., Admiraal, W., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (2016) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-016-9384-y · Cited by 24
“Metacognitive knowledge Metacognitive knowledge in creative processes involves declarative and conditional knowledge about creativity and divergent thinking and knowledge of tasks, strategies, and self (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundAchieving metacognition through cognitive strategy instruction
Apaydın, M., & Hossary, M. (2017) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-05-2016-0130 · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) proposed a model for cognitive monitoring that includes metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, goals (or tasks), and strategies (or actions).”
BackgroundSelf-Regulated Learning with Hypermedia: Bringing Motivation into the Conversation
Moos, D. C., & Stewart, C. A. (2013) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_45 · Cited by 19
Almacıoğlu, G., & Okan, Z. (2018) · Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.32601/ejal.460635 · Cited by 26
“Metacognition, the ability to reflect upon one’s knowledge and control one’s thinking (Flavell, 1979), is thought to support learners in perceiving relevant aspects of a task and therefore influences their ability to make strategic choices.”
BackgroundRyals, A. J., O’Neil, J. T., Mesulam, M. M., Weıntraub, S., & Voss, J. L. (2018) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2018.1503994 · Cited by 18
“To address these needs, we developed a battery of memory awareness measures by drawing on an extensive literature (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 2007; Nelson & Narens, 1994, 1994).”
MethodTeaching Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Therapy: Critical Competencies and Necessary Conditions
Slavin, M. D. (2004) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/00001416-200410000-00002 · Cited by 19
Price, A., Collins, D. J., Stoszkowski, J., & Pill, S. (2020) · International Sport Coaching Journal · doi:10.1123/iscj.2019-0022 · Cited by 19
Metalinguistic knowledge and cognitive style in Polish classroom learners of English
Ziętek, A. A., & Roehr, K. (2011) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2011.05.005 · Cited by 19
Reflections on Students’ Conceptions of Learning and Perceptions of Learning Environments
Taylor, P. (1996) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/0729436960150207 · Cited by 19
Lawanto, O., & Santoso, H. B. (2013) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v6n3p88 · Cited by 20
“Metacognition as a self-regulatory strategy may be considered as an executive or control function of cognitive processes in that planning, monitoring, and evaluating or regulating strategies are related to learning information (e.g., Brown, 1980; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundLefebvre‐Pinard, M. (1983) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502548300600102 · Cited by 19
THE ROLE OF STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF STUDY STRATEGY AND PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES IN STRATEGY USE
Goetz, E. T., & Palmer, D. J. (1991) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/0270271910120302 · Cited by 19
Sánchez, J. N. G., & Redondo, R. F. (2003) · Psicothema · Cited by 19
John, I. D. (1994) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050069408257343 · Cited by 19
Remediating Academic Difficulties Through Strategy Training: The Acquisition of Useful Knowledge
Derry, S. J. (1990) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259001100606 · Cited by 19
McNeill, A. L., Doolittle, P. E., & Hicks, D. L. (2009) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 19
Narrative identity, metacognition, and well-being in patients with schizophrenia or HIV
Holm, T., Thomsen, D. K., Huling, K. S., Fischer, M. W., & Lysaker, P. H. (2020) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001238 · Cited by 19
“Because the term was introduced more than 40 years ago, it has described multilevel processes involved in thinking about one's ownmental experiences (Flavell, 1979;Moritz and Lysaker, 2018).”
BackgroundKnight, J. K., Weaver, D. C., Peffer, M. E., & Hazlett, Z. S. (2022) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.21-12-0341 · Cited by 18
“Since Flavell (1979) originally proposed the concept of metacognition, many researchers have contributed to elaborating its components.”
BackgroundRazkane, H., & Diouny, S. (2022) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2022.2144325 · Cited by 24
“Flavell (1979) regards reading as a cognitive enterprise that involves not only the reader ’ s interaction with the text but also the context within which the reading process occurs.”
BackgroundLong COVID neuropsychological follow-up: Is cognitive rehabilitation relevant?
Braga, L. W., de Oliveira, S. B., Moreira, A. S., Pereira, M. E. M. D. S. M., Serio, A., Carneiro, V. D. S., Freitas, L. D. F. P., & Souza, L. M. D. N. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-230212 · Cited by 20
“…a process by which patients learn about their inner cognitive workings, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and con-trol, monitor, organize, and adjust these processes (Flavell,1979)sotheycanacquireandapplycompen-520 satory strategies and become more functional in their daily life activities.”
Chen, S., Sermeno, R., Hodge, K. N., Murphy, S., Agenbroad, A., Schweitzer, A. M., Tsao, L. L., & Roe, A. J. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14060565 · Cited by 31
Metacognition in Language Teaching
Teng, M. F. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009581295 · Cited by 26
The emotional cost of AI chatbots in education: Who benefits and who struggles?
Carter, J. W., Scott, J., & Barrett, J. D. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100181 · Cited by 23
Yan, W., Nakajima, T., & Sawada, R. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100465 · Cited by 50
Wang, P., Liu, T., Yang, Y., & Xiang, X. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.70018 · Cited by 21
Yurt, E., & Kuşci, İ. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08800-0 · Cited by 32
“Theoretically, the study developed a coherent framework by integrating Dual Process Theory (Kahneman, 2011) and Metacogni-tive Awareness Theory (Flavell, 1979 ; Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
Reason in the Service of the Heart: The Impacts of Contemplative Practices on Critical Thinking
Sable, D. N. (2014) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 18
Joe, S.-W., Tsai, Y.-H., Lin, C., & Liu, W.-T. (2014) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2014.06.012 · Cited by 18
Manzo, U. C., & Manzo, A. V. (2013) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2013.789783 · Cited by 18
“Effective readers keep mental track of when they are understanding what they are reading as well as when comprehension falters (Baker & Brown, 1984; DiVesta, Hayward, & Orlando, 1979; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundWijn, R., & van den Bos, K. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209347382 · Cited by 18
“This point has been made more generally by research on theory of mind and metacognition (Flavell, 1979, 1992; Frith & Frith, 1999; Jost, Kruglanski, & Nelson, 1998; Premack & Woodruff, 1978).”
BackgroundTsai, P.-Y., Yang, T.-T., She, H., & Chen, S. (2019) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-019-09791-x · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) suggested metacognitive knowledge andmetacognitive skills are the major components of metacognition, while metacognitive skills consist of monitoring and self-regulation (Veenman et al. 2006; Zohar and Barzilai 2013).”
BackgroundLepola, J., Kajamies, A., Laakkonen, E., & Niemi, P. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-019-10010-7 · Cited by 17
“According to the conceptualization by Flavell (1979), metacognitive knowledge refers to “knowledge or beliefs about what factors or variables act and interact in what ways to affect the course and outcome of cognitive enterprises.”
BackgroundDeveloping metaliterate citizens: designing and delivering enhanced global learning opportunities
Jacobson, T., Mackey, T. P., & O’Brien, K. (2021) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.25656/01:17886 · Cited by 18
“The meta prefix in metaliteracy intentionally invokes met-acognition as initially defined by Flavell to encourage learners to think about their own thinking while taking charge of their learning through self-regulation [7, p. 908].”
The invisible nature of learning: Patient education in nursing
Thompson, D., May, E., Leach, M., Smith, C., & Fereday, J. A. (2020) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2020.08.002 · Cited by 18
Yokuş, T. (2020) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735620968259 · Cited by 21
“Within the field of cognitive psychology, metacognition, which is considered higher level thinking (Blakey & Spence, 1990; Schraw & Dennison, 1994), is variously defined as cognition about cognition (Flavell, 1979), thinking about thinking (Akın & Abacı, 2011; Dawson, 2008; Sönmez, 2007), and learning to learn (Howe,…”
BackgroundInfluentialPrimary Science Teachers’ Perspectives about Metacognition in Science Teaching
Sulaiman, T., Rahim, S. S. A., Yan, W. K., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.10.1.75 · Cited by 18
“According (Flavell, 1979), young children lack self-awareness and self-regulating metacognitive ability.”
BackgroundExplaining the Evidence: How the Mind Investigates the World
Lagnado, D. A. (2021) · Cited by 18
Sok, S., & Shin, H. W. (2021) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2021.1954926 · Cited by 22
Soares, R. D. S., Lukášová, K., Carthery‐Goulart, M. T., & Sato, J. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673615 · Cited by 18
“Indeed, metacognition is a process of a higher level of reflection, observation, and regulation about one’s own learning (Flavell, 1979; Livingston, 2003).”
BackgroundMetacognitive beliefs and suicidal ideation: an experience sampling study
Aadahl, V., Wells, A., Hallard, R., & Pratt, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312336 · Cited by 18
“The engagement of the CAS is influenced by metacognition, which is described as the monitoring, evaluating and regulating of cognition [12,13].”
BackgroundLuo, H., Zhao, Y., Hong, J., Hong, W., Zhang, X., & Tan, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.788458 · Cited by 23
“Metacognition is the knowledge or belief of the own cognitive system of individuals, the affected functioning of the system, regulation and awareness of current cognitive states, and appraisal of the importance of thought and memory (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundRellensmann, J., Schukajlow, S., Blomberg, J., & Leopold, C. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3930 · Cited by 17
Avsec, S., & Savec, V. F. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148626 · Cited by 27
Igra, L., Sened, H., Lavi‐Rotenberg, A., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., Lysaker, P. H., & Hasson‐Ohayon, I. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.048 · Cited by 17
Heyne, N., Gnambs, T., Lockl, K., & Neuenhaus, N. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04184-7 · Cited by 25
“According to Flavell's (1979) approach, declarative meta-cognition refers to the conditional and relational knowledge about the effectiveness of different cognitive, metacognitive, and resource strategies in various situations to achieve different goals (Lockl, 2013): While conditional knowledge…”
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Tran, M.-T., Beuran, R., & Hasegawa, S. (2023) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.4.1859 · Cited by 18
“There are two main processes involved in the understanding of knowledge: a cognitive process that absorbs knowledge and a metacognitive process that governs the cognitive process [5].”
BackgroundApplication of Metacognitive Planning Scaffolding for the Cultivation of Computational Thinking
Zhou, Y., Chai, C. S., Li, X., Ma, C., Li, B., Yu, D., & Liang, J. (2023) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331231160294 · Cited by 25
“In other words, metacognition involves the knowledge of cognition and of regulation of cognition (e.g., Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Mayer, 1998).”
BackgroundMartin, S., & Strodl, E. S. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106975 · Cited by 25
“Metacognitive experiences refer to “any conscious cognitive or affective experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual enterprise” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhitehead, R., Nguyen, A., & Järvelä, S. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.13022 · Cited by 33
Kobayashi, T., Kohda, M., Awata, S., Bshary, R., & Sogawa, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70138-7 · Cited by 20
“These implications suggest that cleaner fish may possess metacognition, which refers to the awareness of their cognitive states 4,24,53 .”
Schwartz, N. H., Scott, B. M., & Holzberger, D. (2013) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_6 · Cited by 20
A reflective study into children's cognition when making computer games
Allsop, Y. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12251 · Cited by 18
The Use of Metacognitive Strategies to Develop Research Skills among Postgraduate Students
Rahman, S., Yasin, R. M., Salamuddin, N., et al. (2014) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v10n19p271 · Cited by 18
“It refers to a person's knowledge about their own learning and thinking process (Flavell, 1979).”
Pratama, M., Meng, J. E., Anavatti, S. G., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of ... IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2014.6891560 · Cited by 18
“The meta-cognitive learning with respect to the metacognition and meta-memory theories in [6]-[8] comprises three cornerstones which are what-to-learn, how-to-learn and whento-learn components.”
BackgroundThe Role of Learning Theory in Building Effective College Ethics Curricula
Pijanowski, J. C. (2009) · Journal of College and Character · doi:10.2202/1940-1639.1088 · Cited by 18
Using a learning log to support students' learning in biology lessons
Stephens, K., & Winterbottom, M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2010.9656197 · Cited by 18
The contribution of external representations in pre-school mathematical problem solving
Shiakalli, M. A., & Zacharos, K. (2012) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2012.714992 · Cited by 18
“Moreover, an important step in the mathematical problem solving process is children's ability to locate the relevant and important aspects of a problem as well as relevant and important aspects for its solution (Flavell 1992 ).”
BackgroundMastering cognitive development theory in computer science education
Gluga, R., Kay, J., Lister, R., et al. (2013) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1080/08993408.2013.768830 · Cited by 18
“Metacognition refers to the executive processes of self-re fl ection and self-regulating one ’ s own thinking, that is, ‘ thinking about thinking ’ (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMoll, R., Pieschl, S., & Bromme, R. (2014) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc4040770 · Cited by 18
“People do not only process information retrieved from their outer environment, but also experience and interpret variables of the acts of perceiving, processing, learning, and remembering [56].”
BackgroundMetacognitive knowledge in children at early elementary school
Haberkorn, K., Lockl, K., Pohl, S., Ebert, S., & Weinert, S. (2014) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-014-9115-1 · Cited by 18
Thomas, A. K., Lee, M., & Balota, D. A. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0033050 · Cited by 18
“While the a priori relationship associated with BA word pairs did not negatively impact younger adult resolution, younger adults, and all groups of older adults did demonstrate what Koriat and Bjork (2005) termed the foresight bias, or an illusion of competence.”
BackgroundAn analysis of the processes of change in two science teachers educators' thinking
Greensfeld, H., & Elkad‐Lehman, I. (2007) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.20185 · Cited by 19
A Waterfall Design Strategy for Using Social Media for Instruction
Ahern, T. C. (2016) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.1177/0047239515615853 · Cited by 21
“According to some researchers, there are mechanisms that help individuals recall, integrate, reflect, or evaluate pertinent information from a new experience (Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Monitoring and Academic Performance in College
Wagener, B. (2016) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2015.1116056 · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) described them as the conscious experience of what one is doing and what sort of progress one is making or likely to make in an enterprise.”
BackgroundA test of the metacognitive model of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hansmeier, J., Exner, C., Rief, W., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.05.002 · Cited by 21
Gender Effects on Mathematics Achievement: Mediating Role of State and Trait Self-Regulation
Hong, E., O’Neil, H. F., & Feldon, D. F. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614446.014 · Cited by 18
Metacognitive Awareness and Attitudes toward Foreign Language Learning in the EFL Context of Turkey
Feiz, J. P. (2016) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.063 · Cited by 21
The Role of Instruction for Spelling Performance and Spelling Consciousness
Cordewener, K. A. H., Hasselman, F., Verhoeven, L. T. W., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2017.1315711 · Cited by 18
“Metacognition refers to the awareness, knowledge, and thinking about one’s cognitive processes and strategies (Flavell, 1979; Harris, Graham, Brindle, & Sandmel, 2009).”
BackgroundLysaker, P. H., & Lysaker, J. T. (2017) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2017.0021 · Cited by 18
“The term “metacognition” was initially used within educational literature to refer to the ability to think about one’s own thinking when learning (Flavell, 1979).”
Rasch Analysis of the Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ)
Ehrich, J. F., & Henderson, D. (2018) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2017.1418350 · Cited by 18
Bonfils, K. A., Minor, K. S., Leonhardt, B. L., & Lysaker, P. H. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.042 · Cited by 20
“Metacognition was first seen as a term used in the education literature (Flavell, 1979), but has since been used variably in many literatures.”
Taş, F., & SIRMACI, N. (2018) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.312251 · Cited by 18
Cognitive phenomenology and metacognitive feelings
Arango‐Muñoz, S. (2018) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12215 · Cited by 20
Yerdelen-Damar, S., & Eryılmaz, A. (2019) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-018-9807-7 · Cited by 21
Documentation panels: supporting young children’s self-regulatory and metacognitive abilities
Aras, S., & Erden, F. T. (2019) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2019.1592743 · Cited by 19
“The study reported here has been inspired by the framework developed by Whitebread et al. (2009) and early work by Flavell (1979) and Ann Brown (1987).”
MethodLeonhardt, B. L., Vohs, J. L., Bartolomeo, L. A., Visco, A. C., Hetrick, W. P., Bolbecker, A. R., Breier, A. F., Lysaker, P. H., & O’Donnell, B. F. (2019) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059419857971 · Cited by 18
A Theory-Driven Design Research Agenda: Exploring Dual-Process Theory
Cash, P. J., Daalhuizen, J., Valgeirsdóttir, D., & van Oorschot, R. (2019) · Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Engineering Design · doi:10.1017/dsi.2019.143 · Cited by 21
“Metacognition describes the monitoring and control of cognition (Flavell, 1979); it is thinking about thinking (Welling, 2007).”
BackgroundYılmaz, F. G. K., Yılmaz, R., Üstün, A. B., et al. (2019) · Kuramsal Eğitimbilim · doi:10.30831/akukeg.467435 · Cited by 18
“Metacognitive knowledge, the first component in the metacognitive model of Flavell (1979), is related to the student's knowledge of his own cognitive processes. Flavell (1979) also categorizes metacognitive knowledge into three major variables including person, task, and strategy.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe influence of entrepreneurial team’s cognitive adaptability on its risk decision making
Wang, G.-H., Li, X., Zhou, J.-L., & Lan, S.-L. (2019) · Industrial management & data systems · doi:10.1108/imds-03-2019-0178 · Cited by 16
Metacognitive Judgments in Searching as Learning (SAL) Tasks
von Hoyer, J. F., Pardi, G., Kammerer, Y., & Holtz, P. (2019) · doi:10.1145/3347451.3356730 · Cited by 18
“These various processing steps are accompanied by metacognitive processes [7], that is, reflections on one's own cognitive processes.”
BackgroundVega, D., Torrúbia, R., Marco‐Pallarés, J., Soto, À., & Rodríguez‐Fornells, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.033 · Cited by 20
The role of meta‐cognitive cues on the comprehension of proficient and poor readers
Soto, C., Gutierrez, A. P., Bernal, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12303 · Cited by 18
Metacognição e seus 50 anos: uma breve história da evolução do conceito
da Rosa, C. T. W., Corrêa, N. N. G., Passos, M. M., & Arruda, S. D. M. (2020) · Revista Educar Mais · doi:10.15536/reducarmais.4.2020.2063 · Cited by 33
Chen, W., & Ren, W. (2021) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2021.1969403 · Cited by 20
Moradoff, Y., Kramarski, B., & Heaysman, O. (2021) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2021.1955673 · Cited by 21
“It is also described as ‘thoughts about thoughts,’ or ‘reflections about actions’ (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSantoso, H. B., Lawanto, O., Becker, K. H., Fang, N., & Reeve, E. M. (2014) · Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research (J-PEER) · doi:10.7771/2157-9288.1093 · Cited by 21
“Flavell (1979), who coined the term metacognition, described it as ‘‘knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’’ (p. 906).”
BackgroundTeacher Professional Development and Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Lumpe, A. T., Vaughn, A., Henrikson, R., et al. (2014) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-557-1_4 · Cited by 18
A Collaborative Approach to Reading Workshop in the Middle Years
Meyer, K. E. (2010) · The Reading Teacher · doi:10.1598/rt.63.6.7 · Cited by 18
“…strategies n Authentic student investigations of their own inquiry questions generated from texts n Explicit talk about thinking and metacognition (Flavell, 1979) n The establishment of a classroom context that is a supportive and collaborative community of learners with reciprocal dialogue and…”
BackgroundAdhitama, R. S., Kusnadi, K., & Supriatno, B. (2018) · Assimilation Indonesian Journal of Biology Education · doi:10.17509/aijbe.v1i1.11455 · Cited by 18
“…deklaratif memiliki keterkaitan dengan pengetahuan prosedural, dimana ketika seseorang menyadari bahwa ia ia tidak memahami sesuatu, kemudian ia memiliki strategi untuk mencari informasi yang ia butuhkan, maka strategi itulah yang merupakan bagian dari pengetahuan prosedural (Flavell, 1979).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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